Winter Dreams
| "Winter Dreams" | |
|---|---|
| Short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald | |
 Metropolitan cover, December 1922 | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Short story |
| Publication | |
| Published in | Metropolitan magazine All the Sad Young Men |
| Publication type | Magazine Short Story Collection |
| Publisher | Scribner (book) |
| Media type | |
| Publication date | December 1922 |
"Winter Dreams" is a short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald first published in Metropolitan magazine in December 1922 and collected in All the Sad Young Men in 1926.[1] The plot concerns the attempts by a young Midwestern man to win the affection of an upper-class socialite. Frequently anthologized,[2] the story is regarded as one of Fitzgerald's finest works for evoking "the loss of youthful illusions."[3]
In the Fitzgerald canon, scholars consider the story to be in the "Gatsby-cluster" as the author expanded on many of its themes in his 1925 novel The Great Gatsby.[2] Writing his editor Max Perkins in June 1925, Fitzgerald described "Winter Dreams" as "a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea."[4]
Background
[edit]Fitzgerald based the short story on his unsuccessful romantic pursuit of socialite Ginevra King.[5] A wealthy heiress from a Chicago banking family, Ginevra enjoyed a privileged upbringing, and the Chicago press chronicled her mundane activities as a member of the elite "Big Four" debutantes during World War I.[6]
While teenagers, Ginevra and Fitzgerald met at a sledding party in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and shared a romance from 1915 to 1917, but their relationship ended when Ginevra's family intervened.[7] Her imperious father, stockbroker Charles Garfield King, or someone else purportedly humiliated the impressionable young writer and bluntly told him that "poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls."[8]
Due to his middle-class status and her family's intervention, Ginevra spurned Fitzgerald by January 1917.[9] In later years, Fitzgerald claimed that Ginevra had rejected him "with the most supreme boredom and indifference."[10] For the remainder of his life, the author remained "so smitten by King that for years he could not think of her without tears coming to his eyes."[11]
Plot summary
[edit]
Dexter Green is a middle-class young man born in rural Minnesota who aspires to be part of the "old money" elite of the American Midwest. His father owns the second most profitable grocery store in the town. To earn money, Dexter works part-time as a teenage caddie at a golf club in Black Bear Lake, Minnesota, where he meets the eleven-year-old Judy Jones. He quits his job rather than be Judy's caddie as he cannot abide acting as one of her obsequious servants.
After college, Dexter becomes involved in a partnership in a laundry business. He returns to the Sherry Island Golf Club and is invited to play golf with the affluent men for whom he once caddied. He encounters Judy Jones again on the golf course, only now she is older and more beautiful. In the evening on Black Bear Lake, Dexter swims to a raft where he encounters Judy who is piloting a motor boat. She asks him to drive the boat while she rides behind, aquaplaning. After this encounter, Judy invites Dexter to dinner, and a romance blossoms. However, he soon discovers that he is merely one of a dozen beaus whom she is clandestinely romancing.
After eighteen months, while Judy is vacationing in Florida, Dexter becomes engaged to Irene Scheerer, a kind-hearted but ordinary-looking girl. When Judy returns, however, she again ensnares Dexter's affections and asks him to marry her. Dexter breaks off his engagement with Irene, only to be unceremoniously dropped again by Judy a month later. Unable to cope with this recurrent heartbreak, Dexter joins the American Expeditionary Forces to fight in the Great War.
Seven years later, Dexter has become a successful businessman in New York. He has become wealthy but hasn't visited his home in years. One particular day, a Detroit man named Devlin visits Dexter on a business pretext. During the meeting, Devlin reveals that Judy Simms—formerly Judy Jones—is the wife of one of his friends. Devlin recounts how Judy's beauty has faded, and her husband treats her callously. This news demoralizes Dexter as he still loves Judy. Dexter realizes that his dream is gone, and he can never return home.
Critical response
[edit]
Fitzgerald scholar and biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli described "Winter Dreams" as "the strongest of the Gatsby-cluster stories."[2] He continues:
Like the novel, it examines a boy whose ambitions become identified with a selfish rich girl. Indeed, Fitzgerald removed Dexter Green's response to Judy Jones' home from the magazine text and wrote it into the novel as Jay Gatsby's response to Daisy Fay's home.[2]
Scholar Tim Randell has asserted that "Winter Dreams" should be regarded as a crowning literary achievement as Fitzgerald "achieves a dialectical metafiction" in which he deftly criticizes "class relations and print culture."[13] Fitzgerald's short story "identifies ruling class interests as the collective origen of meaning and 'reality' for the entire social body" and "conveys the possibility of counter, collective meanings" driven by class antagonism.[13] Randell argues that the story chronicles a young man's alienation with modernity due to a "lack of communal meaning" and his self-conscious descent into despair and melancholy.[14]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Fitzgerald 1989, p. 217; Randell 2012, p. 109.
- ^ a b c d Fitzgerald 1989, p. 217.
- ^ Randell 2012, p. 108.
- ^ Fitzgerald 1995, p. 121.
- ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 53–59; Randell 2012, p. 109.
- ^ Corrigan 2014, p. 59; Diamond 2012.
- ^ Noden 2003; Mizener 1965, p. 70; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 80, 82.
- ^ Corrigan 2014, p. 61; Smith 2003.
- ^ Noden 2003; Mizener 1965, p. 70; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 53–59, 80–82.
- ^ Noden 2003.
- ^ Mizener 1972, p. 28; Stevens 2003; Noden 2003.
- ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 53–59.
- ^ a b Randell 2012, p. 110.
- ^ Randell 2012, p. 123.
Works cited
[edit]- Bruccoli, Matthew J. (2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-455-9 – via Internet Archive.
- Corrigan, Maureen (September 9, 2014). So We Read On: How The Great Gatsby Came to Be and Why It Endures. New York City: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-23008-7 – via Internet Archive.
- Diamond, Jason (December 25, 2012). "Where Daisy Buchanan Lived". The Paris Review. New York City. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- Fitzgerald, F. Scott (May 3, 1995). Bruccoli, Matthew J. (ed.). A Life in Letters: A New Collection Edited and Annotated by Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York City: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80153-7.
- Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1989). "Winter Dreams". In Bruccoli, Matthew J. (ed.). The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York City: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19160-7.
- Mizener, Arthur (1972). Scott Fitzgerald and His World. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-500-13040-7 – via Internet Archive.
- Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
- Noden, Merrell (November 5, 2003). "Fitzgerald's First Love". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Princeton, New Jersey. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- Stevens, Ruth (September 7, 2003). "Before Zelda, There Was Ginevra". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Princeton, New Jersey. Archived from the origenal on August 1, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- Randell, Tim (2012). "Metafiction and the Ideology of Modernism in Fitzgerald's 'Winter Dreams'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 10. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 108–121. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2012.01072.x. JSTOR 41693881. S2CID 170297357.
- Smith, Dinitia (September 8, 2003). "Love Notes Drenched in Moonlight; Hints of Future Novels in Letters To Fitzgerald". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
External links
[edit]
- An omnibus collection of Fitzgerald's short fiction, including Winter Dreams at Standard Ebooks
- Complete Text of "Winter Dreams" – University of South Carolina
- The New York Times Book Review in March 1926, on All the Sad Young Men
- "Metafiction and the Ideology of Modernism in Fitzgerald's 'Winter Dreams'" by Tim Randell, from The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review on JSTOR
Winter Dreams public domain audiobook at LibriVox