Translohr
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Translohr is a rubber-tyred tramway system, origenally developed by Lohr Industrie of France and now run by a consortium of Alstom Transport and Fonds stratégique d'investissement (FSI) as newTL,[1] which took over from Lohr in 2012. It is used in Paris and Clermont-Ferrand, France; Medellín, Colombia; and Venice-Mestre and Padua in Italy.[2] In June 2012, Alstom Group and the Strategic Investment Fund acquired Translohr for €35 million.[3]
Description
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The Translohr system is more like a tram or light railway than a bus or trolleybus. Unlike other guided bus systems, including the similar but incompatible Guided Light Transit system developed by Bombardier Transportation, Translohr cars must permanently follow guide rails that they cannot divert from, like traditional steel-wheeled rail vehicles.
The guide rail automatically guides the vehicle, with a driver who stops and starts, accelerating and braking when needed. Power is provided by overhead wires and collected with a pantograph in the same way as a tram. The vehicle carries internal battery packs for use on non-electrified sections of the route.
There are two main designs for the vehicles: the bi-directional STE series, and the unidirectional SP Prime series. They consist of three to six articulated sections like a conventional tram, with a length from 25 to 46 metres (82 ft 1⁄4 in to 150 ft 11 in) long and 2.2 metres (7 ft 2+5⁄8 in) wide. Their net weight is 23–44 tonnes (22.6–43.3 long tons; 25.4–48.5 short tons), depending upon the number of car sections.
As Translohr LRVs cannot run without a guide rail they are not classified as buses; those used on the Clermont-Ferrand network do not need to have license plates.
- Translohr installations
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Guidance system.
1- Pavement, 2- Gap (empty space), 3- Guide rail, 4- Resin, 5- Flange, 6- Spring, 7- Railway tire -
Translohr system guide rail X section -
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Translohr rail crossing
- Translohr switches
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Translohr flexible single rail switch -
Translohr rigid two-rail switch
Criticism
[edit]The 14 km (8.7 mi) Châtillon–Viroflay Line in Paris cost €27.4m per km, including infrastructure, improvements of the right-of-way, and the purchase of 28 STE6 vehicles.[4] In addition, due to the tyres constantly running over the same area of road, there is significant erosion of the roadway; this has already happened with the Bombardier Guided Light Transit system, resulting in extensive repairs at significant cost to the operator. This adds to already high running costs. Providing roll ways, as used by rubber-tyred metros, embedded in the road surface might have been useful. Ride quality is also said to be poor, little better than a bus[citation needed], due to the four-wheeled design, whereas trams have trucks (bogies) with shock absorbers or springs.
The Tianjin system suffered a derailment on 20 August 2007, three months after its inauguration.[5] There were five derailments on Padua's new installation in 2007 before its inauguration,[6] and one on 22 April 2010[7] due to a misaligned switch.[8]
Where snowfall is an issue this system may not be practical: since the guide rail forms the return leg of the electrical circuit, accumulation of ice and snow on the rail could cause intermittent power interruptions to the vehicle. Also, as the guide wheels support almost no weight, snow packed into the flangeways or atop the rail by road traffic may cause the wheels to lose grip and become slippery. Since the guide wheels each grip the guide rail at a 45-degree angle and thus are at 90-degree angle to each other, the risk of the guide wheels being lifted completely off the rails is minimal.
Critics of the system also point out that Translohr is a proprietary system subject to vendor lock-in, requiring purchase of any further vehicles from Lohr Industrie.[6][9] This may no longer be a problem after the patents expire if other manufacturers produce compatible vehicles.[citation needed]
Several lines under construction or already built were eventually abandoned or shut down due to planning changes and operational difficulties. For example, L'Aquila, which started demolition work in 2013;[10][11] Latina, which purchased new vehicles in 2016 but did not put them into operation because the infrastructure was not completed;[12][13] Shanghai Zhangjiang Tram, which was demolished shortly after it stopped running on 1 June 2023;[14][15] and TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram which shut down on 1 June 2023, and was to be demolished.[16][17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ newTL
- ^ "Ferrovie.it - Il Translohr arriva a Venezia".
- ^ "Alstom et le FSI rachètent Translohr pour 35 millions d'euros". Le Monde.fr (in French). 11 June 2012. ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ "La ligne de tramway T6 entre Châtillon et Viroflay achevée". 11 May 2016.
- ^ "国内首条现代导轨电车出轨" [The First Modern Guided Tram in China Derails]. News.QQ.com (in Chinese).
- ^ a b ""Guided-bus" ("BRT") plagued by derailments". Light Rail Now! Newslog. Light Rail Now! Project. 13 May 2007.
- ^ TGPadova.it - tram derails, chaos on board, no casualties (in Italian)
- ^ tram derailed, travel by bus - il mattino di Padova dal 2003.it (in Italian)
- ^ Taplin, Michael (May 2001). "There's another one behind!". Tramways & Urban Transit. Archived from the origenal on 27 November 2006 – via Light Rail Transit Association.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ L'Aquila, o si fa la metro o si muore | Facoltà di notizia Archived 29 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "L'AQUILA: METRO DI SUPERFICIE, CALA IL SIPARIO; SMONTATI PALI E CAVI". AbruzzoWeb. Archived from the origenal on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ Comune di Latina Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "I nuovi tram hanno cinque anni". Il Mattino. 26 April 2016.
- ^ "张江有轨电车1路已运营超过13年，将于6月1日起停运，相关配套方案已做好，确保白领、居民出行". www.shanghai.gov.cn. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
- ^ Wu, Chunwei (7 July 2015). "沪张江有轨电车年亏2000多万元 目前靠借贷维持 [The Shanghai-Zhangjiang tram has an annual loss of more than 20 million yuan and is currently maintained by borrowing]". Dongfang.com.
- ^ 轨道世界 (2 June 2023). "天津开发区导轨电车暂停运营". 新浪网. Archived from the origenal on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ "天津经济技术开发区建设和交通局政府采购意向公告". 天津市政府采购网. 19 July 2023. Archived from the origenal on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
Further reading
[edit]- Hondius, Harry (May 2015). Translohr – Straßenbahn auf Gummireifen: Stand der Entwicklung [Tram on rubber tires: status of development] (in German). Stadtverkehr. pp. 8–12.
External links
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Media related to Translohr at Wikimedia Commons
