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U+849C, 蒜
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-849C

[U+849B]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+849D]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 140, +10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿一火火 (TMFF), four-corner 44991, composition )

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1048, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31562
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1510, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3259, character 13
  • Unihan data for U+849C

Chinese

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trad.
simp. #
2nd round simp.
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origen

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sloːns) : semantic + phonetic (OC *sloːns).

Etymology

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Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (garlic), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the QinHan era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵蒜 (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory.

Compare Sanskrit शुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian سیر (sir, garlic), Khotanese sārmā- (the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra), Hungarian sárma (Ornithogalum sp.), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims).

Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, onion), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, garlic).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • soàn - literary;
  • sǹg - vernacular.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (16)
Final () (62)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter swanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/suɑnH/
Pan
Wuyun
/sʷɑnH/
Shao
Rongfen
/suɑnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/swanH/
Li
Rong
/suɑnH/
Wang
Li
/suɑnH/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/suɑnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
suàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
syun3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
suàn
Middle
Chinese
‹ swanH ›
Old
Chinese
/*[s]ˁor-s/
English garlic

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 12133
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sloːns/

Definitions

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  1. garlic

Synonyms

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Compounds

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Descendants

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  • Lisu: ꓢꓪꓮꓠꓸ (swɑ́n)

References

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Japanese

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

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(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: さん (san)
  • Kan-on: さん (san)
  • Kun: にんにく (ninniku)ひる (hiru)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
にんにく
Hyōgai
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
大蒜

忍辱

Origin uncertain. There are two leading theories.

⟨nipopi1 + ⟨niku⟩ → */nipopi niku/ → */nipniku//ninniku/
  • Deriving as a shift in meaning from Buddhist term 忍辱 (ninniku, patience, forbearance, forgiveness). Apparently garlic was seen as stimulating, and as such it was a forbidden food and monks would have to forbear from eating it, possibly giving rise to use of the term as a euphemism.[2][1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(にんにく) or (ニンニク) (ninniku

  1. [date uncertain] garlic
Usage notes
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As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ニンニク.

Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
ひる
Hyōgai
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *peru (garlic). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[5]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(ひる) (hiru

  1. [from 712] allium
Derived terms
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 ニンニク/大蒜/葫/にんにく”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, Etymology Derivation Dictionary) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
  2. ^ ニンニク・大蒜”, in 日本辞典 (Nihon Jiten, Japan Dictionary) (in Japanese), 2007–2017.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  5. ^ 蒜・葫”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Kikai

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Kanji

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(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
Hyōgai
Alternative spelling

Cognate with Japanese (ひる) (hiru).

Noun

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(ふぃる) (firu

  1. garlic

References

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Korean

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Hanja

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(san) (hangeul , revised san, McCune–Reischauer san, Yale san)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Okinawan

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Kanji

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(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
Hyōgai
Alternative spelling

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as ひる.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(ふぃる) (firu

  1. garlic
    んかしぇー ふぃるぬ かー んーち さきぢきっし ふぃるじゃき ちゅくたん。どぅー あんまさる ばすねー、ふぃるじゃき ぬだいっし うぬ みーん かなーち かみーねー たでーま はしっとぅ なたん どー。
    Nkashē firunu kā nnchi sakijikisshi firujaki chukutan. Dū anmasaru basunē, firujaki nudaisshi unu mīn kanāchi kamīnē tadēma hashittu natan dō.
    In the past, we made garlic sake by peeling off the skin of the garlic. When we don't feel happy, we'd drink the garlic sake and ate the contents [lit. fruit] of it, and we would feel good right away.

References

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  1. ^ Nakamoto, Masayo (中本政世) (1896) 沖縄語典 [Documentation of the Language of Okinawa], Hikone (彦根市): Eishōdō (永昌堂), →DOI, page 77
  • Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局), page 240
  • Miyara, Shinshō (宮良信詳) (2021) うちなーぐち活用辞典 [Dictionary of the Practical Use of Okinawan] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京都): Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo, Gengo Hen'i Kenkyū Ryōiki (国立国語研究所 言語変異研究領域), →DOI, →ISBN, page 291

Yoron

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Kanji

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(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
Hyōgai
Alternative spelling

Cognate with Japanese (ひる) (hiru).

Noun

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(ぴる) (piru

  1. garlic

References

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