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Sam Katzman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sam Katzman
Born(1901-07-07)July 7, 1901
New York City
DiedAugust 4, 1973(1973-08-04) (aged 72)
Hollywood
Occupation(s)Film producer and director
Years active1933–1973

Sam Katzman (July 7, 1901 – August 4, 1973) was an American film producer and director. Katzman's specialty was producing low-budget genre films, including serials, which had disproportionately high returns for the studios and his financial backers.[1]

Early career

[edit]

Sam was born to a Jewish family;[2] his father Abe Katzman was a violinist. He and Sam's mother Rebecca (née Sugarman) were from Kishinev, Bessarabia Governorate, Russian Empire (now Chisinău, Moldova). Katzman went to work as a stage laborer at the age of 13 in the fledgling East Coast film industry and moved from prop boy to assistant director at Fox Films.[3] He would learn all aspects of filmmaking and was a Hollywood producer for more than 40 years.[1] Katzman worked as an assistant to Norman Taurog and got married on the set of The Diplomats in 1928 at Fox.[4]

In October 1927 he signed with comic Joe Russo to make a series of two-reel comedies.[5]

Screencraft Pictures

[edit]

Katzman was a production supervisor at Showmen's Pictures in the early 1930s, and Screencraft Productions in July 1935.[6]

His movies included His Private Secretary (Showmen's, 1933) starring a young John Wayne (made for $9,000 and earned $95,000).[7] They also made Police Call (1933), Ship of Wanted Men (1933), Public Stenographer (1933), and St. Louis Woman (1934).

Supreme Pictures

[edit]

He worked as a producer at A. W. Hackel's Supreme Pictures, where he mostly made Westerns starring Bob Steele.[8] Filming started 15 May 1934 with A Demon for Trouble (1934).[9]

Other films included Western Justice (1934), The Brand of Hate (1934), Smokey Smith (1935), Tombstone Terror (1935), Trail of Terror (1935), Alias John Law (1935), Big Calibre (1935), Sundown Saunders (1935), Brand of the Outlaws (1936) and The Kid Ranger (1936).

Victory Pictures and Puritan Pictures

[edit]

In June 1935 Katzman announced he would make six films written by Peter Kyne for Fox, starting with Danger Ahead.[10] He ended up taking over Bryan Foy's studios at Culver City and doing the films through his own company, Victory Pictures.[11]

In 1935 Katzman founded Puritan Pictures, a film distribution group, their first film being Suicide Squad (1935).

From 1935 to 1940 Victory produced two serials and 30 features, including Western film series starring Tom Tyler and Tim McCoy,[12] and action pictures with Herman Brix and Bela Lugosi. Katzman also made crime films like Hot Off the Press (1935), Bars of Hate (1935), The Fighting Coward (1935) and Danger Ahead (1935), many of which were written by Peter B. Kyne.

Katzman entered the world of serials in 1936 (with Shadow of Chinatown (1936) starring Bela Lugosi) and would return to the genre in 1944.

In June 1937 a fire damaged the building where Victory was based.[13] In January 1939 Victory announced they would make 20 more Westerns.,[14] but within six months Katzman closed Puritan and began releasing his productions through Monogram Pictures.

Monogram Pictures

[edit]

At Monogram, a "budget" studio, Katzman partnered with Jack Dietz, under the name Banner Productions, to produce 22 East Side Kids features, two musicals, and a series of thrillers with Bela Lugosi. In April 1941 Katzman signed Lugosi to make three films,[15] which were well received. Lugosi ultimately made nine films for Katzman.

In January 1943 Katzman signed a contract with stage star Frank Fay and screen comic Billy Gilbert for four films. Fay walked out on the series after the first film, Spotlight Scandals (1943), and Katzman replaced him with Gilbert's closest friend, Shemp Howard.

Katzman continued to produce features for Monogram through 1948. His final East Side Kids movies were Docks of New York (1945), Mr. Muggs Rides Again (1945) and Come Out Fighting (1945). The series came to an abrupt end when its star Leo Gorcey wanted double the usual salary from Katzman. Katzman reacted by pulling the plug on the series. (Gorcey stayed with Monogram, which retooled the series as The Bowery Boys.)

In November 1945 Katzman replaced the rowdy East Side Kids with The Teen Agers, a wholesome gang of high-schoolers. These were vehicles for singer Freddie Stewart.[16] It was an early example of Katzman's output aimed specifically at a teenage audience. He produced six of these musical comedies through 1948.

Columbia Pictures

[edit]

In September 1944 Katzman was offered a job producing serials for Columbia Pictures, starting with Brenda Starr, Reporter (1945) and Who's Guilty? (1945).[17] With typical thrift, he produced these on the side, using Monogram's actors and technicians. The Columbia serials proved successful, and Katzman became their permanent producer, using Columbia's own technicians and facilities.

In June 1946 Katzman announced he would make his first feature for Columbia, a remake of The Last of the Mohicans starring Jon Hall.[18] However, the first movies he ended up making at the studio were musicals. In August 1946 he signed Jean Porter to star in Betty Co-Ed (1946), made by Katzman's Monogram director Arthur Dreifuss. The film received excellent reviews, prompting Columbia to ask for three more. Porter left Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which was downsizing, to sign with Katzman. The three musicals were Little Miss Broadway (1947), Sweet Genevieve (1947) and Two Blondes and a Redhead (1947).

Katzman and Dreifuss then made two films with singer Gloria Jean, who had been a star at Universal Pictures. Katzman was so pleased by I Surrender Dear (1948) that he devoted more time to it, and economized on her other picture, Manhattan Angel (1949).[19] These were budgeted at about $140,000 per film.[20]

Katzman's other Columbia musicals were Mary Lou (1948) and Glamour Girl (1948). He made two sports-themed features starring Gloria Henry: Racing Luck (1948) and Triple Threat (1948). During this time Katzman continued to produce serials: Jack Armstrong (1947), The Vigilante (1947), The Sea Hound (1947) with Buster Crabbe, Brick Bradford (1948), Congo Bill (1948) and the outstandingly successful Superman (1948).

Focus on action pictures

[edit]

The boxoffice performance of Katzman's action movies and serials, particularly Superman, was outstripping those for his musicals and comedies, leading him away from those genres. From 1949 to 1954 he would produce only action fare for Columbia. In October 1948 Katzman signed a seven-year, $4 million contract with Columbia to make four feature films a year through his Kay Pictures corporation, four serials a year via his Esskay Productions, and a Jungle Jim series starring Johnny Weissmuller.[21] The budgets for the Weissmuller films were announced at $350,000 per film.[22]

Katzman's stock-in-trade was now a mix of Arabian Nights fantasies (which he called "tits and sand"), western, action, and prison pictures. He would average ten features a year, producing them in four to ten weeks.[23] Katzman allowed a budget of $400,000 for The Prince of Thieves (1948), a version of the Robin Hood story starring Hall.[20] Other action-oriented Katzman product around this time included the Jungle Jim adventures; the serials Tex Granger (1948), Adventures of Sir Galahad (1949), Batman and Robin (1949), and Bruce Gentry – Daredevil of the Skies (1949); the action thriller The Mutineers (1949) with Hall; the swashbuckler Barbary Pirate (1949); and the crime movie Chinatown at Midnight (1949).[24]

Charles Schneer, who worked for Katzman in the 1940s and 1950s, said the producer "knew everything there was to know about making a movie. He was a very enterprising fellow, and was enormously intuitive. But, he was a very tough taskmaster and a real skinflint. I managed to get along well with Sam, because I knew what he was and respected what he did. Unfortunately, all his input was negative. He never contributed anything positive. I would suggest an idea, and he would knock it down. I would argue with him, but I never got very far. He wouldn't say: 'Do this instead of that.' He would only say: 'Don't do this' — and I didn't. I certainly learned the value of a dollar from Sam."[25]

Katzman's Monogram cameraman Richard Cline later recalled, "We did 106 features in six years, working six days a week - an average of 20 to 22 features a year. Those were "B" pictures... There was a clever writer in the unit. Sam would pick up a newspaper and say, 'Oh, here's a story.' He'd give it to the writer and the writer would turn out a script. We'd go all over. We were actually a traveling unit, a very cohesive unit, and I really learned my trade from that experience."[26]

Katzman shrewdly planned each production with both eyes on the budget, so that he would be spending less and less money as filming progressed. He would film crowd scenes first, then dismiss many of the actors. The remaining featured players would perform their scenes, and then leave. Finally, only the two or three leading actors were still on the payroll, working with a few recognizable, economical bit players.

Katzman's main directors during his early years at Columbia were Arthur Dreifuss, Lew Landers, William Berke, and Spencer Gordon Bennet. Berke specialized in the Jungle Jim films: Mark of the Gorilla (1950), Pygmy Island (1950), Captive Girl (1951) and Fury of the Congo (1951). Bennet made the serials: Pirates of the High Seas (1950), Atom Man vs. Superman (1950), Cody of the Pony Express (1950), Mysterious Island (1951), Roar of the Iron Horse (1951) and Son of Geronimo (1952). Landers handled the other action features like State Penitentiary (1950), Revenue Agent (1950) with Lyle Talbot, Last of the Buccaneers (1950) with Paul Henreid, Chain Gang (1950), Tyrant of the Sea (1950) with Ron Randell, Hurricane Island (1951) and When the Redskins Rode (1951) with Hall, A Yank in Korea (1951) with Lon McAllister. Richard Quine, then under contract to Columbia, made one of his first films as director for Katzman, Purple Heart Diary (1951); he later did Siren of Bagdad (1953) with Paul Henreid.

Lew Landers took over direction of Jungle Jim movies for Jungle Manhunt (1951) and Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land (1952), and did California Conquest (1952) with Cornel Wilde. Fred F. Sears, formerly an actor in Columbia features, began directing Columbia's Charles Starrett westerns; when that series lapsed, he started work for Katzman with Last Train from Bombay (1952) starring Hall. Wallace Grissell directed A Yank in Indo-China (1952) and Sidney Salkow directed The Golden Hawk (1952) with Sterling Hayden and The Pathfinder (1952) with George Montgomery.

Columbia's president Harry Cohn sometimes used the Sam Katzman unit as a threat, to keep recalcitrant actors in line or terminate an unwanted contract. Columbia owed Lucille Ball one feature assignment and an $85,000 salary, which Cohn tried to sidestep by sending Ball a "tits and sand" script from the Katzman unit. Cohn was confident that Ball would refuse the Katzman assignment, thus breaking her contract. Ball bristled at the script but didn't want to lose the salary, so she told Cohn she loved the script and agreed to the assignment. Cohn was forced to honor the agreement, and to his credit he allowed a higher production budget for The Magic Carpet (1951), which was filmed in Super Cinecolor.[27]

Director Spencer Bennet continued to make serials like Blackhawk (1952) and King of the Congo (1952), and branched into features such as Brave Warrior (1952) with Hall and a Jungle Jim film, Voodoo Tiger (1952). (In February 1952 Katzman renewed his options to make more Weissmuller movies.[28]) Paul Henreid returned to Katzman to star in Thief of Damascus (1952), directed by Will Jason.

In July 1952 Katzman announced he would make at least 15 films a year for seven years.[29] In November 1952 this contract was amended so Katzman would make twenty films (seventeen features and three serials).[30]

William Castle joined the Katzman group as director in 1953, starting with Serpent of the Nile (1953) with Rhonda Fleming and Raymond Burr. Castle later wrote in his memoirs that Katzman "was a smallish man with a round cherubic face and twinkling eyes. Few people in the motion picture industry took him seriously as a producer of quality films, but to me, Sam was a great showman."[31] Castle went on to make a series of films for Katzman including Slaves of Babylon (1953) with Richard Conte, Conquest of Cochise (1953) with John Hodiak, and two Westerns with Montgomery, Fort Ti (1953) and Masterson of Kansas (1954), The Law vs. Billy the Kid (1954) with Scott Brady, and The Saracen Blade (1954) with Ricardo Montalbán.

Richard L. Bare directed Prisoners of the Casbah (1953) with Gloria Grahame. William Berke returned to the Jungle Jim franchise with Valley of the Head Hunters (1953). Sidney Salkow made Jack McCall, Desperado (1953) with Montgomery and Prince of Pirates (1954) with John Derek. Spencer Bennet directed the Jungle Jim films Savage Mutiny (1953) and Killer Ape (1953). Fred Sears directed Target Hong Kong (1953) with Richard Denning, Sky Commando (1953) with Dan Duryea, The 49th Man (1953) with John Ireland and Denning, and Mission Over Korea (1953) with Hodiak and Derek. Former assistant director Seymour Friedman made Flame of Calcutta (1953).

Katzman continued to produce serials such as The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd (1953), The Lost Planet (1953), Riding with Buffalo Bill (1954), and Gunfighters of the Northwest (1954)

Lee Sholem directed Jungle Man-Eaters (1954) which was the last official Jungle Jim movie. Weissmuller made three more, playing himself.

In July 1954 it was announced that Katzman's company, now called Clover Productions, would make 15 films for Columbia.[32][33] Castle directed Jesse James vs. the Daltons (1954) in 3-D, The Iron Glove (1954) with Robert Stack, Charge of the Lancers (1954) with Paulette Goddard, Drums of Tahiti (1954) with Dennis O'Keefe and The Battle of Rogue River (1954) with Montgomery. Fred Sears had a solid hit with The Miami Story (1954).

Transfer to teen movies

[edit]

By the mid-1950s television was making inroads into the action market. The Weissmuller series ended in 1955. Serials were gradually phased out, now with all-time-low budgets and consisting largely of action scenes from older serials. The last ones were The Adventures of Captain Africa (an aborted sequel to The Phantom, 1955), Perils of the Wilderness (1956), and Blazing the Overland Trail (1956). Instead, Katzman decided to focus on films that would appeal to the 15-25 age group, which meant more sci-fi, horror, and rock-'n'-roll musicals.[23]

In August 1954 Katzman said he had 14 films lined up, with four more to come, and had assigned four writers to projects: Curt Siodmak to The Creature with the Atom Brain, Berne Giler on Dressed to Kill, Ray Buffum on a juvenile delinquency story, and Robert E. Kent on a Western.[34]

Creature with the Atom Brain (1955) led to a series of science fiction films, such as It Came from Beneath the Sea (1955), with effects from Ray Harryhausen. That was produced by Charles H. Schneer who had worked with Katzman for a number of years; Schneer and Harryhausen went on to make Earth vs. the Flying Saucers (1956) for Katzman before Schneer left to form his own unit at Columbia.

Katzman still made westerns such as The Gun That Won the West (1955), Seminole Uprising (1955), Blackjack Ketchum, Desperado (1955) and Duel on the Mississippi (1955), swashbucklers like Pirates of Tripoli (1955) and crime films such as New Orleans Uncensored (1955), Chicago Syndicate (1955), The Crooked Web (1955), The Houston Story (1956), Miami Exposé (1956) and Inside Detroit (1956). He also did the occasional thriller like Uranium Boom (1956).

His work had an increasing focus on teens, however. Teen-Age Crime Wave (1955) and Rumble on the Docks (1956) were teen-oriented crime films. He also started making musicals again with rockabilly music.

In 1955, when Columbia wanted to release the first rock-'n'-roll musical, Katzman reworked elements from his Gloria Jean musical I Surrender Dear into one of Columbia's biggest hits, Rock Around the Clock (1956) with Bill Haley and His Comets.[35] This cost $300,000 and earned over $4 million.[23] This was followed by Cha-Cha-Cha Boom! (1956), Don't Knock the Rock (1957, again with Bill Haley), Calypso Heat Wave (1957) and Juke Box Rhythm (1959, scheduled for Bill Haley but ultimately made with singer Jack Jones).

Katzman also produced horror films for the teenage audience, including The Werewolf (1956), The Man Who Turned to Stone (1957), The Giant Claw (1957), Zombies of Mora Tau (1957) and The Night the World Exploded (1957).

In May 1957 Katzman told Variety: “A picture that makes money is a good picture—whether it is artistically good or bad. I’m in the five and dime business and not in the Tiffany business. I make pictures for the little theatres around the country.”[23] He added that his movies were normally budgeted between $250,000 and $500,000. He said at Columbia he had made 110 pictures, none of which lost money, and the average gross was $1 million. He said at least 40% of the 110 pictures made were still in release.[23]

“Every picture I make now has a selling gimmick aimed at the young audience," he said in 1957, and he made car movies, horror stories, science fiction and music. He said his pictures are the “bread and butter” pictures of the industry. “I don't get ulcers with the type of pictures I make,” he said.[23]

In 1957 Katzman made seven films for Columbia, including non-teenage fare such as Utah Blaine (1957), Escape from San Quentin (1957), The Tijuana Story (1957) and The World Was His Jury (1957). He announced in December of that year he would double this amount over the following twelve months.[36]

Katzman's later films at Columbia included such teen melodramas as Going Steady (1958) and Life Begins at 17 (1958); Crash Landing (1958), a disaster film based on Pan Am Flight 6; a pair of war films starring Van Johnson shot in Europe, The Last Blitzkrieg (1959) and The Enemy General (1960); and a drama about trapeze artists, The Flying Fontaines (1959).

Later career

[edit]

20th Century-Fox

[edit]

Katzman signed a deal with 20th Century-Fox starting with The Wizard of Baghdad (1960), an "Eastern" with Dick Shawn. He did this under a verbal agreement with Buddy Adler. In September 1960, Robert Goldstein signed him to a three-picture contract with Fox. These were to be Gentlemen Pirates written by Mel Levy, a film about Mississippi gamblers written by Jesse Lasky Jr. and Pat Silver, and Cypress Gardens by Lou Morheim.[37] He said at the time that Hollywood was making too many blockbusters and "the motion picture business must deal in a saleable product of entertainment at a price the public can afford and not price itself out of the market.”[38]

Katzman wound up making only one more film at Fox, Pirates of Tortuga (1961), a swashbuckler similar to many of the films he made at Columbia.

He returned to Columbia to make The Wild Westerners (1962), a Western, as well as two "twist" movies starring Chubby Checker, Twist Around the Clock (1961) and Don't Knock the Twist (1962). These were scene-for-scene remakes of Katzman's Bill Haley musicals, with almost identical scripts. Katzman said, "Twist Around the Clock only cost $250,000 to make, but in less than six months it grossed six million, so of course I'm gonna make more 'Twist' movies!"[39]

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

[edit]

Katzman accepted an offer to move his operation to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1963. He started with a low budget musical Hootenanny Hoot (1963), which led to several more musicals: Get Yourself a College Girl (1964) and When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965) (a remake of Girl Crazy). MGM also financed three of Katzman's best known movies: two films starring Elvis Presley, Kissin' Cousins (1964) and Harum Scarum (1965), as well as Your Cheatin' Heart (1964), a biopic of Hank Williams starring George Hamilton. Hamilton later wrote in his memoirs that "Jungle Sam cracked the whip, whacked the cane and the whole film was in the can right on time. But he gave me free rein creatively and our director... brought in something memorable, and even Sam knew it."[40]

In December 1964 Katzman announced he would make five films that year for MGM in his third year at the studio.[41]

Katzman made the Herman's Hermits film Hold On! (1966) and singer Roy Orbison's only film, The Fastest Guitar Alive.[42]

In 1967 he signed a new contract with MGM to make at least two films a year.[43] These were Hot Rods to Hell (1967), the last film for John Brahm, and Riot on Sunset Strip (1967). Katzman wound up selling the latter to AIP for release.[44]

His last films for MGM were A Time to Sing (1967) with Hank Williams, Jr. and The Young Runaways (1968).

Return to Columbia

[edit]

In 1967 Columbia Pictures wanted two quick, topical films about love-ins and singles-only apartments. Sam Katzman got the call and recruited his 1940s cronies, Arthur Dreifuss and writer Hal Collins, to make The Love-Ins and For Singles Only (both 1967)[19]

Final movies

[edit]

Katzman's final films were produced by his son Jerry. These included Angel, Angel, Down We Go (1969) for AIP, How to Succeed with Sex (1970) and The Loners (1972) for Fanfare Productions.

Personal life

[edit]

He was the uncle of television producer Leonard Katzman, and, in turn, the great-great-uncle of Ethan Klein of the Israeli-American YouTube comedy channel h3h3Productions.

He was married to Hortense Katzman. They married on the set of the film The Diplomats in 1928.[45] She sued for divorce in 1955, but the two reconciled.[46]

Sam Katzman died on August 4, 1973, in Hollywood. He is interred in the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California.

Selected filmography

[edit]

As producer unless otherwise mentioned.

Unmade films

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Wheeler Winston Dixon. Lost in the Fifties: Recovering Phantom Hollywood. Southern Illinois University Press, 2005.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Sam Katzman: He Makes The Serials". The Sunday Herald. Sydney. 20 September 1953. p. 15. Retrieved 30 March 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  2. ^ Jewish Virtual Library: "Katzman, Sam" 2008
  3. ^ p.48 Dixon, Wheeler W Lost in the Fifties: Recovering Phantom Hollywood Southern Illinois University Press; 1st edition (September 1, 2005)
  4. ^ LASKY SIGNS WELL KNOWN ACTOR Los Angeles Times 30 Nov 1928: 14.
  5. ^ "Burlesque's Comic Films". Variety. 26 October 1927. p. 41.
  6. ^ "Incorporations". Variety. 4 July 1933. p. 24.
  7. ^ Scheuer, P. K. (July 31, 1963). Katzman doesn't give a hoot for art. Los Angeles Times
  8. ^ Ramon Novarro Plans to Star in Screen Version of Drama by Hungarian Playwright: PLAYER'S FUTURE MAY DEPEND ON PRODUCTION Lou Brock Decides to Remain at Radio Studio; Lee Tracy Will Play "Lemon Drop Kid" Schallert, Edwin. Los Angeles Times 16 May 1934: 13.
  9. ^ "Another of Those Spasmodic Cowboy Revivals On". Variety. 15 May 1934. p. 29.
  10. ^ "Kaztman Doing 6 Kynes". Variety. 12 June 1935. p. 6.
  11. ^ "Republic Merge". Variety. 26 June 1935. p. 40.
  12. ^ p. 438 Pitts, Michael R. Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 53 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each McFarland & Company, 1 Jan 1997
  13. ^ SCENE AS FLAMES RAGE IN MOTION-PICTURE PLANT: ACTORS FLEE FOR THEIR LIVES AS FIRE SWEEPS FILM STUDIO Los Angeles Times7 June 1937: A1.
  14. ^ "20 Victory Giddy Ups". Variety. 11 January 1939. p. 7.
  15. ^ Miriam Hopkins Likely 'Mississippi Belle' Lead: Los Angeles Times 12 Apr 1941: A9.
  16. ^ Detective Will Menace Belita in 'The Hunted' Schallert, Edwin. Los Angeles Times7 Nov 1945: A3.
  17. ^ NEWS OF THE SCREEN: New York Times 9 Sep 1944: 12.
  18. ^ 'LAST OF MOHICANS' TO BE FILMED AGAIN: Katzman, in Columbia Deal, to Star Jon Hall in Remake-- Two Premieres Here Today Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES..22 June 1946: 25.
  19. ^ a b MacGillivray, Scott and Jan, Gloria Jean: A Little Bit of Heaven, Universe, 2005
  20. ^ a b Thomas F Brady (11 May 1947). "Hollywood Survey: Sharp Drop in Production Noted -- Still Another Dumas Exploit -- Other Items". New York Times. p. X5.
  21. ^ Schallert, Edwin (26 Oct 1948). "Italian-Made Feature Stars Patricia Medina; Prison Musical Readied". Los Angeles Times. p. A6.
  22. ^ SELZNICK TO MOVE OFFICES TO COAST: New York Times 16 Feb 1948: 17.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "$300,000 Picture's Gross Expectancy Same as $1-Mil Film–Katzman". Variety. 1 May 1957. p. 17.
  24. ^ Brady, Thomas F. (17 April 1949). "HOLLYWOOD UPSWING: Increased Production Breaks Downward Trend in Employment -- Fox Backs Out". New York Times. p. X5.
  25. ^ Swires, Steve (January 1990). "Mentor to the Magicks Part One". Starlog. No. 150. p. 59.
  26. ^ AN AMERICAN FILM INSTITUTE SEMINAR WITH RICHARD CLINE, ASC Anonymous. American Cinematographer; Hollywood Vol. 57, Iss. 8 (Aug 1976): 876-879,933-935,944.
  27. ^ Harris, Warren G. (1991). Lucy & Desi : the legendary love story of television's most famous couple. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-74709-6. OCLC 23901570.
  28. ^ "Chatter". Variety. 20 February 1952. p. 61.
  29. ^ Schallert, Edwin (11 July 1952). "Drama: Garson in 'Interrupted Melody;' Bacon-Bergman and Bjork Deals on Fire". Los Angeles Times. p. B9.
  30. ^ HOLLYWOOD DEBATE: New York Times (16 Nov 1952: X5.
  31. ^ Castle, William (1976). Step right up! : ... I'm gonna scare the pants off America. Putnam. p. 123.
  32. ^ Schallert, Edwin (28 July 1954). "'Can Can' Buy Inspires Cast Conjectures; 'Atom Brain Creature' On Way". Los Angeles Times. p. 15.
  33. ^ Thomas M Pryor Special to The New York Times.. (17 Dec 1954). "Sinatra to Star in Musical Film: He Will Appear in Lasky's Salute to Young America, 'The Big Brass Band'". New York Times. p. 36.
  34. ^ "Sam Katzman's 4 films". Variety. August 4, 1954. p. 6.
  35. ^ MacGillivray, Scott and Jan, Gloria Jean: A Little Bit of Heaven, iUniverse, 2005
  36. ^ "Katzman's Columbia 7 in '57 to be Doubled". Variety. 1 January 1958. p. 7.
  37. ^ "Sam Katzman on Exhib Vagaries". Variety. 28 September 1960. p. 3.
  38. ^ "Sam Katzman on Exhib Vagaries". Variety. 28 September 1960. p. 30.
  39. ^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 103. CN 5585.
  40. ^ George Hamilton & William Stadiem, Don't Mind If I Do, Simon & Schuster 2008 p 182
  41. ^ FILMLAND EVENTS: Sam Katzman Begins Busy Year at MGM Los Angeles Times 26 Dec 1964: 19.
  42. ^ "Filmland Events: Sam Katzman Begins Busy Year at MGM". Los Angeles Times. 26 Dec 1964. p. 19.
  43. ^ "CBS Film Unit Signs Producer". Los Angeles Times. 18 Sep 1967. p. d27.
  44. ^ Mark McGee, Faster and Furiouser: The Revised and Fattened Fable of American International Pictures, McFarland, 1996 p263
  45. ^ Kingsley, Grace (30 Nov 1928). "Lasky Signs Well Known Actor: Comedienne and Assistant Director Wed at Studio; Sally O'Neill Will Star in New Circus Story; Youthful Player Signs With M.-G.-M". Los Angeles Times. p. 14.
  46. ^ "Film Producer Sam Katzman Sued by Wife". Los Angeles Times. 7 Dec 1955. p. 38.
  47. ^ Thomas F Brady Special to The New York Times.. (2 May 1951). "Fox Movie Studio Suspends Grable: Actress' Refusal to Appear in 'Girl Next Door' Leads to Action--Film Starts July 1". New York Times. p. 49.
  48. ^ Billboard, Sept. 16, 1957
  49. ^ "Philip Barry Jr. Lists Film". New York Times. 7 Jan 1958. p. 30.
  50. ^ "Thalberg Award to Jack Warner: Studio President Cited for High Quality of Movies -Ladd's Co-Stars Named Special to The New York Times.". New York Times. 26 Mar 1959. p. 27.
  51. ^ Martin, Betty (15 Apr 1967). "Role for Catherine Spaak". Los Angeles Times. p. 19.
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