joka

See also: jokā, jōka, and jōkā

Basque

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Navarro-Lapurdian) /ɟoka/ [ɟo.ka]

 

• IPA^(key): (Southern) /xoka/ [xo.ka]

• IPA^(key): (Gipuzkoan) /xoka/ [xo.ka]
• IPA^(key): (Biscayan) /d͡ʒoka/ [d͡ʒo.ka]
• IPA^(key): (Navarrese) /joka/ [jo.ka]

• Rhymes: -oka
• Hyphenation: jo‧ka

Etymology 1

From jo (“to hit”) +‎ -ka.

Adverb

joka (not comparable)

1. hitting, punching

Etymology 2

Verb

joka

1. Short form of jokatu (“to play”).

Further reading

• “joka”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy], Euskaltzaindia
• “joka”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *joka, from Proto-Finno-Permic *jo. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with -ka (as with kuka and mikä). Related to Karelian joka, Votic jõka, Northern Sami juohkẹ, juogọ, Erzya ю- (ju-) in юза-тоза (juza-toza, “back and forth”), Eastern Mari южо (južo, “some”) and Western Mari юж (juž, “some”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞kɑ̝]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -okɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): jo‧ka

Pronoun

joka

1. (relative) who, which, that (see usage notes)

Usage notes

• (relative):
  • joka refers only to the previous word or phrase, as opposed to a whole clause, in which case mikä is used.

    Ostin uuden puhelimen, joka on toiminut hyvin. ("that" refers to the phone)

    I bought a new phone that has been working well.

    Ostin uuden puhelimen, mikä oli ihan hyvä kokemus. ("which" refers to the act of buying a phone)

    I bought a new phone, which was quite a good experience.

    Tässä on mies, joka sen teki.

    This is the man who did it.

    En tiedä, mitä hän haluaa. (no referent in the preceding clause)

    I don't know what he wants.

  • In colloquial usage, this distinction is usually not as clear-cut. Using the wrong relative pronoun is however seen as incorrect, e.g. in schools.
  • If the previous word is a pronoun not referring to a person, there exists variation between joka and mikä. In general, the former is used with more concrete or specifically defined concepts, while the latter is used with more abstract, less defined concepts. With locations, both joka and mikä can be used. With persons, joka is always used.

    se, jonka ostin ― the one that I bought

    se, mikä on tehtävä ― that which must be done

    se, joka ei sääntöjä noudata ― that who does not obey the rules

    paikka, jossa kävimme / paikka, missä kävimme ― the place (that) we visited

• In many Eastern Finnish dialects, the indeclinable stem -ka is extended to all forms. These can occur in standard Finnish on occasion, but are considered colloquial or dialectal.

  joidenka, jotenka, joihinka, jonneka

Inflection

Irregular. Some cases are practically never used. The conjunction jos is etymologically the s-lative singular of this pronoun.

Declension of joka noun case singular plural adverbial form singular plural nominative joka jotka superessive – – genitive jonka joiden joitten delative – – partitive jota joita sublative jonne – accusative joka, jonka jotka lative jos – inessive jossa joissa temporal jolloin – elative josta joista causative joten – illative johon joihin multiplicative – – adessive jolla joilla distributive – – ablative jolta joilta temp. dist. – – allative jolle joille prolative (joitse) – essive jona joina situative – – translative joksi joiksi oppositive – – abessive (jotta) (joitta) instructive – (join) comitative – (joine)

Determiner

joka (not inflected)

1. every, each

   Hän käy lenkillä joka päivä.

   She goes jogging every day.

   joka kerta ― every time

   joka puolella/puolelta/puolelle, joka paikassa/paikasta/paikkaan ― everywhere

   joka tapauksessa ― in any case, at any rate

   joka toinen vuosi ― every two years, biannually

Derived terms

• joitse
• joka ainoa
• joka ikinen
• joka toinen
• joka-aamuinen
• jokailtainen
• jokainen
• jokakesäinen
• jokakeväinen
• jokakuukautinen
• jokamiehenluokka
• jokamiehenoikeus
• jokamies
• jokamiesluokka
• jokanainen
• jokapaikan
• jokapaikansara
• jokapuolinen
• jokapyöräveto
• jokapäiväinen
• jokasyksyinen
• jokatalvinen
• jokaviikkoinen
• jokavuotinen
• jokayksi
• jokaöinen
• joko
• jok’ainoa
• jollainen
• jolloin
• jommoinen
• jompi
• jonkalainen
• jonne
• jos
• jotakuinkin
• jotavastoin
• joten
• jotta

 

Related terms

Related terms

• jokainen
• jokin
• joku
• jompikumpi

See also

• jokainen (close in meaning)

Further reading

• “joka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

Anagrams

• jako, kajo, koja

Garo

Noun

joka

1. to flow

   chibima jokangenga

   The river is flowing away

Guaraní

Verb

joka

1. break

Ingrian

Alternative forms

• jokko

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *joka. Cognates include Finnish joka and Karelian joka.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞kɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞ɡ̊ɑ]
• Rhymes: -okɑ
• Hyphenation: jo‧ka

Determiner

joka (invariable)

1. every, each

   joka päivä ― every day

   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 49:

     Joka paikaas flakut, väki.

     Everywhere there's flags, there's people

     (literally, “In every place flags, people.”)

   • 1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     No joka predmetan kupahain päivän pittuueel muuttuu.

     But the shadow of every object changes in length during the day.

Synonyms

• ikä

Derived terms

• jokahiin
• jokapäiväin

 

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 105
• Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[3], →ISBN, page 79

Latvian

Noun

joka m

1. genitive singular of joks

Swahili

Etymology

From ji- (augmentative prefix) +‎ nyoka (“snake”).

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Noun

joka class V (plural majoka class VI)

1. Augmentative of nyoka: serpent (big snake)