Salt pan (geology)
Natural salt pans or salt flats are flat expanses of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun. They are found in deserts and are natural formations (unlike salt evaporation ponds, which are artificial).
A salt pan forms by evaporation of a water pool, such as a lake or pond. This happens in climates where the rate of water evaporation exceeds the rate of precipitation — that is, in a desert. If the water cannot drain into the ground, it remains on the surface until it evaporates, leaving behind minerals precipitated from the salt ions dissolved in the water. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) accumulate on the surface.[1] These minerals reflect the sun's rays and often appear as white areas.
Salt pans can be dangerous. The crust of salt can conceal a quagmire of mud that can engulf a truck. The Qattara Depression in the eastern Sahara Desert contains many such traps which served as strategic barriers during World War II.[2]
Examples
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The Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, where many land speed records have been set, are a well-known salt pan in the arid regions of the western United States.
The Etosha pan, in the Etosha National Park in Namibia, is another prominent example of a salt pan.
The Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia is the largest salt pan in the world. As of 2024, with an estimated 23 million tons, Bolivia holds about 22% of the world's known lithium resources (105 million tons); most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni.[3] The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar an ideal object for calibrating the altimeters of Earth observation satellites.[4][5]
Parts of Rann of Kutch (India) are salt marsh in the wet season and salt pan in the dry season.[6]
See also
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- Chott – Dry lake in the Saharan area of Africa
- Dry lake – Area that contained a standing surface water body
- Sabkha – Salt lake above the tide line, where evaporite deposits accumulate
- Salt diapir – Structural dome formed of salt or halite
- Salt evaporation pond – Shallow artificial pond designed to extract salts from sea water or other brines,
- Salt lake – Landlocked body of water which has a high concentration of salts
- Salt tectonics – Geometries and processes associated with the presence of significant thicknesses of evaporites
- Sink – Closed drainage basin that has no outflow
- Solonchak – Type of pale or grey soil
- Mudflat – Coastal wetlands where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers
References
[edit]- ^ "Physical Geography | How Salt Shapes Our Lives". The Salt Association. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
- ^ Jorgensen, C. (2003). Rommel's panzers: Rommel and the Panzer forces of the Blitzkrieg, 1940-1942 (pp. 78–79). St. Paul, MN: MBI.
- ^ "Lithium Statistics and Information" (PDF). USGS. (other Lithium statistics from USGS)
- ^ Borsa, A. A; et al. (2002). "GPS Survey of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, for Satellite Altimeter Calibration". American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting. Bibcode:2002AGUFMOS52A0193B.
- ^ Lamparelli, R. A. C.; et al. (2003). "Characterization of the Salar de Uyuni for in-orbit satellite calibration". IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 41 (6): 1461–1468. Bibcode:2003ITGRS..41.1461C. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2003.810713. S2CID 18716304.
- ^ Springer, K. (9 July 2018). "Rann of Kutch: Explore India's largest salt desert". CNN Travel. CNN. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- Briere, Peter R. (May 2002). "Playa, playa lake, sabkha: Proposed definitions for old terms". Journal of Arid Environments. 45 (1). Elsevier: 1–7. Bibcode:2000JArEn..45....1B. doi:10.1006/jare.2000.0633.
- Lowenstein, Tim K.; Lawrence A. Hardie (October 1985). "Criteria for the recognition of salt-pan evaporites". Sedimentation. 32 (5): 627–644. Bibcode:1985Sedim..32..627L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00478.x.
