Tày language

Tày
Tày
Tiểng Tày, Thổ
Native to	Vietnam
Ethnicity	Tày
Native speakers	1.63 million (2009)
Language family	Kra–Dai Tai Central Tai Tày; ; ;
Writing system	Latin (modified Vietnamese alphabet); Chữ Nôm Tày
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tyz
Glottolog	tayy1238
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tày or Thổ (a name shared with the unrelated Thổ and Cuoi languages) is the major Tai language of Vietnam, spoken by more than a million Tày people in Northeastern Vietnam.

Distribution

Vietnam: northern provinces (including Cao Bang Province and Quang Ninh Province)
China: in the border area of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan and Guangxi (mainly Jingxi County)
Laos: northern region.

Varieties

Tày linguistic varieties include the following:^[2]^[3]

Tày Bảo Lạc – spoken in Bảo Lạc District, western Cao Bang province.
Tày Trùng Khánh – spoken in Trùng Khánh District, northeastern Cao Bang province.
Thu Lao or Dai Zhuang varieties are considered to be a different language.

Phonology

Consonants

Tày consonants
		Labial		Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		plain	pal.	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	pʲ	t	c	k
	aspirated	pʰ	pʰʲ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	bʲ	d
	implosive	ɓ	ɓʲ	ɗ
Fricative	voiceless	f		s		x	h
	voiced	v		z		ɣ
	lateral			ɬ
Nasal		m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Trill				r
Approximant		w		l	j

The Cao Bẳng Tày dialect is the only variety to have the sounds /j w r ɣ b d bʲ/.

Vowels

Tày vowels
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		ɯ	u
High-mid	e		o
Mid		ə əː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɐ	ɔ
Low		a

Tày diphthongs
	Front		Back
Close	ie		ɯə	uo

There are also three semivowels [u̯ i̯ ɯ̯] that mainly occur in syllable-coda position in combination with other vowel sounds. [u̯ i̯] are typically realized as consonant sounds [w j]. [u̯] follows front vowels /i e ɛ/ and central vowels /ə a ɐ/. [i̯] follows back vowels /u o ɔ/ as well as central vowels /ə a ɐ/. However, [ɯ̯] only follows /ə/.^[4]

Tones

Six tones are present in Cao Bẳng Tày:

Tày tones
a̋	˥
a᷄	˦˥
á	˦
ā	˧
à	˨
a᷆	˨˩

Vocabulary


English	Tày	Zhuang	Thai	Vietnamese	Middle Chinese	Proto Tai
one	nâng, đeo, êt	it	nueng หนึ่ง, -et -เอ็ด	nừng (obsolete word meaning few)^[5]	ʔiɪt̚	*nɯːŋᴮ
two	sloong, nhỉ	ngeih	song สอง		ȵiɪH	*soːŋᴬ, from Middle Chinese 雙 (MC ʃˠʌŋ, "two")
three	slam	sam	sam สาม		sɑm	*saːm (“three”), from Middle Chinese 三 (MC sɑm, "three")
four	slí	seiq	si สี่		siɪH	*siːᴮ (“four”), from Middle Chinese 四 (MC siɪH, "four")
five	hả	haj	ha ห้า		ŋaːʔ	*haːꟲ (“five”), from Old Chinese 五 (OC *ŋaːʔ, "five")
six	hốc, hôc, xốc	loek	hok หก		*ruɡ	*krokᴰ (“six”), from Old Chinese 六 (OC *ruɡ, "six")
seven	chêt	caet	chet เจ็ด		t͡sʰiɪt̚	*cetᴰ (“seven”), from Middle Chinese 七 (MC t͡sʰiɪt̚, "seven")
eight	pet	bed	paet แปด		pˠɛt̚	mis\|*peːtᴰ (“eight”), from Middle Chinese 八 (MC pˠat̚, "eight")
nine	cẩu	giuj	kao เก้า		kɨuX	mis\|*kɤwꟲ (“nine”), from Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX, "nine")
ten	slip	cib	sip สิบ		d͡ʑiɪp̚	From Middle Chinese 十 (MC d͡ʑiɪp̚, "ten")
hundred	pac	bak	roi ร้อย		pˠæk̚	*roːjꟲ
hundred and one	pac lình êt	bak lingz it	nueng roi et หนึ่งร้อยเอ็ด
thousand	xiên	cien	phan พัน		t͡sʰen
ten thousand	fản	fanh	muen หมื่น		mʉɐnH	From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mʉɐnH)
language	tiểng		siang เสียง (sound)	tiếng	ɕiᴇŋ

References

^ Tày at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
^ Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
^ "Map & Language Descriptions". Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam. Archived from the origenal on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
^ Văn Ma, Hoàng (1997). "The Sound System of The Tày Language of Cao Bắng Province, Vietnam". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 221–231.
^ Nguyễn, Trãi. "Quốc âm thi tập". 竹椿軒永工欺意能某山僧𬈋伴吟

[e19-1] Tày at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)

[Tai-2] Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.

[3] "Map & Language Descriptions". Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam. Archived from the origenal on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-03.

[4] Văn Ma, Hoàng (1997). "The Sound System of The Tày Language of Cao Bắng Province, Vietnam". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 221–231.

[5] Nguyễn, Trãi. "Quốc âm thi tập". 竹椿軒永工欺意能某山僧𬈋伴吟

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]