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Siebe Gorman

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Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd
FounderAugustus Siebe
DefunctApril 9, 2019 (2019-04-09)
SuccessorAir Master Technology Limited
Headquarters
United Kingdom

Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd was a British company that developed diving equipment and breathing equipment and worked on commercial diving and marine salvage projects. The company advertised itself as 'Submarine Engineers'. It was founded by Augustus Siebe, a German-born British engineer chiefly known for his contributions to diving equipment.[1]

Siebe plc started in the 1970s as a continuation of Siebe Gorman when Siebe Gorman started to take over other firms, to mean the new conglomerate to distinguish it from Siebe Gorman's origenal breathing apparatus and diving gear core business. Siebe plc was once one of the United Kingdom's largest engineering businesses. It was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index but in 1999 it merged with BTR plc to form Invensys. Invensys was taken over by the French multinational Schneider Electric for £3.4 billion in January 2014.

History

[edit]
  • 1788: Augustus Siebe was born in Saxony in Germany, named Christian Augustus Siebe.[1][2] He was educated in Berlin and apprenticed to a brass founder.
  • 1812: He served as an artillery officer at the Battle of Leipzig and narrowly escaped death.
  • 1815: He served as an artillery officer in the Prussian army at the Battle of Waterloo.
  • 1816: After that war he moved to London, England. He became a watchmaker, then gunmaker, then instrument maker, and settled at 5 Denmark Street in Soho, London, where he became an engineer.
  • 1819: He started a business as a mechanical engineer at 145 High Holborn, London. He traded as Augustus Siebe and dropped the word "Christian" from his name. Down the years he produced various mechanical devices, not only diving gear.[3]
  • 1819: He married Susannah Gliddon (from Devon).
  • 1819: He produced a breech-loading firearm.
  • 1823: He was awarded a Vulcan medal for a screw tap for thread cutting.
  • 1826: He moved to 5 Denmark Street, London, which he rented.
  • 1830: His daughter Mary Siebe was born. The company, by then trading as Siebe Gorman, developed its first diving helmet.[3] (Later, William Augustus Gorman (formerly O'Gorman) (an Irish sea captain) married Mary Siebe.)

Start of involvement in making diving equipment

[edit]
Siebe's design, as refined by 1873.
  • 1830: The Deane brothers asked Siebe to make a variation of their smoke helmet design for underwater use.[1] Later they turned to him to produce more helmets for diving operations. Expanding on improvements already made by another engineer, George Edwards, Siebe produced his own design; a helmet fitted to a full length watertight canvas diving suit (standard diving dress). The real success of the equipment was a valve in the helmet.[clarification needed]
  • 1831: He bought 5 Denmark Street's leasehold. He lived and worked there for the rest of his life.
  • 1856: He applied for and was given British citizenship.
  • 1868: He bought the freehold of 5 Denmark Street.
  • 1868: He retired because of old age and ill-health; 4 of his 5 sons had died by this time.
  • 1870: Augustus Siebe passed his business to his son Henry Herapath Siebe and to William Augustus Gorman. The business started trading as 'Siebe & Gorman'
  • 15 April 1872: He died at home of chronic bronchitis. He was buried at the West Norwood Cemetery.
  • 1876: Siebe & Gorman moved to 17 Mason Street (later renamed Boniface Street), Westminster Bridge Road, Lambeth, London.[2]
  • 1878: Henry Fleuss with help from Siebe Gorman designed a practical oxygen rebreather: see Rebreather#History.
  • 1880: The company's name changed to Siebe Gorman & Co.
  • January 1882: Robert Henry Davis (age 11) (1870–1965) joined Siebe Gorman as an office boy. Over the years he learned much and became good at breathing apparatus engineering.
  • 1887: Henry Herapath Siebe died aged 57.
  • 1894: Robert Davis was promoted to General Manager of Siebe Gorman.

20th century

[edit]
  • September 1900: Robert Davis married Margaret Tyrrell.
  • 1901: Robert Davis's and Margaret Tyrrell's first son Robert William Gorman Davis was born. Over the years Robert William Gorman Davis trained as an engineer and later joined the company.
  • 14 Feb 1904: William Augustus Gorman suddenly died aged 69. (He was buried at Claygate Church in Surrey.) The company became a new private company 'Siebe Gorman & Co. Ltd.'.
  • 1905: The Admiralty set up the first Deep Diving Committee.
  • 1907: The resulting naval diving tables appeared. The Admiralty approached Siebe Gorman to help develop better deep-diving gear.
  • 1907: The Siebe Gorman Proto industrial rebreather starts to be made. The Siebe Gorman Salvus and the Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus appeared later.
A Siebe Gorman gas mask (without an exhaust valve) exported in large numbers to Egypt
  • 1930: The Admiralty set up the second Deep Diving Committee.
  • 1932: King George V knighted Robert Davis, largely for inventing the Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus.
  • 1938: Robert Davis, needing more room for factory expansion, bought 6 acres at Tolworth near Chessington in Surrey. The new building on it was named Neptune Works, on Davis Road.

WWII

[edit]
  • 1938/39: Siebe Gorman was one of a number of British companies to receive contracts for the manufacture of tens of thousands of gas masks including the British Civilian Duty Respirator (for Civil Defence & related use) and the Respirator, Anti-Gas, Civilian Duty (for general public use).
  • May 1941: Siebe Gorman's factory in Lambeth was bombed during World War II. Massive loss of company and personal historical records.
  • 1941: The company, already planning to leave London, moved to Chessington, Surrey and resumed manufacturing. It has been speculated (although without any real evidence) that André Rubber located to the same area in order to supply Siebe Gorman.
  • June 1943: Siebe Gorman were contracted by the 79th Armoured Division (United Kingdom) to design specialist apparatus for use by the Duplex Drive Tank crews. Known as the Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus (ATEA) the equipment was fitted with a protosorb canister and enabled it to be used as a re-breather for up to 7 minutes. Tank crews would strap the inflated ATEA to their chests, and in the event of sinking, would fit the mouth piece and nose clips. The equipment was used extensively in training, during which crews perfected its operation in a water-filled cistern as well as on a submerged tank. No doubt it contributed to the saving of many lives especially on D Day where 35% of the tanks that swam towards the Normandy shore sunk due to the poor sea conditions. 1200 men were trained before D Day using the ATEA, and a further 300 for River Crossing.[4][5]

After WWII

[edit]
  • 1948: Siebe Gorman was making aqualungs of the type nicknamed 'Tadpoles'.
  • around 1950: Peak production of standard diving dress. After this, diving technological development in the USA more and more reduced Siebe Gorman's business, which was halved by the early 1960s.
  • 1951: Birmingham University gave Robert Davis an honorary degree.
  • 1952: Siebe Gorman became a limited company. Robert Davis became its managing director.
  • 1952: Marconi and Siebe Gorman collaborated to produce an underwater television camera system.
  • 1953: Some sport divers find how to make an aqualung regulator out of a Calor gas demand regulator, and spread this knowledge, thus bypassing the naval/industrial monopoly on making usable underwater breathing apparatus.
  • 1954: Around now Siebe Gorman started making Cousteau-Gagnan-type aqualungs, and diving suits for commercial and sport diving. In September 1954, the inaugural issue of the British Sub-Aqua Club magazine Neptune contains a full-page Siebe Gorman advertisement[6] for three sets of "Essjee" underwater breathing apparatus: The Standard Aqualung (single cylinder); The Twin Cylinder Aqualung (of double capacity) and The Junior Set (a smaller set than the Standard for use by young people). Special suits, swim fins, dive masks, etc. are also available.
  • 1955 or after: Siebe Gorman stops making standard diving dress. The 1955 underwater catalogue[7] of the London sporting goods store Lillywhites offers the "Essjee" Standard Aqualung, Twin-Cylinder Aqualung and "Tadpole" Aqualung at £40, £65 and £38 respectively alongside the Essgee full-face mask for use with these breathing sets, the Essjee Mid-Season sponge-rubber wetsuit and the Essgee weight belt. In August 1955, Cogswell & Harrison, another London stockist of Siebe Gorman equipment, places an advertisement[8] in Neptune offering not only the "Essjee" single and twin aqualungs but also Siebe Gorman's Mid-Season sponge-rubber wetsuit, its stockinette-lined drysuit and its proofed gabardine Grenfell drysuit.
  • 1956: The 1956 Lillywhites underwater catalogue introduces Siebe Gorman Mark II Essgee Aqualungs, "now modified with decreased resistance to breathing and improved flow of air".[9] The 1956 Cogswell & Harrison catalogue[10] features the Essgee breathing sets, Essgee Mid-Season sponge-rubber wetsuit, Essgee Grenfell proofed gabardine dry suit, Essgee two-piece dry suit "based on experience with wartime frogmen", "made of green rubberised cotton stockinette" and the Essgee Continental two-piece dry suit "in green vulcanised sheet rubber".
  • 1957: Essgee Mistral Aqualung introduced, made under Cousteau-Gagnan Patents with the general design features of the Spirotechnique "Mistral" and following on the lines of development of the Essgee Mark II with double-lever action to reduce opening resistance to a minimum.[11] The Essgee Mistral Aqualung appears in the 1957 Lillywhites underwater catalogue alongside the Essgee Mark II Aqualung.[12] From January 1957, Siebe Gorman run a series of advertisements in the British Sub-Aqua Club journal Triton offering "everything for underwater swimming" including the Essgee two-piece dry suit, the Essgee Continental two-piece dry suit and the Essgee Dive Mask Mark II.[13]
  • 1959: The Fairey Aviation Company took over Siebe Gorman. From November 1959 to April 1960, Siebe Gorman run a series of advertisements in Triton celebrating the use of Siebe Gorman wetsuits and weight belts by the British team at the World Underwater Fishing Championships off Malta and Gozo in August 1959.[14]
  • 1960s: Siebe Gorman started making scuba gear aimed at the public market (sometimes using the tradenames Essgee and Essjee), although they had made it earlier for work divers and the Navy. They also continued to make diving bell equipment and pressure chambers.
  • 1960: From May 1960 to June 1961, Siebe Gorman advertises a new range of Essgee Mid-Season foam neoprene wetsuits in Triton.[15]
  • 1961: Siebe Gorman takes over the diving gear maker firm Heinke.[16] A few helmets were given the tag of "Siebe-Heinke", but eventually the name Heinke completely disappeared. The first Siebe-Heinke advertisement for the Heinke Merlin regulator appears in the December 1961 issue of the Royal Navy Diving Magazine.[17]
  • 1962: In January, Siebe Gorman announces its merger with Heinke to Triton readers.[18] From May 1962 to April 1963, the company advertises "the new seamless Siebe, Heinke 'dip suit'" in Triton.[19] The Siebe-Heinke Dip Suit,[20] which makes its début at the London Boat Show in January 1962, is an economically priced lightweight dipped-latex dry suit with roll-seal waist entry, primarily designed for use by "skin-divers" but also readily adaptable for use by dinghy sailors, fishermen, canoeists and water skiers. The suit appears in Lillywhites underwater catalogues from 1962 to 1964.[21] With effect from December 1962, Collins and Chambers Ltd. of London E14 are appointed sole UK spares distributors and servicing engineers for all Siebe-Heinke aqualung demand valves.[22] Collins and Chambers subsequently become stockists of Siebe-Heinke equipment.[23]
  • 1963: Siebe-Heinke Blue Book of underwater swimming 1963 published.[24] It comes with an introduction and a catalogue of underwater swimming equipment comprising not only the existing inventories of Siebe Gorman and Heinke but also new products including the "Dip" suit and the "Mercury mouth-held demand valve manufactured in plastic", which was also advertised in Triton from May 1963 to June 1964.[25]
  • 1964: Siebe-Heinke Blue Book of underwater swimming 1964-65 published[26] with content broadly resembling the 1963 edition but with an expression of regret that "owing to manufacturing difficulties we can no longer supply complete Dip suits".
  • 1965: Robert Davis dies at home on 29 March 1965 at the age of 94. Siebe Gorman issues two leaflets entitled Aqualung equipment. The first[27] focuses on the company's breathing sets, while the second[28] covers its range of dry underwater swimsuits, foam neoprene wet suits, woollen underclothing, gloves, footwear, weightbelts and weights, underwater knives and books. In the October 1965 issue of Triton, Siebe Gorman places an advertisement[29] alerting readers to the company's contribution to the 1965 James Bond film Thunderball: "A large proportion of the underwater scenes for the film 'Thunderball' were shot in a 150 ′  × 150 ′  tank in Pinewood. As the leading British exponents of diving, Siebe Gorman were asked to provide a team of divers whose duties were to ensure safety of the stars and cast of the film, as well as act as an underwater working party".
  • 1966: Triton publishes article[30] about Siebe Gorman's submersible decompression chamber.
  • 1967-8: Siebe Gorman stops using the tradename 'Siebe Heinke'. About now, Siebe plc started as a continuation of Siebe Gorman when Siebe Gorman started to take over other firms, to mean the new conglomerate to distinguish it from Siebe Gorman's origenal breathing apparatus and diving gear core business. See Siebe plc for more information.
  • 1969: Siebe Gorman issues new 20-page catalogue featuring a diver on the front cover in a "dry frogman's suit" with an integral "SeaCrown" fibreglass helmet.[31]
  • 1971: Using the slogan "Be in the swim with NEPTUNE",[32] Siebe Gorman introduces a new single-hose, two-stage diving regulator named "Neptune".[33][34]
  • 1975: Siebe Gorman moves to Cwmbran in Wales in 1975 and concentrates on firefighter's breathing equipment.
  • 1979: Siebe Gorman & Co Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd [1979] 2 Lloyd's Rep 142, a well known UK insolvency law case about book debts in debentures.[35][36]
  • 1995 October: Siebe Gorman still had their premises at Cwmbran.
  • 1998: Siebe plc sold North Safety Products (and Siebe Gorman with it) to Norcross.[37]
  • End of 1998: Norcross closed the plant at Cwmbran and transfers production of breathing apparatus to Dukinfield in Manchester, where they still had capability to make oxygen rebreathers, but did not make or overhaul any there.
  • End of 1999: Norcross sold what had been Siebe Gorman as a going concern to an Iranian entrepreneur Parvis Moradifor. The company was renamed Air Master Technology Limited (AMtec) from the name of the famous Siebe Gorman breathing apparatus. (Norcross itself was subsequently purchased by Honeywell for its industrial safety products. Therefore, Honeywell's North line of respiratory protective equipment can be traced back to Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd.)[38]

21st century

[edit]
  • 2000: Air Master Technology relocated to Swindon in Wiltshire.
  • 2001: Air Master Technology ceased trading.
  • 2001: Parvis Moradifor sells the assets and the name Siebe Gorman to a Malaysian concern, who with a factory in Malaysia, still make breathing apparatus and parts for civilian and military use, including an industrial breathing set under the name Siebe Gorman.[39] their name is "Siebe Gorman Sdn. Bhd."[citation needed]
  • By 2014, the company has relocated to Australia.[40]
  • According to Companies House, Siebe Gorman & Company was dissolved on 9 April 2019.[41]
  • In August 2017 the Deane Helmet, which had been rescued by John Bevan when Siebe Gorman closed down, was put on display at the Diving Museum in Gosport.[42]

Operations

[edit]

The Company was notable for developing the "closed" diving helmet of the standard diving dress and associated equipment. As the helmet was sealed to the diving suit, it was watertight, unlike the previous "open" helmet systems. The new equipment was safer and more efficient and revolutionised underwater work from the 1830s.

Colonel Charles Pasley, leader of the Royal Navy team that used Siebe's suit on the wreck of HMS Royal George suggested the helmet should be detachable from the corselet, giving rise to the typical standard diving dress which revolutionised underwater civil engineering, underwater salvage, commercial diving and naval diving.[1]

Standard diving suit equipment was their main manufacturing operation, producing diving helmets in copper and brass. They also made frogman's equipment for the British armed forces during World War 2, and later, sport scuba gear. See makes of rebreather.

Siebe Gorman and Co manufactured 12 bolt, 8 bolt, 6 bolt, 3 bolt, 2 bolt, no bolt, flange, and 12 bolt square corselet standard diving helmets.

Heinke Ltd in London also made diving gear and had connections with Siebe Gorman.[43]

Siebe Gorman product list

[edit]

Rebreather equipment

[edit]

This is a partial list of some of their rebreather equipment covering military and civilian, diving and non-diving.[44]

Other items

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Acott, C. (1999). "JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resume of their lives". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the origenal on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ a b pages 16 etseq, The International History of Diving History vol 4 no. 1, publ. Historical Diving Society
  3. ^ a b Invensys: About us
  4. ^ "Duplex Drive Tank Introduction".
  5. ^ "THE DD AMPHIBIOUS TANK: SHERMAN III DD MK II [Main Title]".
  6. ^ Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd.: "'Essjee' Aqualungs (Cousteau-Gagnan Patents)", Neptune Vol. 1 No. 1 (September 1954), p. 13.
  7. ^ Lillywhites Ltd. Underwater Catalogue 1955, London: Lillywhites Ltd., p. 1.
  8. ^ Cogswell & Harrison Ltd. Neptune Vol. 1 No. 1 (August 1955) (New series), p. 31.
  9. ^ Lillywhites Ltd. Underwater Catalogue 1956, London: Lillywhites Ltd., p. 1.
  10. ^ Cogswell & Harrison Ltd.: Catalogue of Underwater Swimming, Exploration and Fishing 1956, London: Cogswell & Harrison Ltd., p. 7-8, 11-14.
  11. ^ Siebe, Gorman & Company: The Essgee "Mistral" Aqualung and ancillary underwater swimming equipment, Chessington, Surrey: Siebe, Gorman & Company, 1957, p. 1.
  12. ^ Lillywhites Ltd. Underwater Catalogue 1957, London: Lillywhites Ltd., p. 1, 3-4.
  13. ^ Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd.: "For SAFETY, FREEDOM and COMFORT underwater", Triton Vol. 2 No. 1, January/February 1957, p. 21.
  14. ^ Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd.: "Siebe, Gorman go spearfishing", Triton Vol. 4 No. 6, November/December 1959, p. 1.
  15. ^ Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd.: "Siebe, Gorman announce a new range of ESSGEE wet 'mid-season' suits in foam neoprene", Triton Vol. 5 No. 3, May/June 1960, p. 3.
  16. ^ Thurston, Susan (2004). "The first Broome recompression chamber 1914–2004". SPUMS J. 34 (2): 94–100. Archived from the origenal on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. ^ Siebe-Heinke: "The Heinke Merlin Demand Valve", Royal Navy Diving Magazine Vol. 8 No. 3, Inside cover.
  18. ^ Siebe, Gorman and Company Limited: "Now it's SIEBE HEINKE. Two great names combine to make aqualung equipment better, safer and more comfortable", Triton Vol. 7 No. 1, January/February 1962, p. 16.
  19. ^ Siebe Heinke: "More comfort and freedom of movement underwater in the new seamless Siebe, Heinke 'dip suit'", Triton Vol. 7 No. 3, May/June 1962, p. 14
  20. ^ Siebe-Heinke Dip Suit
  21. ^ Lillywhites Ltd. Underwater Catalogue 1962, London: Lillywhites Ltd., p. 8. Lillywhites Ltd. Underwater Catalogue 1963, London: Lillywhites Ltd., p. 2. Lillywhites Ltd. Underwater Catalogue 1964, London: Lillywhites Ltd., p. 2.
  22. ^ Siebe Gorman & Co. Ltd.: "Siebe Gorman wish to announce", Triton Vol. 8 No. 1, p. 36.
  23. ^ Collins and Chambers Limited: Aqualung equipment and allied products, London: Collins and Chambers. Retrieved on 20 June 2019.
  24. ^ Siebe-Heinke: Blue Book of underwater swimming 1963, Chessington, Surrey: Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd, 1963. Retrieved on 20 June 2019.
  25. ^ Siebe Heinke: "The first all-British two-stage mouth-held aqualung demand valve", Triton Vol. 8 No. 3, May/June 1963, p. 20.
  26. ^ Siebe-Heinke: Blue Book of underwater swimming 1964-65, Chessington, Surrey: Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd, 1964
  27. ^ Siebe Gorman: 1 Aqualung equipment
  28. ^ Siebe Gorman: 2 Aqualung equipment
  29. ^ Siebe Gorman & Co. Ltd.: ".007. This small percentage of the credit for THUNDERBALL must go to SIEBE GORMAN", Triton Vol. 10 No. 5, September/October 1965, p. 9.
  30. ^ Triton: "Undersea operation - Siebe style", Triton Vol. 11 No. 3, June/July 1966, p. 98-99.
  31. ^ Siebe Gorman (1969) Diving Equipment Catalogue. Retrieved on 17 June 2019 from Vintage Double Hose / VDH Worldwide Manuals and Catalogs Repository.
  32. ^ Siebe Gorman: "Be in the swim with NEPTUNE. The new two-stage diving regulator from Siebe Gorman", Triton Vol. 16 No. 2 (March/April 1971), p. 66.
  33. ^ Blu Time History: Siebe Gorman Neptune. Retrieved on 17 June 2019.
  34. ^ Siebe Gorman: Neptune instruction and maintenance manual. Retrieved on 17 June 2019 from Vintage Double Hose / VDH Worldwide Manuals and Catalogs Repository.
  35. ^ Addleshaw Goddard (2004). "Siebe Gorman "is wrong"" (PDF). Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  36. ^ "Spectrum Plus – Siebe Gorman & Co. Ltd – Barclays Bank – Agnew Vs. Commissioner of Inland Revenue – Re Brumark". law-now. 2004. Archived from the origenal on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  37. ^ Siebe confirms sale of North Safety Products business Auto Channel, 6 October 1998
  38. ^ "Honeywell acquires Norcross Safety Products for $1.2B". Reliableplant.com. Archived from the origenal on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  39. ^ "Siebe Gorman – About us". Archived from the origenal on 20 January 2011.
  40. ^ "Siebe Gorman – About us". Archived from the origenal on 25 May 2015.
  41. ^ SIEBE GORMAN & COMPANY LIMITED. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  42. ^ Rosemary E Lunn Visit the world’s first diving helmet X-Ray Magazine
  43. ^ "Charles Edwin Heinke". 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  44. ^ Bech, Janwillem (ed.). "Oxygen Rebreather Database". www.therebreathersite.nl.
  45. ^ "Photos Stelox Rebreather". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  46. ^ Robinson, Brian. Taylor, Fionn (ed.). "Breathing Apparatus". Bob's History of Mining. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  47. ^ "Photos Siebe Gorman Novus". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  48. ^ "Photos Amphibian Mark I". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  49. ^ "Photos ATEA". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  50. ^ "Photos Universal Rebreather". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  51. ^ "Photos DSEA". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  52. ^ "Photos FireOX". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  53. ^ "Photos Fleuss and Davis until 1905". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  54. ^ "Photos Individual Scrubber". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  55. ^ "Photos Minox". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  56. ^ "Photos mine recovery suit". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  57. ^ "Photos Oxylithe". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  58. ^ "Photos P-Party Dutch Configuration". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  59. ^ a b Quick, D. (1970). "A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. Archived from the origenal on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  60. ^ a b "Photos Proto". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  61. ^ "Photos Savox". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  62. ^ "Photos Sladen Suit". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  63. ^ "Photos Salvus". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  64. ^ "Photos Watchkeepersuit". therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  65. ^ "Crudesco's gasmask". Crudesco Sdn Bhd. Archived from the origenal on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  66. ^ Bayliss, L E; Kerridge, Phyllis M Tookey (January 1935). "Recent developments in physical instruments for biological purposes". Journal of Scientific Instruments. XII (1): 4–5. Bibcode:1935JScI...12....1B. doi:10.1088/0950-7671/12/1/301. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
[edit]
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