憐

See also: 怜

憐 U+6190, 憐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6190 ← 憏 [U+618F] CJK Unified Ideographs 憑 → [U+6191]

憐 U+F98F, 憐 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98F ← 年 [U+F98E] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 戀 → [U+F990]

Translingual

Han character

憐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 心火木手 (PFDQ), four-corner 9905₉, composition ⿰忄粦)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 402, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11206
• Dae Jaweon: page 742, character 14
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2356, character 7
• Unihan data for U+6190

• Unihan data for U+F98F

Chinese

trad.		憐
simp.		怜*

Glyph origen

Characters in the same phonetic series (粦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
潾	*rriːn, *rin
膦	*renʔ
憐	*riːn
燐	*rin, *rins
鄰	*rin
轔	*rin, *rins
嶙	*rin, *rinʔ
粼	*rin, *rins
磷	*rin, *rins
疄	*rin, *rins
麟	*rin
鱗	*rin
璘	*rin
翷	*rin
瞵	*rin, *rins
獜	*rin, *reːŋ
驎	*rin
鏻	*rin, *rins, *reːŋ
繗	*rin
僯	*rinʔ
橉	*rinʔ, *rins
撛	*rinʔ, *rins
遴	*rins
粦	*rins
甐	*rins

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *riːn): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-rin (“compassion; love”). Cognate with Tibetan དྲིན (drin, “kindness; favour; grace”) and Burmese ရည်ငံ (ranyngam, “to fall in love”) and Burmese ရည်းစား (rany:ca:, “lover”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): lián (lian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nian²

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lin⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): len³

• Gan (Wiktionary): lien⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): lièn

  (Hailu, HRS): lien

  (Meixian, Guangdong): lin²

• Jin (Wiktionary): lie¹
• Northern Min (KCR): lǐng
• Eastern Min (BUC): lèng / lìng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lîn / liân

  (Teochew, Peng'im): liang⁵ / liêng⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶li
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lienn²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lián
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lián
    • Wade–Giles: lien²
    • Yale: lyán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lian
    • Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɛn³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: nian²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /niɛn²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lin⁴
    • Yale: lìhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lin⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: lin⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːn²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: len³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /len²²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: lien⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liɛn³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lièn
    • Hakka Romanization System: lien^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lian²
    • Sinological IPA: /li̯en¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: lin²
    • Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: lien
    • Sinological IPA: /lien⁵⁵/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: lie¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /lie¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lǐng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lèng / lìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɛiŋ⁵³/, /l̃iŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn / liân
    • Tâi-lô: lîn / liân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liin, lieen
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lin¹³/, /liɛn¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lin²³/, /liɛn²³/

Note:

• lîn - vernacular;
• liân - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: liang⁵ / liêng⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liâng / liêng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liaŋ⁵⁵/, /lieŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

• liang5 - Shantou;
• liêng5 - Chaozhou.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶li
    • MiniDict: li^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³li
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: lienn²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ẽ¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: len

Rime
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	落賢切
Baxter	len
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/len/
Pan Wuyun	/len/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛn/
Li Rong	/len/
Wang Li	/lien/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lin4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*rˤiŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*riːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lián
Middle Chinese	‹ len ›
Old Chinese	/*rˁiŋ/
English	love; pity
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
No.	8193
Phonetic component	粦
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	蓮
Old Chinese	/*riːn/

Definitions

憐

1. to pity; to sympathize

   Synonym: 憐憫 / 怜悯 (liánmǐn)

2. to love tenderly

Compounds

• 乞哀告憐 / 乞哀告怜 (qǐ'āigàolián)
• 乞憐 / 乞怜 (qǐlián)
• 乞憐搖尾 / 乞怜摇尾
• 可人憐 / 可人怜
• 可憐 / 可怜 (kělián)
• 可憐代 / 可怜代
• 可憐生 / 可怜生
• 可憐蟲 / 可怜虫 (kěliánchóng)
• 可憐見 / 可怜见 (kěliánjiàn)
• 吐憐涎 / 吐怜涎
• 同病相憐 / 同病相怜 (tóngbìngxiānglián)
• 哀憐 / 哀怜 (āilián)
• 垂憐 / 垂怜 (chuílián)
• 天可憐見 / 天可怜见
• 怯憐戶 / 怯怜户
• 恤老憐貧 / 恤老怜贫
• 惡憐 / 恶怜
• 悲憐 / 悲怜
• 惜玉憐香 / 惜玉怜香
• 惜老憐貧 / 惜老怜贫
• 惜香憐玉 / 惜香怜玉
• 惹人憐愛 / 惹人怜爱 (rěrénlián'ài)
• 愛憐 / 爱怜 (àilián)
• 愛老憐貧 / 爱老怜贫
• 憐孤惜寡 / 怜孤惜寡
• 憐恤 / 怜恤 (liánxù)
• 憐惜 / 怜惜 (liánxī)
• 憐愍 / 怜愍 (liánmǐn)
• 憐愛 / 怜爱 (lián'ài)
• 憐憫 / 怜悯 (liánmǐn)
• 憐才 / 怜才
• 憐新棄舊 / 怜新弃旧
• 憐春 / 怜春
• 憐貧恤老 / 怜贫恤老
• 憐貧恤苦 / 怜贫恤苦
• 憐貧惜老 / 怜贫惜老
• 憐貧敬老 / 怜贫敬老
• 憐鑒 / 怜鉴
• 憐香 / 怜香
• 憐香惜玉 / 怜香惜玉 (liánxiāngxīyù)
• 我見猶憐 / 我见犹怜
• 搖尾乞憐 / 摇尾乞怜 (yáowěi qǐlián)
• 敬老憐貧 / 敬老怜贫
• 棄舊憐新 / 弃旧怜新
• 楚楚可憐 / 楚楚可怜 (chǔchǔkělián)
• 濟苦憐貧 / 济苦怜贫
• 自憐 / 自怜 (zìlián)
• 見憐 / 见怜 (jiànlián)
• 顧影自憐 / 顾影自怜

Japanese

Kanji

憐

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. sympathy
2. pity
3. treasure
4. dote on

Readings

• Go-on: れん (ren)
• Kan-on: れん (ren)
• Kun: あわれむ (awaremu, 憐れむ)、あわれみ (awaremi, 憐れみ)

Korean

Hanja

憐 (eumhun 불쌍히 여길 련 (bulssanghi yeogil ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 불쌍히 여길 연 (bulssanghi yeogil yeon))

1. hanja form^? of 련/연 (“pity, sympathize”)

Vietnamese

Han character

憐: Hán Nôm readings: lân, liên

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.