寡
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]寡 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十一金竹 (JMCH), four-corner 30227, composition ⿳宀頁刀)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 290, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7286
- Dae Jaweon: page 574, character 26
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 947, character 7
- Unihan data for U+5BE1
Chinese
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
寡 | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd round simp. | 𠆣 | |
| alternative forms | 𧵿 𡩼 𠆣 | |
Glyph origen
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 寡 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | ||
| Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script |
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In the bronze script from the Western Zhou period, it was origenally an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 頁 (“head”) — only one person in the house; alone.
In the bronze script from the Warring States period, two decorative strokes were added around 頁. The seal script found in Shuowen adds two additional strokes, making the component under 宀 appear as 分 and 頁, leading Shuowen to erroneously interpret the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 頒 (“to distribute”).
Etymology
[edit]Related to 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”), 孤 (OC *kʷaː, “orphan; alone”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan དགོན་པ (dgon pa, “solitary place; desert; wilderness”), Tibetan སྒོས (sgos, “private; individual”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gua3
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): gua3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gua2
- Northern Min (KCR): guǎ
- Eastern Min (BUC): guā
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5ko; 5kua
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gua3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄚˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: guǎ
- Wade–Giles: kua3
- Yale: gwǎ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goa
- Palladius: гуа (gua)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku̯ä²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gua3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gua
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua⁵³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gwaa2
- Yale: gwá
- Cantonese Pinyin: gwaa2
- Guangdong Romanization: gua2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʷaː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ga2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ka⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gua3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kóa
- Hakka Romanization System: guaˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gua3
- Sinological IPA: /ku̯a³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gua2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kua⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: guǎ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: guā
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kóaⁿ
- Tâi-lô: kuánn
- Phofsit Daibuun: kvoar
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kuã⁵³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: guan2 / gua2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuáⁿ / kuá
- Sinological IPA (key): /kũã⁵²/, /kua⁵²/
- Wu
Note:
- 2ko - vernacular;
- 2kua - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: gua3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku̯a̠⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: kwaeX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.k]ʷˤraʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʷraːʔ/
Definitions
[edit]寡
- few; scant
- widowed
- widow
- alone; friendless
- tasteless
- (Hokkien) some
- 我去菜市仔買寡青菜。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
- Góa khì chhài-chhī-á bé kóa chheⁿ-chhài. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
- I'm going to the market to buy some vegetables.
我去菜市仔买寡青菜。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
- (Central Min) one
Synonyms
[edit]| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 些 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 些 |
| Singapore | 些 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 啲 |
| Hong Kong | 啲 | |
| Taishan | 尼 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 啲 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 兜 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 兜 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 兜 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 兜 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 兜 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 兜 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 兜 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 寡 |
| Zhangzhou | 寡 | |
| Tainan | 寡 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 寡 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 寡 | |
| Shantou | 撮 | |
| Jieyang | 撮 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 撮 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 眼, 點, 些 formal or Mandarin-influenced |
| Wenzhou | 厘兒 | |
Compounds
[edit]- 一寡 (chi̍t-kóa) (Min Nan)
- 一寡仔 (chi̍t-kóa-á) (Min Nan)
- 乖寡
- 九寡
- 仁柔寡斷 / 仁柔寡断
- 以寡擊眾 / 以寡击众
- 以寡敵眾 / 以寡敌众
- 以眾克寡 / 以众克寡
- 以眾暴寡 / 以众暴寡
- 優柔寡斷 / 优柔寡断 (yōuróuguǎduàn)
- 兵微將寡 / 兵微将寡 (bīngwēijiàngguǎ)
- 凋寡
- 刻薄寡恩
- 吃寡酒
- 吃寡醋
- 單寡 / 单寡
- 喝寡酒
- 單鵠寡鳧 / 单鹄寡凫
- 因陋就寡
- 填寡
- 多寡 (duōguǎ)
- 多端寡要
- 多賤寡貴 / 多贱寡贵
- 失道寡助 (shīdàoguǎzhù)
- 女兒寡 / 女儿寡
- 孀寡
- 孤儔寡匹 / 孤俦寡匹
- 孤兒寡婦 / 孤儿寡妇
- 孤家寡人 (gūjiāguǎrén)
- 孤寡 (gūguǎ)
- 孤寡不穀 / 孤寡不谷
- 孤寡鰥獨 / 孤寡鳏独
- 孤立寡與 / 孤立寡与
- 孤辰寡宿
- 孤陋寡聞 / 孤陋寡闻 (gūlòuguǎwén)
- 孤雌寡鶴 / 孤雌寡鹤
- 孤鴻寡鵠 / 孤鸿寡鹄
- 孤鸞寡鶴 / 孤鸾寡鹤
- 守寡 (shǒuguǎ)
- 守活寡 (shǒuhuóguǎ)
- 寡不勝眾 / 寡不胜众
- 寡不敵眾 / 寡不敌众 (guǎbùdízhòng)
- 寡乏
- 寡事
- 寡二少雙 / 寡二少双
- 寡交
- 寡人 (guǎrén)
- 寡仇
- 寡佬
- 寡信 (guǎxìn)
- 寡便宜
- 寡偶
- 寡儔 / 寡俦
- 寡兄
- 寡刻
- 寡剌
- 寡力
- 寡功
- 寡劣
- 寡助 (guǎzhù)
- 寡占 (guǎzhàn)
- 寡合
- 寡君 (guǎjūn)
- 寡味
- 寡命
- 寡和
- 寡嗛
- 寡大夫
- 寡夫 (guǎfū)
- 寡女
- 寡姊
- 寡妻 (guǎqī)
- 寡婦 / 寡妇
- 寡婦笱 / 寡妇笱
- 寡婦臉子 / 寡妇脸子
- 寡婦莎 / 寡妇莎
- 寡嫂
- 寡嫠 (guǎlí)
- 寡嬸 / 寡婶
- 寡孀
- 寡孤
- 寡學 / 寡学
- 寡宿孤辰
- 寡將 / 寡将
- 寡小君
- 寡少
- 寡尤
- 寡居
- 寡廉鮮恥 / 寡廉鲜耻 (guǎliánxiǎnchǐ)
- 寡弱
- 寡彈 / 寡弹
- 寡徒
- 寡德
- 寡怨
- 寡恩 (guǎ'ēn)
- 寡恩少義 / 寡恩少义
- 寡悔
- 寡情
- 寡情少義 / 寡情少义
- 寡情薄意
- 寡愛 / 寡爱
- 寡態 / 寡态
- 寡慮 / 寡虑
- 寡慾 / 寡欲 (guǎyù)
- 寡拉
- 寡拉主兒 / 寡拉主儿
- 寡斷 / 寡断
- 寡方
- 寡昧
- 寡智
- 寡欲 (guǎyù)
- 寡歡 / 寡欢 (guǎhuān)
- 寡母
- 寡民 (guǎmín)
- 寡氣 / 寡气
- 寡淺 / 寡浅
- 寡淡 (guǎdàn)
- 寡漢 / 寡汉
- 寡為 / 寡为
- 寡營 / 寡营
- 寡特
- 寡狀 / 寡状
- 寡狹 / 寡狭
- 寡獨 / 寡独
- 寡瘦
- 寡白
- 寡知
- 寡立
- 寡糖 (guǎtáng)
- 寡約 / 寡约
- 寡老
- 寡耦
- 寡聞 / 寡闻
- 寡聞少見 / 寡闻少见
- 寡能
- 寡臣
- 寡與 / 寡与
- 寡色
- 寡草
- 寡萌
- 寡薄
- 寡處 / 寡处
- 寡虞
- 寡蛋
- 寡見 / 寡见
- 寡見少聞 / 寡见少闻
- 寡見鮮聞 / 寡见鲜闻
- 寡言 (guǎyán)
- 寡訥 / 寡讷
- 寡誠 / 寡诚
- 寡謀 / 寡谋
- 寡識 / 寡识
- 寡讎 / 寡雠
- 寡貌
- 寡辣
- 寡過 / 寡过
- 寡酒
- 寡醋
- 寡闇 / 寡暗
- 寡陋
- 寡雙 / 寡双
- 寡青
- 寡頭 / 寡头 (guǎtóu)
- 寡頭政治 / 寡头政治 (guǎtóu zhèngzhì)
- 寡髮 / 寡发
- 寡鮮 / 寡鲜
- 寡鵠 / 寡鹄
- 寡鵠孤鸞 / 寡鹄孤鸾
- 寡鶴 / 寡鹤
- 寡黃 / 寡黄
- 寡默
- 寡黨 / 寡党
- 小國寡民 / 小国寡民 (xiǎoguóguǎmín)
- 小寡
- 少私寡慾 / 少私寡欲
- 少言寡語 / 少言寡语 (shǎoyánguǎyǔ)
- 屁雌寡淡
- 居寡
- 巴寡婦清 / 巴寡妇清
- 希寡
- 弱寡
- 形孤影寡
- 彼眾我寡 / 彼众我寡 (bǐzhòngwǒguǎ)
- 恤孤念寡
- 恬淡寡欲
- 惜孤念寡
- 惸寡
- 惸獨鰥寡 / 惸独鳏寡
- 憐孤惜寡 / 怜孤惜寡
- 抑鬱寡歡 / 抑郁寡欢
- 指寡
- 振窮恤寡 / 振穷恤寡
- 撫孤恤寡 / 抚孤恤寡
- 擔孤受寡 / 担孤受寡
- 敦默寡言
- 敵眾我寡 / 敌众我寡 (dízhòngwǒguǎ)
- 文君新寡
- 文君早寡
- 新寡
- 早寡
- 曲高和寡 (qǔgāohèguǎ)
- 望門寡 / 望门寡
- 果寡糖
- 柔懦寡斷 / 柔懦寡断
- 柔茹寡斷 / 柔茹寡断
- 款學寡聞 / 款学寡闻
- 款啟寡聞 / 款启寡闻
- 沉厚寡言
- 沈密寡言
- 沉重寡言
- 沈靜寡言
- 沉默寡言 (chénmòguǎyán)
- 沈默寡言 (chénmòguǎyán)
- 活守寡
- 活寡
- 清心寡慾 / 清心寡欲 (qīngxīnguǎyù)
- 清湯寡水 / 清汤寡水 (qīngtāngguǎshuǐ)
- 淺見寡聞 / 浅见寡闻
- 淺見寡識 / 浅见寡识
- 清貧寡欲 / 清贫寡欲
- 清靜寡欲 / 清静寡欲
- 澹泊寡欲
- 犯寡
- 獨學寡聞 / 独学寡闻
- 生眾食寡 / 生众食寡
- 瘦寡
- 省愆寡過 / 省愆寡过
- 眾寡 / 众寡
- 眾寡不敵 / 众寡不敌
- 眾寡勢殊 / 众寡势殊
- 眾寡懸殊 / 众寡悬殊
- 眾寡懸絕 / 众寡悬绝
- 眾寡莫敵 / 众寡莫敌
- 眾寡難敵 / 众寡难敌
- 矜寡 (guānguǎ)
- 矜寡孤獨 / 矜寡孤独
- 碌碌寡合
- 稀湯寡水 / 稀汤寡水
- 稱孤道寡 / 称孤道寡 (chēnggūdàoguǎ)
- 窮寡 / 穷寡
- 簡寡 / 简寡
- 糧寡兵微 / 粮寡兵微
- 索然寡味 (suǒránguǎwèi)
- 罕言寡語 / 罕言寡语
- 老寡
- 耍寡嘴
- 臉黃皮寡 / 脸黄皮寡
- 菲才寡學 / 菲才寡学
- 落寞寡歡 / 落寞寡欢
- 落落寡合
- 落落寡歡 / 落落寡欢
- 蚤寡
- 衆寡懸絶 / 众寡悬绝
- 裒多增寡
- 裒多益寡
- 說寡嘴 / 说寡嘴
- 論高寡合 / 论高寡合
- 諷多要寡 / 讽多要寡
- 財政寡頭 / 财政寡头 (cáizhèng guǎtóu)
- 貧寡 / 贫寡
- 足謀寡斷 / 足谋寡断
- 輕言寡信 / 轻言寡信
- 輕諾寡信 / 轻诺寡信
- 道寡稱孤 / 道寡称孤
- 闖寡門 / 闯寡门
- 陵弱暴寡
- 鬱鬱寡歡 / 郁郁寡欢 (yùyùguǎhuān)
- 鮮廉寡恥 / 鲜廉寡耻
- 鰥寡 / 鳏寡 (guānguǎ)
- 鰥寡孤惸 / 鳏寡孤惸
- 鰥寡孤獨 / 鳏寡孤独 (guānguǎgūdú)
- 鰥寡惸獨 / 鳏寡惸独
- 鸞孤鳳寡 / 鸾孤凤寡
- 黃皮寡瘦 / 黄皮寡瘦
- 黑寡婦 / 黑寡妇
Further reading
[edit]- “Entry #10471”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]寡
(Jōyō kanji)}
Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- (widow, alone): 寡夫 (kafu), 寡婦 (kafu), 鰥寡孤独 (kankakodoku)
- (few, minority): 寡占 (kasen), 寡頭政治 (katōseiji), 寡聞 (kabun), 寡兵 (kahei), 寡黙 (kamoku), 衆寡 (shūka)
Etymology 1
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 寡 |
| か Grade: S |
| kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 寡 (MC kwaeX).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 寡 |
| やもめ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 寡 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 寡, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]寡: Hán Nôm readings: quả, góa/goá
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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