Southern Coahuila Nahuatl
| Southern Coahuila Nahuatl | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mexico |
| Region | Coahuila, Nuevo Leon |
| Extinct | 20th century[1] |
Uto-Aztecan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nah |
Southern Coahuila Nahuatl,[2] or Neotlaxcaltec Nahuatl, is a variety of Nahuatl that was spoken in the northeast of Mexico, mainly in the municipalities of San Esteban,[3] Parras de la Fuente,[4] Guadalupe and Bustamante.[5] A related variety was spoken in the west and central-north zones of the country, in the municipalities of Tlaltenango, Juchipila, Tlacuitlapán, Mexquitic and Colotlán.[6]
During the colonial era, the Tlaxcaltec colonization of the northeast of New Spain led to the foundation of new settlements and cities. San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala,[7] in the south of Coahuila, was the most influential,[8] and from here families of Tlaxcaltec colonists dispersed to found new cities like San Miguel de Aguayo (today Bustamante, Nuevo León)[9] and Santa María de las Parras (today Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila).[4] The latter, in turn, was a point of dispersion for families to found Viesca.[10]
This northern variety, derived from 16th-century Tlaxcala Nahuatl, developed certain innovations which can be observed in documents written in it, primarily proceeding from the south of Coahuila[3] and the north of Nuevo León,[11] as the region was essentially devoid of other Nahua settlements. There is a short vocabulary list of this variety, which was published in the 20th century.[2]
History
[edit]There is an extensive record of documents written in this variety of Nahuatl from the beginning of Nahua settlement in northern New Spain. Over the following centuries, Coahuila Nahuatl evolved independently from Tlaxcala Nahuatl.[12]
The Neotlaxcaltecs were concerned with preserving their language, playing an important role as a symbol of their own identity, thus distinguishing them from the Spanish and the Chichimecas.[13] In the second half of the 18th century, the Neotlaxcaltecs explained to the viceroy of New Spain that they themselves gave the Christian doctrine in Nahuatl, claiming that the minister father on duty did not preach in their language.[14]
The last stronghold of this variety of Nahuatl may have been Saltillo, Coahuila, until the mid-20th century.[15] However, censuses from the last years of the 19th century indicated that the number of speakers was already very small.[16] In the case of Nuevo León, its use is also documented until the end of the same century in at least two municipalities.[9] In his 1897 book Geographical Nomenclature of Mexico, Antonio Peñafiel catalogued Coahuila Nahuatl as being in danger of extinction.[17]
One of the last speakers of Nahuatl in Nueva Tlaxcala was Don Cesáreo Reyes, a native Nahuatl speaker from Saltillo who was interviewed in 1949 by the magazine Tlalocan. He explained the linguistic situation of his time and some reasons why the language fell into disuse, such as the imposition of the Spanish language in the schools of his community, since at that time, San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala had already been completely annexed to the city of Saltillo.
This variant of Nahuatl has greatly influenced the speech of Comarca Lagunera,[18] where many words of Nahuatl origen remain in use in local Spanish, which are known as lagunerismos.[19] In several municipalities of Nuevo León, words of Nahuatl origen are also preserved in the local language.[9] Currently, a language revitalization project has been developed for the Neotlaxcaltec variant in the municipality of Bustamante, Nuevo León.
Literature
[edit]Although they wrote a huge amount of legal documents in Nahuatl, little is known about the literature of the Neotlaxcalans. Only one short poem written in this variant is known, registered and published by the magazine Tlalocan and given by Don Cesáreo Reyes.[20]
Onpa tsintlan tepetl
xochitl mowiwilana,
monextia se konetsintli
ke noyollo kitihtilana.— Tlaxcaltec poetry of Saltillo
This translates as: There, under that mountain, a virgin appears, my heart calls her.
Sample phrases
[edit]¿Mostla para kanpis timowika?
Where are you going tomorrow?
Astah mostla, si yehwatsin kimonekiltia.
Until tomorrow, if He wills.
Non ichpokatsin san kwaltetsin.
That lady is pretty.
¿Keman walmowikas non telpokatsin?
When will that young man come?
Nin atsintli se koni wan pahti.
One drinks this venerable water and is healed.
See also
[edit]- Classical Nahuatl
- Huasteca Nahuatl
- Guerrero Nahuatl
- Orizaba Nahuatl
- Isthmus Nahuatl
- Tetelcingo Nahuatl
- Tabasco Nahuatl
- Tehuacan-Zongolica Nahuatl
- Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
- Michoacan Nahuatl
- Morelos Nahuatl
- Mexicanero language
- Classical Nahuatl grammar
- History of Nahuatl
References
[edit]- ^ Southern Coahuila Nahuatl at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b "El náhuatl de los tlaxcaltecas de San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala".
- ^ a b Offutt, Leslie S. (1992). "Levels of acculturation in northeastern New Spain; San Esteban testaments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries". Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl. 22: 409–443.
- ^ a b "El sur de Coahuila en el siglo XVII" (PDF).
- ^ "Destaca Nuevo León por su diversidad lingüística. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León".
- ^ "Las milicias tlaxcaltecas en Saltillo y Colotlán".
- ^ "The Nahuatl Testaments of San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala (Saltillo)" (PDF).
- ^ "San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala. La formación de su identidad colonizadora" (PDF).
- ^ a b c "La herencia tlaxcalteca".
- ^ "Viesca (Coahuila) Viesca". mexico.PueblosAmerica.com (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2024-08-12.
- ^ "Historia social de una comunidad Tlaxcalteca: San Miguel de Aguayo (Bustamante, N.L.) 1686-1820 (review)".
- ^ Celestino, Eustaquio (1991). El Señorío de San Esteban del Saltillo: voz y escritura nahuas, siglos XVII y XVIII (in Spanish). Archivo Municipal de Saltillo. ISBN 978-968-6686-00-5. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ^ Martinez-Serna, J. Gabriel (2014-11-01). Viñedos e indios de desierto: fundación, auge y secularización de una misión jesuita en la frontera noreste de la Nueva España. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
- ^ Esteban, Diana Ramiro. Arquitectura y urbanismo de los pueblos de misión y colonias tlaxcaltecas: Coahuila y el Nuevo Reino de León en el siglo XVIII (Thesis). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "San Esteban, el pueblo". Grupo Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). 9 November 2016. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
- ^ "Historia de la ciudad de Torreón". www.fernandollama.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
- ^ "Relación de los idiomas indígenas que se hablan en los Estados de la República Mexicana" (PDF).
- ^ "Nahuatlismos en el habla de La Laguna" (PDF).
- ^ "La Laguna. ¿Qué palabras del nahuatl se quedaron en la Comarca?". Grupo Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ^ Moreno, W. Jiménez (2016-09-27). "El náhuatl de los tlaxcaltecas de San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala". Tlalocan. 3 (1): 84–86. doi:10.19130/iifl.tlalocan.1949.354. ISSN 0185-0989. Retrieved 2022-01-15.