littera

Finnish

Etymology

Internationalism, ultimately from Latin littera.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlitːerɑ/, [ˈlit̪ːe̞rɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -itːerɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): lit‧te‧ra

Noun

littera

1. denomination (of a bank note)

Declension

Inflection of littera (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)
nominative		littera	litterat
genitive		litteran	litteroiden litteroitten
partitive		litteraa	litteroita
illative		litteraan	litteroihin
		singular	plural
nominative		littera	litterat
accusative	nom.	littera	litterat
	gen.	litteran
genitive		litteran	litteroiden litteroitten litterain rare
partitive		litteraa	litteroita
inessive		litterassa	litteroissa
elative		litterasta	litteroista
illative		litteraan	litteroihin
adessive		litteralla	litteroilla
ablative		litteralta	litteroilta
allative		litteralle	litteroille
essive		litterana	litteroina
translative		litteraksi	litteroiksi
abessive		litteratta	litteroitta
instructive		—	litteroin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of littera (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative litterani litterani accusative nom. litterani litterani gen. litterani genitive litterani litteroideni litteroitteni litteraini rare partitive litteraani litteroitani inessive litterassani litteroissani elative litterastani litteroistani illative litteraani litteroihini adessive litterallani litteroillani ablative litteraltani litteroiltani allative litteralleni litteroilleni essive litteranani litteroinani translative litterakseni litteroikseni abessive litterattani litteroittani instructive — — comitative — litteroineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative litterasi litterasi accusative nom. litterasi litterasi gen. litterasi genitive litterasi litteroidesi litteroittesi litteraisi rare partitive litteraasi litteroitasi inessive litterassasi litteroissasi elative litterastasi litteroistasi illative litteraasi litteroihisi adessive litterallasi litteroillasi ablative litteraltasi litteroiltasi allative litterallesi litteroillesi essive litteranasi litteroinasi translative litteraksesi litteroiksesi abessive litterattasi litteroittasi instructive — — comitative — litteroinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative litteramme litteramme accusative nom. litteramme litteramme gen. litteramme genitive litteramme litteroidemme litteroittemme litteraimme rare partitive litteraamme litteroitamme inessive litterassamme litteroissamme elative litterastamme litteroistamme illative litteraamme litteroihimme adessive litterallamme litteroillamme ablative litteraltamme litteroiltamme allative litterallemme litteroillemme essive litteranamme litteroinamme translative litteraksemme litteroiksemme abessive litterattamme litteroittamme instructive — — comitative — litteroinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative litteranne litteranne accusative nom. litteranne litteranne gen. litteranne genitive litteranne litteroidenne litteroittenne litterainne rare partitive litteraanne litteroitanne inessive litterassanne litteroissanne elative litterastanne litteroistanne illative litteraanne litteroihinne adessive litterallanne litteroillanne ablative litteraltanne litteroiltanne allative litterallenne litteroillenne essive litterananne litteroinanne translative litteraksenne litteroiksenne abessive litterattanne litteroittanne instructive — — comitative — litteroinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative litteransa litteransa accusative nom. litteransa litteransa gen. litteransa genitive litteransa litteroidensa litteroittensa litterainsa rare partitive litteraansa litteroitaan litteroitansa inessive litterassaan litterassansa litteroissaan litteroissansa elative litterastaan litterastansa litteroistaan litteroistansa illative litteraansa litteroihinsa adessive litterallaan litterallansa litteroillaan litteroillansa ablative litteraltaan litteraltansa litteroiltaan litteroiltansa allative litteralleen litterallensa litteroilleen litteroillensa essive litteranaan litteranansa litteroinaan litteroinansa translative litterakseen litteraksensa litteroikseen litteroiksensa abessive litterattaan litterattansa litteroittaan litteroittansa instructive — — comitative — litteroineen litteroinensa

Further reading

• “littera”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[4] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Interlingua

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlit.te.ra/

Noun

littera (plural litteras)

1. letter (of the alphabet)
2. letter (an epistle)

Latin

Alternative forms

• lītera

Etymology

Origin unknown. Two explanations have been proposed:

• From earlier lītera, the existence of which is disputed, with lengthening of the consonant (sometimes called the littera rule), from Old Latin leitera (attested ca. 122 BC, argued by Ernout & Meillet to be a false etymological attraction to lino), from a plural form of earlier adj. *lei-tos (cf. opera from opus), related to Latin linō (“smear”) and Proto-Italic *linō (“smear”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“smear”). A variation of this is to reconstruct the PIE root as *leyt- (“to scratch”).

However, de Vaan points out that the past participle from lino is actually litus with a short i and, lacking any other traces of *leitos, says the scenario is "morphologically unconvincing".

• Alternatively, perhaps via Etruscan from (or related to, as if from a common source) Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “leather; writing material”) which is claimed by Hesychius to be used to name tablets as well, of unknown ultimate origen.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlʲɪt̪ːɛrä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlit̪ːerä]

Noun

littera f (genitive litterae); first declension

1. letter (of the alphabet)
2. (metonymically) handwriting
   • 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 7.2:

     Tam Alexidis manum amabam, quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae litterae; non amabam, quod indicabat te non valere.

     While I was liking the handwriting of Alexis for it resembled so closely a likeness to your own handwriting, I wasn't liking it for it was indicating that you were not well.

3. (usually in the plural) letter, epistle

   Litteras resignare.

   To unseal (or open) a letter.

4. (usually in the plural) literature

   Abest historia litteris nostris.

   The story is missing from our literature.

   Si versus horum duorum poetarum neglegetis, magna parte litterarum carebitis.

   If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.

5. (usually in the plural, by extension) letters, knowledge of literature, learning, scholarship
6. (usually in the plural) books (often a collection of letters, epistles, accounts, records, etc.)
7. (usually in the plural) record(s), account(s), document(s)
8. (usually in the plural) edict, ordinance

   Praetoris litterae.

   A praetor's edict.

   Litteras revocavit.

   A letter of appointment. (a commission)

Usage notes

• litterae missae means "a letter sent by a person" and litterae allatae a "a letter received" hence, liber litterarum missarum et allatarum meant a letter-book.

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	littera	litterae
genitive	litterae	litterārum
dative	litterae	litterīs
accusative	litteram	litterās
ablative	litterā	litterīs
vocative	littera	litterae

Derived terms

• ad litteram
• coeuntes litterae
• littera canīna
• littera tenuis
• litterae clausae
• litterae patentēs
• litterālis
• litterātim
• litterula

 

Descendants

Descendants

• Asturian: lletra
• Catalan: lletra
• Dalmatian: latera
• Friulian: letare, lètare
• German: Letter
• Italian: lettera
  • → Albanian: letër
• Occitan: letra
• Old French: letre
  • French: lettre
  • → Middle English: lettre, leattre, letter, lettyr
    • English: letter
  • → Middle Dutch: lettere
    • Dutch: letter
      • Afrikaans: letter
      • Negerhollands: letter
      • → Caribbean Javanese: lèter
      • → Indonesian: leter
      • → Japanese: レッテル (retteru)
      • → Papiamentu: lèter, lèterchi, letter
      • → Saramaccan: letè
    • Limburgish: lètter
• Piedmontese: litra
• Portuguese: letra
• Romanian: literă
• Romansch: letra
• Sardinian: lítara, lítera
• Sicilian: littra, lìttira
• Spanish: letra
  • → Chavacano: letra
  • → Classical Nahuatl: letra
  • → Tagalog: letra
• Venetan: łétara, létara, létera
• → Proto-Brythonic: *llɨθer (see there for further descendants)
• → Old Irish: liter
  • Irish: litir
  • Manx: lettyr
  • Scottish Gaelic: litir
• → Polish: litera
• → Russian: ли́тера (lítera)

Further reading

• “littera”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “littera”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• littera in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• littera in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[5], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
    
  • the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits: litterarum studium or tractatio (not occupatio)
    
  • learned, scientific, literary men: homines litterarum studiosi
    
  • scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb: litterae iacent, neglectae iacent
    
  • to be engaged in the pursuit of letters: litteras colere
    
  • to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras amplecti
    
  • to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras adamasse (only in perf. and plup.)
    
  • to be engaged in literary pursuits: in studio litterarum versari
    
  • to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari
    
  • to be an ardent student of..: summo studio in litteris versari
    
  • to devote oneself entirely to literature: se totum litteris tradere, dedere
    
  • to be quite engrossed in literary studies: se totum in litteras or se litteris abdere
    
  • to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work: in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)
    
  • to find recreation in study: in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere
    
  • to devote one's life to science, study: aetatem in litteris ducere, agere
    
  • to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere
    
  • to employ all one's energies on literary work: omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras
    
  • to relax one's studies: litterarum studia remittere
    
  • to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences: primis (ut dicitur) or primoribus labris gustare or attingere litteras
    
  • literature: litterae
    
  • written records; documents: litterae ac monumenta or simply monumenta
    
  • Roman literature: litterae latinae
    
  • shining lights in the literary world: clarissima litterarum lumina
    
  • to study Greek literature: graecis litteris studere
    
  • to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature: multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari
    
  • acquainted with the Latin language: latinis litteris or latine doctus
    
  • to possess literary knowledge: litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere
    
  • to be well-informed, erudite: multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum or eruditionis expertem esse or [rerum] rudem esse)
    
  • to have received a liberal education: litteras scire
    
  • profound scientific education: litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae
    
  • for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
    
  • to have received a superficial education: litteris leviter imbutum or tinctum esse
    
  • to be educated by some one: litteras discere ab aliquo
    
  • an elementary school: ludus (discendi or litterarum)
    
  • to receive the first elements of a liberal education: primis litterarum elementis imbui
    
  • to teach some one letters: erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)
    
  • to write expositions of philosophy in Latin: philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. 1. 1. 3)
    
  • to study historical records, read history: evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta
    
  • to hold by the letter (of the law): verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit)
    
  • to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter: syllabam, litteram producere (opp. corripere) (Quintil. 9. 4. 89)
    
  • to pronounce the syllables distinctly: litteras exprimere (opp. obscurare)
    
  • to the letter; literally: ad litteram, litterate
    
  • the alphabet: litterarum ordo
    
  • the alphabet: litterae, elementa
    
  • to arrange in alphabetical order: ad litteram or litterarum ordine digerere
    
  • to put down in writing: litteris mandare or consignare aliquid (Acad. 2. 1. 2)
    
  • to treat in writing: litteris persequi (vid. sect. VIII. 2, note persequi...) aliquid
    
  • to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
    
  • correspondence: litterae missae et allatae
    
  • to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
    
  • to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
    
  • to take a letter somewhere: litteras perferre aliquo
    
  • to read a letter aloud (in public): litteras recitare (Att. 8. 9. 2)
    
  • a letter, the tenor of which is..: litterae hoc exemplo (Att. 9. 6. 3)
    
  • the terms, contents of the letter are as follows: litterae in hanc sententiam or his verbis scriptae sunt
    
  • to deliver a letter dated September 21st: litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob.
    
  • a most courteous letter: litterae officii or humanitatis plenae
    
• littera in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[6], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• Blažek, Václav (2018) “Toward the Etymology of Latin littera”, in Graeco-Latina Brunensia, volume 23, number 2, page 5

Anagrams

• tāliter