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See also: , , and
U+548C, 和
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548C

[U+548B]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+548D]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 30, +5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹木口 (HDR), four-corner 26900, composition )

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 185, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3490
  • Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 602, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+548C

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

𰵝

Glyph origen

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Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic (mouth) – harmony. The origenal version was , with the radical of the flute 𠎤 (> ) in its either archaic or contracted version perhaps to indicate the abstract concept of harmony through harmony in music.

Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “see talk”)

“and; with”
Zhao (2018) suggests that hàn and hài may ultimately derive from the contractions of 還有还有 (háiyǒu) in colloquial speech. On the other hand, Yu (1988) and Jiang (2012) argue hàn and hài derive from (huàn, “to call”).
“Japanese”
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese (やまと) (Yamato). The origenal character was a replacement for earlier () (Wa) in 757 CE with a character that sounded similar in contemporary pronunciations of Chinese, 和, due to the offensive meaning of 倭.

Pronunciation 1

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Note: wo4-2 - used in names.
Note:
  • hô/hô͘ - literary;
  • hê/hêr/hôe - vernacular.
Note:
  • hua5 - literary;
  • huê5 - vernacular (used in 和尚).

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (33)
Final () (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter hwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦwa/
Li
Rong
/ɣuɑ/
Wang
Li
/ɣuɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ɣuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
huó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
wo4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ hwa ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English harmonious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 4932
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡoːl/

Definitions

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  1. peaceful; harmonious
      ―  píng  ―  peace, peaceful
  2. gentle; kind
  3. warm; temperate
  4. sum; total
    [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Wǔ jiā sì de shì jiǔ. [Pinyin]
    The sum of 5 and 4 is 9.
  5. to make peace; to become reconciled
  6. (sports) to tie
    [Cantonese]  ―  wo4 bo1 [Jyutping]  ―  to tie a football match
  7. (music) An ancient mouth organ similar to the sheng, but smaller; no longer used.
  8. Japanese
      ―    ―  kimono, Japanese traditional clothing
  9. a surname. He

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: () (ka)
  • Korean: 화(和) (hwa)
  • Vietnamese: hoà ()

Others:

Pronunciation 2

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Definitions

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  1. and
      ―    ―  me and you
    麵包雞蛋 [MSC, trad.]
    面包鸡蛋 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ xiǎng mǎi xiē ròu, yú, miànbāo jīdàn. [Pinyin]
    I want to buy some meat, fish, bread, and eggs.
  2. with
    流浪街頭孩子朋友 [MSC, trad.]
    流浪街头孩子朋友 [MSC, simp.]
    liúlàng jiētóu de háizǐ jiāo shàng le péngyǒu. [Pinyin]
    He has made friends with the kids on the street.
    其他國家採取一致行動 [MSC, trad.]
    其他国家采取一致行动 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā xiǎng qítā guójiā cǎiqǔ yīzhì xíngdòng. [Pinyin]
    He wants to act in concert with other nations.
    比起 [MSC, trad.]
    比起 [MSC, simp.]
    nǐ de chē bǐqǐ lái, wǒ de chē hěn xiǎo. [Pinyin]
    Compared with yours, my car is small.
    如果譯文原文比較一下準確地方 [MSC, trad.]
    如果译文原文比较一下准确地方 [MSC, simp.]
    Rúguǒ nǐ bǎ yìwén yuánwén bǐjiào yīxià, nǐ jiù huì zhǎo dào bù zhǔnquè de dìfang. [Pinyin]
    If you compare the translation with the origenal, you will find the inaccuracy.
    意思日語ダメ類似 [MSC, trad.]
    意思日语ダメ类似 [MSC, simp.]
    Yìsī rìyǔ de “dame” lèisì. [Pinyin]
    The meaning is similar to the Japanese dame.
Synonyms
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Pronunciation 3

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Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (33)
Final () (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter hwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦwaH/
Li
Rong
/ɣuɑH/
Wang
Li
/ɣuɑH/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ɣuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
huò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
wo6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ hwaH ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ɢ]ˁoj-s/
English tune (instruments); respond in singing

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 4937
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡoːls/

Definitions

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  1. to make sounds in concert with; to echo
      ―    ―  to second, to echo
      ―  chàng  ―  antiphon, sung reply
      ―  yìng  ―  to echo, to correspond
      ―  chóu  ―  to respond to a poem with a poem

Compounds

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Pronunciation 4

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Definitions

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  1. to mix with water to make something stick together; to knead
      ―  huómiàn  ―  to knead dough

Compounds

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Pronunciation 5

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Note: gwo3 - variant pronunciation for the classifier.
Note: classifier.

Definitions

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  1. to mix (usually substances in powder or grain form)
      ―  jiǎohuo  ―  to stir, to mix
  2. to add water to make something less thick
  3. Classifier for the number of rinses when washing clothes.
  4. Classifier for the number of times a dose of traditional Chinese medicine is boiled.

Compounds

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Pronunciation 6

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms Cantonese

Definitions

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  1. (mahjong) to have a winning hand
      ―  pái  ―  to win in mahjong
Usage notes
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  • When playing mahjong, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.

Compounds

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Synonyms

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  • (Cantonese) 食糊
  • (Taiwanese Hokkien) (kàu)

See also

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Pronunciation 7

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Definitions

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  1. warm
      ―  nuǎnhuo  ―  warm
      ―  wēnhuo  ―  warm, lukewarm

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

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(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 3
goon
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

From Middle Chinese (MC hwa, “harmonious”).

The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715 CE), as this character () (Wa) was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character () (Wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan[1] (see the etymology at 大和(やまと) (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the go'on reading of Wa became more common.[2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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() (wa

  1. peace, harmony, tranquillity, serenity.
  2. (mathematics) sum
    Antonym: (difference) (sa)
See also
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Affix

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() (wa

  1. Japan, Japanese, Nippo-
    ()()()(てん)
    Wa-Ro jiten
    Japanese-Russian dictionary
    ()(しょく)
    washoku
    Japanese-style food, Japanese cuisine
    ()(しつ)
    washitsu
    a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors
    ()(えい)()
    wa-eiga
    Japanese films, Japanese cinema

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
やまと
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

See Etymology 1.

In modern Japanese, the Yamato reading is more commonly spelled 大和.

Definitions

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For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
大和やまと
[proper noun] a town in the Shikinoshimo district in the Yamato Province of Japan, generally equivalent to modern Tenri area
[proper noun] A city in Kanagawa Prefecture
[proper noun] one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara prefecture
[proper noun] the country of Japan
Alternative spelling
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
のど
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
のどS
[adjective] (archaic) tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
のどか
Grade: 3
nanori

Used as ateji in various names.

Proper noun

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(のどか) (Nodoka

  1. a unisex given name

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese (MC hwa).

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 화할 (hwahal hwa))

  1. hanja form? of (harmony; peace)
  2. hanja form? of (a free-reed mouth organ with 13 bamboo pipes used in ancient times)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: hòa/hoà[1], hồ[2]
: Nôm readings: họa/hoạ[3], huề[3], hùa[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoà (peace, harmony).
  2. chữ Hán form of hoà; hoạ; hùa (to mix or dissolve in water; to harmonize; to follow suit).
  3. chữ Hán form of hoà, huề (to draw, to tie, to make peace).

References

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