Appendix:Urdu Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Urdu, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Urdu اردو edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | میں (ma͠i) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | تو (tū) (least respect), تم (tum) (medium respect), آپ (āp) (most respect) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | یہ (yeh) (proximal, gender-neutral), وہ (voh) (distal, gender-neutral) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ہم (ham) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | تم (tum) (medium respect), آپ (āp) (most respect) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | یہ (yeh) (proximal, gender-neutral), وہ (voh) (distal, gender-neutral) |
| 7 | this | یہ (yeh) |
| 8 | that | وہ (voh) |
| 9 | here | یہاں (yahā̃) |
| 10 | there | وہاں (vahā̃) |
| 11 | who | کون (kaun) |
| 12 | what | کیا (kyā) |
| 13 | where | کہاں (kahā̃) |
| 14 | when | کب (kab) |
| 15 | how | کیسا (kaisā) |
| 16 | not | نہیں (nahī̃), نا (nā) |
| 17 | all | سب (sab), سبھی (sabhī) (emphatic), سارے (sāre) |
| 18 | many | بہت (bahut) |
| 19 | some | کچھ (kuch) |
| 20 | few | تھوڑا (thoṛā) |
| 21 | other | دوسرا (dūsrā) |
| 22 | one | یک (ek) |
| 23 | two | دو (do) |
| 24 | three | تین (tīn) |
| 25 | four | چار (cār) |
| 26 | five | پانچ (pānc) |
| 27 | big | بڑا (baṛā) |
| 28 | long | لمبا (lambā) |
| 29 | wide | چوڑا (cauṛā) |
| 30 | thick | گاڑھا (gāṛhā) |
| 31 | heavy | بھاری (bhārī) |
| 32 | small | چھوٹا (choṭā) |
| 33 | short | چھوٹا (choṭā) |
| 34 | narrow | تنگ (tang) |
| 35 | thin | پتلا (patlā) |
| 36 | woman | عورت ('aurat) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | آدمی (ādmī) |
| 38 | man (human being) | انسان (insān), آدمی (ādmī) |
| 39 | child | بچه (baccā) |
| 40 | wife | بیوی (bīvī) |
| 41 | husband | شوہر (śauhar) |
| 42 | mother | ماں (mā̃), امی (ammī) |
| 43 | father | ابّو (abbū), ابّا (abbā), باپ (bāp) |
| 44 | animal | جانور (jānvar) |
| 45 | fish | مچھلی (machlī) |
| 46 | bird | چڑیا (ciṛiyā) |
| 47 | dog | کتا (kuttā) |
| 48 | louse | جوں (jū̃) |
| 49 | snake | سانپ (sānp) |
| 50 | worm | کیڑا (kīṛā) |
| 51 | tree | درخت (daraxt) |
| 52 | forest | جنگل (jangal) |
| 53 | stick | ڈنڈا (ḍanḍā) |
| 54 | fruit | پھل (phal) |
| 55 | seed | بیج (bīj) |
| 56 | leaf | پتا (pattā) |
| 57 | root | جڑ (jaṛ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | چھال (chāl) |
| 59 | flower | پھول (phūl) |
| 60 | grass | گھاس (ghās) |
| 61 | rope | رسی (rassī) |
| 62 | skin | جلد (jild) |
| 63 | meat | گوشت (gośt) |
| 64 | blood | خون (xūn) |
| 65 | bone | ہڈی (haḍḍī) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | چربی (carbī) |
| 67 | egg | انڈہ (anḍā) |
| 68 | horn | سینگ (sīng) |
| 69 | tail | پونچهـ (pūnch), دم (dum) |
| 70 | feather | پر (par) |
| 71 | hair | بال (bāl) |
| 72 | head | سر (sar) |
| 73 | ear | کان (kān) |
| 74 | eye | آںکھ (ā̃kh) |
| 75 | nose | ناک (nāk) |
| 76 | mouth | منہ (munh) |
| 77 | tooth | دانت (dānt) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | زبان (zabān), جیبھ (jībh) |
| 79 | fingernail | ناخن (nāxun) |
| 80 | foot | پیر (pair), پاؤں (pāõ) |
| 81 | leg | ٹانگ (ṭāng) |
| 82 | knee | گھٹنا (ghuṭnā) |
| 83 | hand | ہاتھ (hāth) |
| 84 | wing | بازو (bāzū), پنکھ (pankh) |
| 85 | belly | پیٹ (peṭ) |
| 86 | guts | اندرون (andarūn) |
| 87 | neck | گردن (gardan) |
| 88 | back | پیٹھ (pīṭh) |
| 89 | breast | سینه (sīnā) |
| 90 | heart | دل (dil) |
| 91 | liver | جگر (jigar) |
| 92 | to drink | پینا (pīnā) |
| 93 | to eat | کھانا (khānā) |
| 94 | to bite | کاٹنا (kāṭnā) |
| 95 | to suck | چوسنا (cūsnā) |
| 96 | to spit | تھوکنا (thūknā) |
| 97 | to vomit | الٹی کرنا (ulṭī karnā), الٹی مارنا (ulṭī mārnā), قی کرنا (qai karnā) |
| 98 | to blow | پهونکنا (phū̃knā) |
| 99 | to breathe | سانس لینا (sā̃ns lenā) |
| 100 | to laugh | ہنسنا (hãsnā) |
| 101 | to see | دکھنا (dikhnā) (intransitive), دیکھنا (dekhnā) (transitive) |
| 102 | to hear | سننا (sunnā) |
| 103 | to know | جاننا (jānnā) |
| 104 | to think | سوچنا (socnā) |
| 105 | to smell | سونگھنا (sū̃ghnā) |
| 106 | to fear | ڈرنا (ḍarnā) |
| 107 | to sleep | سونا (sonā) |
| 108 | to live | جینا (jīnā) |
| 109 | to die | مرنا (marnā) |
| 110 | to kill | مارنا (mārnā) |
| 111 | to fight | لڑنا (laṛnā) |
| 112 | to hunt | شکار کرنا (śikār karnā) |
| 113 | to hit | مارنا (mārnā) |
| 114 | to cut | کاٹنا (kāṭnā) |
| 115 | to split | بانٹنا (bā̃ṭnā) (transitive) |
| 116 | to stab | بهونکنا (bhoṅknā) |
| 117 | to scratch | کهرچنا (khuracnā) |
| 118 | to dig | کھودنا (khodnā) |
| 119 | to swim | تیرنا (tairnā) |
| 120 | to fly | اڑنا (uṛnā) |
| 121 | to walk | چلنا (calnā) |
| 122 | to come | آنا (ānā) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | لیٹنا (leṭnā) |
| 124 | to sit | بیٹھنا (baiṭhnā) |
| 125 | to stand | کھڑا ہونا (khaṛā honā) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | مڑنا (muṛnā) |
| 127 | to fall | گرنا (girnā) |
| 128 | to give | دینا (denā) |
| 129 | to hold | پکڑنا (pakaṛnā) |
| 130 | to squeeze | دبانا (dabānā), نچوڑنا (nicoṛnā) ("squeeze in order to extract liquid") |
| 131 | to rub | ملنا (malnā) |
| 132 | to wash | دھونا (dhonā) |
| 133 | to wipe | پونچھنا (poñchnā) |
| 134 | to pull | کھیںچنا (khīncnā) |
| 135 | to push | دھکا دینا (dhakkā denā), دھکا مارنا (dhakkā mārnā) |
| 136 | to throw | پهینکنا (pheṅknā) |
| 137 | to tie | باندهنا (bā̃dhnā) |
| 138 | to sew | سینا (sīnā) |
| 139 | to count | گننا (ginnā) |
| 140 | to say | کہنا (kahnā), بولنا (bolnā) (grammatically intransitive) |
| 141 | to sing | گانا (gānā) |
| 142 | to play | کهیلنا (khelnā) |
| 143 | to float | تیرنا (tairnā) |
| 144 | to flow | بہنا (bahnā) |
| 145 | to freeze | جمنا (jamnā) |
| 146 | to swell | سوجنا (sūjnā) |
| 147 | sun | سوراج (sūraj) |
| 148 | moon | چاند (cānd) |
| 149 | star | ستارہ (sitārā) |
| 150 | water | پانی (pānī) |
| 151 | rain | بارش (bāriś) |
| 152 | river | دری (nadī) |
| 153 | lake | جھیل (jhīl) |
| 154 | sea | سمندر (samundar) |
| 155 | salt | نمک (namak) |
| 156 | stone | پتھر (patthar) |
| 157 | sand | ریت (ret) |
| 158 | dust | دھول (dhūl) |
| 159 | earth | زمین (zamīn) |
| 160 | cloud | بادل (bādal) |
| 161 | fog | دھند (dundh) |
| 162 | sky | آسمان (āsmān) |
| 163 | wind | ہوا (havā) |
| 164 | snow | برف (barf) |
| 165 | ice | برف (barf) |
| 166 | smoke | دھواں (dhūā̃) |
| 167 | fire | آگ (āg) |
| 168 | ash | راکھ (rākh) |
| 169 | to burn | جلنا (jalnā) |
| 170 | road | سڑک (saṛak) |
| 171 | mountain | پہاڑ (pahāṛ) |
| 172 | red | سرخ (surx), لال (lāl) |
| 173 | green | سبز (sabz) |
| 174 | yellow | پیلا (pīlā) |
| 175 | white | سفید (safed) |
| 176 | black | سیاہ (siyāh) |
| 177 | night | رات (rāt) |
| 178 | day | دن (din) |
| 179 | year | سال (sāl) |
| 180 | warm | گرم (garm) |
| 181 | cold | سرد (sard), ٹهنڈا (ṭhaṇḍā) |
| 182 | full | پورا (pūrā) |
| 183 | new | نیا (nayā) |
| 184 | old | پرانا (purānā) |
| 185 | good | اچھا (acchā) |
| 186 | bad | برا (burā), خراب (xarāb) |
| 187 | rotten | بوسيدہ (bosīdāh), سڑا (saṛā) |
| 188 | dirty | گندا (gandā) |
| 189 | straight | سیدھا (sīdhā) |
| 190 | round | گول (gol) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | تيکها (tīkhā) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | کند (kund) |
| 193 | smooth | ہموار (hamvār), نرم (narm) |
| 194 | wet | گیلا (gīlā) |
| 195 | dry | خشک (xuśk) |
| 196 | correct | ٹھیک (ṭhīk), سہی (sahī), درست (durust) |
| 197 | near | پاس (pās), قریب (qarīb), نزدیک (nazdīk) |
| 198 | far | دور (dūr) |
| 199 | right | دایاں (dāyā̃), داہنا (dāhinā) |
| 200 | left | بایاں (bāyā̃) |
| 201 | at | پی (pe), پر (par), میں (mẽ) (primarily 'in') |
| 202 | in | میں (mẽ), کے اندر (ke andar) (inside of) |
| 203 | with | کے ساتھ (ke sāth) |
| 204 | and | اور (aur) |
| 205 | if | اگر (agar) |
| 206 | because | کیونکہ (kyūṅki) |
| 207 | name | نام (nām) |