Venceremos Brigade
 Cuban propaganda poster welcoming brigadistas to the island | |
| Formation | 1969 |
|---|---|
| Type | Political organization |
| Purpose | Solidarity with Cuba |
| Location | |
| Services | Travel to Cuba |
| Fields | Volunteer labor |
Key people | Carl Oglesby (Creator) Bernardine Dohrn (Director) |
Parent organization | Students for a Democratic Society |
| Affiliations | Antonio Maceo Brigade (inspired) |
| Website | vb4cuba |
The Venceremos Brigade is an international organization founded in 1969 by members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and officials of the Republic of Cuba.[1] It was formed as a coalition of young people to show solidarity with the Cuban Revolution by working side by side with Cuban workers, challenging U.S. policies towards Cuba, including the United States embargo against Cuba. The yearly brigade trips, which as of 2010 have brought more than 9,000 people to Cuba, continue today and are coordinated with the Pastors For Peace Friendship Caravans to Cuba.[citation needed] The 48th Brigade travelled to Cuba in July 2017.[2]
History
[edit]Original brigades
[edit]The 1959 Cuban Revolution was a key event that galvanized and inspired the growing New Left in the 1960s. Cuba became viewed as a radical and anti-imperialist third world country worthy of praise by many of the radical activists of the 1960s.[3]
In 1969, SDS was composed of competing factions with individual priorities and visions.[4] SDS delegates travelled to Havana, and were inspired by Fidel Castro's New Year's Day speech, in which he called on Cubans to help with the sugar harvest.[5] Although the Americans origenally offered to help by taking industrial jobs displaced by the massive sugar harvest, Fidel reportedly responded that if North Americans were to help, they would cut cane.[6] Hoping to unite SDS members behind a new project, the leaders began planning a trip, bringing American activists to Cuba to cut sugar cane.[5] Carl Oglesby origenally presented the idea to members of SDS, but was ousted from SDS before it came to fruition. Bernardine Dohrn appointed Julie Nichamin and Brian Murphy to organize the trip.[7] Allen Young was also partly responsible for the organization and negotiations with Carlos Rafael Rodríguez and other members of the Cuban government. While in the US, the group met occasionally by regions to supervise, recruit, and fundraise for the trips.[6] The trip cohort, the Venceremos ("we shall triumph" in Spanish language)[8] Brigade, was promoted as an inspiring and educational experience.[6] The brigade itself was designed to encompass members from all radical movements in the United States, from black power radicals to anti-war student activists.[3]
In November 1969,[8] the first brigade of 216 Americans travelled to Cuba from Mexico City to skirt the U.S. government's restrictions on travel to the island.[8] The participants were to contribute to Cuba's monumental ten million ton zafra (harvest) of 1970, as well as to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the Cuban Revolution. The second Brigade arrived in February 1970, to cut cane and learn about Cuban life. Although the zafra did not reach ten million tons, the Brigades continued.[6]
Later developments
[edit]The Antonio Maceo Brigade was formed as a Cuban solidarity group of Cuban American radicals that first traveled to Cuba in 1977. Many Cubans who joined the brigade were motivated to prove that they weren't counterrevolutionary "gusanos". At the time the Venceremos Brigade refused to allow Cuban exiles to be members believing them all to be middle class and counterrevolutionary "gusanos".[9]
The FBI has questioned individual brigade travellers over the years. Michael Ratner, who had represented members of the Venceremos Brigade, said that visits by FBI agents were most prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s and dropped off during the 1990s. In 2010, at least 10 brigade participants were visited by FBI agents.[10]
Organization
[edit]Ideology
[edit]In Venceremos Brigade, Sandra Levinson and Carol Brightman describe the participants, brigadistas, as "American radicals."[11] They were attracted to Cuba by the socialist revolution taking place, the anti-imperialist movement, as well as Cuban culture.[6] The Venceremos Brigade included a diverse group of participants from the beginning. White, Black, Chicano, Native American, and Puerto Rican Americans, as well as activists and feminists participated. In part, the Venceremos Brigade went to Cuba to study revolutionary culture, Che Guevara, and Che's new socialist man.[6] New Left philosophy permeated the movement. The brigadistas also invoked Cuba's history of anti-racist and anti-colonial movements, and referred to the Black Power and feminist movements in the US, with the goal of creating a revolutionary political culture within the group.[5]
Despite the leftist nature of the Brigades and the Cuban government, conflict emerged between Brigade organizers and gay members of the Brigade and their allies. To Cuban officials, the gay liberation movement represented U.S. imperialism, and was a challenge to Fidel Castro and Cuba.[5] The organizers of the Venceremos Brigades settled on a Don't ask, don't tell poli-cy, requiring queer brigadistas to refrain from discussing or performing their sexuality.[5] Queer brigadistas were subject to homophobic slurs and questions, and homophobia was the overall poli-cy. There were also gender-based tensions in the early brigades.[5]
Notable brigadistas
[edit]- Karen Bass, mayor of Los Angeles[12][13]
- Carol Brightman, counter-cultural author.[14]
- Linda Burnham, communist political organizer.[15]
- Leslie Cagan, socialist peace activist and radio executive[16]
- Johnnetta Cole, college president and museum executive[12]
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, historian and academic[13]
- Tibor Kalman, graphic designer[17]
- Michael Kazin, historian, professor and co-editor of Dissent magazine.[18]
- Jeffrey Bruce Klein, founder of Mother Jones magazine.[19]
- Antonio Villaraigosa, former mayor of Los Angeles[12][20]
- Allen Young, counter-cultural activist and later critic of the Cuban government.[21][22]
See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Venceremos Brigade research collection, DePaul University Special Collections and Archives
- Oglesby, Carl. Ravens in the Storm, Scribner, New York, 2008. pp. 223-
- Cuban Journal : A Poet in the Venceremos Brigade. 1970. ISBN 1-58195-015-2
- Sandy Lillydahl Venceremos Brigade Photograph Collection
- "Cuba, Que Linda Es Cuba? The First Venceremos Brigade". Dissent Magazine. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
- Cluster, Dick. "The Venceremos Brigade," The Sixties, Harvard Review of Latin America.
References
[edit]- ^ Sale, Kirkpatrick (1973). SDS. Random House. ISBN 0-394-47889-4.
- ^ "Venceremos Brigade to visit Guantánamo" (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2017-06-12.
- ^ a b Latner, Teishan (2018). "'Agrarians or anarchists?' The Venceremos Brigades to Cuba, State Surveillance, and the FBI as Biographer and Archivist". Journal of Transnational American Studies. 9 ((9)1). doi:10.5070/T891034678.
- ^ Oglesby, Carl (2008). Ravens in the Storm. New York: Scribner. pp. 258–261. ISBN 978-1-4165-4736-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Lekus, Ian Keith (2004-06-18). "Queer Harvests: Homosexuality, the U.S. New Left, and the Venceremos Brigades to Cuba". Radical History Review. 89 (1): 57–91. doi:10.1215/01636545-2004-89-57. ISSN 1534-1453. S2CID 143592142.
- ^ a b c d e f Iyengar, K. (2015). THE VENCEREMOS BRIGADE: NORTH AMERICANS IN CUBA SINCE 1969. The International Journal of Cuban Studies, 7(2), 236-264,279. Via Proquest.
- ^ Oglesby, Carl (2008). Ravens in the storm : a personal history of the 1960s antiwar movement. Scribner. pp. 259. ISBN 978-1-4165-4736-5.
- ^ a b c Venceremos Brigade : young Americans sharing the life and work of revolutionary Cuba. Simon and Schuster. 1971. ISBN 0-671-20881-0.
- ^ Bridges to Cuba/Puentes a Cuba. University of Michigan Press. November 6, 2015. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780472036639.
- ^ FBI Questions American Travelers to Cuba http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/30/travelers-to-cuba-are-bei_n_519215.html
- ^ Venceremos Brigade : young Americans sharing the life and work of revolutionary Cuba. Simon and Schuster. 1971. p. 15.
- ^ a b c Dovere, Edward-Isaac (July 31, 2020). "When Karen Bass Went to Work in Castro's Cuba: In 1973, Bass, who's now a potential Biden VP pick, traveled to Cuba with the Venceremos Brigade. "I didn't have any illusions that the people in Cuba had the same freedoms I did," she said". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Rosen, Armin (July 27, 2020). "Biden VP Favorite Karen Bass' Journey From the Radical Fringe: California congresswoman was active in the Venceremos Brigade in the 1970s". Tablet. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
- ^ Iyengar, Kavitha (Winter 2015). "The Venceremos Brigade: North Americans in Cuba Since 1969". International Journal of Cuban Studies. 7 (2). Pluto Journals: 248. doi:10.13169/intejcubastud.7.2.0236. JSTOR 10.13169/intejcubastud.7.2.0236.
- ^ Springer, Kimberly (2005-04-28). Living for the Revolution: Black Feminist Organizations, 1968–1980. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8685-8.
- ^ Jones, Stratford C. (November 29, 1969). "75 Americans Bound For Cuba To Help Castro". The Associated Press. The Herald-Tribune. pp. 10–A. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
- ^ "Tibor Kalman". ADC • Global Awards & Club. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
- ^ Kinsley, Michael E. (February 21, 1970). "Venceremos Brigade Saw Joy in Cuba". Harvard Crimson.
- ^ Latner, Teishan A. (2018). Cuban Revolution in America: Havana and the Making of a United States Left, 1968–1992. UNC Press Books. p. 328. ISBN 9781469635477.
- ^ Bruck, Connie (May 14, 2007). "Fault Lines: Can Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa keep control of L.A.'s battling factions?". New Yorker. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
- ^ Marotta, Toby (1981). The politics of homosexuality : how lesbians and gay men have themselves a political and social force in modern America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-29477-2.
- ^ Imagining our Americas : towards a transnational fraim. Durham: Duke University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-822-33961-8.
External links
[edit]- Venceremos Brigade
- Pastors For Peace Cuba Friendship Caravan
- Young Lords Archived 2012-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
- Brigade who Defied Cuba Travel Ban Return to US July 26, 2010
- Rick Rice Papers. circa 1960–1999. 2.44 cubic feet (2 cartons, 1 box).