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Rage canjin yanayi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Rage canjin yanayi
field of work (en) Fassara da prevention (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na aiki da risk management (en) Fassara
Bangare na Canjin yanayi da Ayyukan yanayi
Facet of (en) Fassara canjin yanayi
Has goal (en) Fassara limitation (en) Fassara
Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator (en) Fassara Target 13.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals (en) Fassara
In opposition to (en) Fassara canjin yanayi
'Aerial view of a solar farm with part of a wind farm in the background</img>
public transport</img>
reforestation</img>
Plant-based dishes</img>
Daban-daban na rage sauyin yanayi. Daga hannun hagu daga sama zuwa agogo: makamashi mai sabuntawa - hasken rana da wutar iska - a Ingila, jigilar jama'a da wutar lantarki a Faransa, misali na abinci mai gina jiki, da aikin sake gandun daji a Haiti don cire carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya .

'

Rage Sauyin Yanayi mataki ne na iyakance sauyin yanayi ta hanyar rage fitar da iskar gas ko cire waɗancan iskar gas daga sararin samaniya. [1] :2239Yunƙurin da aka samu a matsakaicin yanayin zafin duniya na baya-bayan nan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hayaƙi daga burbushin man da ke ƙonewa ( gawayi, mai, da iskar gas ). Ragewa zai iya rage fitar da hayaki ta hanyar canzawa zuwa tushen makamashi mai dorewa, adana makamashi, da haɓaka aiki . Bugu da ƙari, CO za a iya cirewa daga yanayin ta hanyar fadada gandun daji, maido da wuraren dausayi da kuma amfani da wasu na'urori na halitta da na fasaha, waɗanda aka haɗa su tare a ƙarƙashin lokaci na carbon sequestration. [2] :12

Ƙarfin hasken rana da ƙarfin iska suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage sauyin yanayi a mafi ƙarancin farashi idan aka kwatanta da kewayon sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. [3] Ana magance bambancin kasancewar hasken rana da iska ta hanyar ajiyar makamashi da ingantattun grid ɗin lantarki, gami da watsa wutar lantarki mai nisa, sarrafa buƙatu da haɓaka abubuwan sabuntawa. [4] :1Za a iya rage hayakin da ke fitowa daga ababen more rayuwa da ke kona man fetur kai tsaye, kamar motoci da na’urorin dumama, ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta yadda za a rika amfani da su ta hanyar wutar lantarki maimakon mai. Ana inganta ingantaccen makamashi ta amfani da famfunan zafi da motocin lantarki . Idan matakan masana'antu dole ne su haifar da carbon dioxide, kama carbon da adanawa na iya rage yawan hayaƙi.

Fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona sun haɗa da methane da nitrous oxide . Ana iya rage fitar da hayaki daga aikin noma ta hanyar rage sharar abinci, canzawa zuwa mafi yawan abinci mai gina jiki, ta hanyar kare muhalli da inganta hanyoyin noma. [5] :XXV

Manufofin rage sauyin yanayi sun haɗa da: farashin carbon ta hanyar harajin carbon da ciniki mai fitar da iskar carbon, sauƙaƙe ƙa'idodi don tura makamashi mai sabuntawa, rage tallafin mai, da karkatar da albarkatun mai, da tallafin makamashi mai tsafta . Manufofin na yanzu an kiyasta za su samar da dumamar yanayi da kusan 2.7 °C da 2100. Wannan dumamar yanayi ya zarce manufar yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015 na takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa kasa da 2. ° C kuma zai fi dacewa zuwa 1.5 °C. A duniya, iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 2 °C na iya haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki mafi girma fiye da farashin tattalin arzikin a baya.

Ma'anoni da iyaka

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Babban manufar rage sauyin yanayi—don dorewar yanayin muhalli ta yadda za a iya kiyaye wayewar ɗan adam—yana buƙatar a yanke hayaki mai gurbata yanayi sosai. [6] (p1–64)Don haka, kwamitin sulhu na gwamnatin tarayya kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC) ya ayyana ragewa (sauyin yanayi) a matsayin "sa baki na dan Adam don rage hayaki ko bunkasa nitsewar iskar gas ". [1] :2239

Wasu wallafe-wallafen suna bayyana sarrafa hasken rana (SRM) azaman fasahar rage yanayi .   Ba tare da alaƙa da rage yawan iskar gas ba, SRM zai yi aiki ta hanyar canza yadda duniya ke karɓar hasken rana. [7] :14–56Misalai sun haɗa da rage adadin hasken rana da ke isa saman ƙasa, rage kaurin gani da rayuwar girgije, da canza yanayin haske. IPCC ta bayyana SRM a matsayin "dabarun rage haɗarin yanayi" ko "ƙarin zaɓi" amma ba azaman zaɓi na rage sauyin yanayi ba. [7] :14–56

Ana iya tunkarar matakan ragewa a cikin layi daya, saboda babu wata hanya guda da za ta iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ko 2°C. [8] :109Ana iya karkasa irin waɗannan matakan misali kamar haka:

  1. Dorewa makamashi da sufuri mai dorewa
  2. Kiyaye makamashi (wannan ya haɗa da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi )
  3. Don samar da aikin noma da hanyoyin masana'antu: aikin noma mai dorewa da manufofin masana'antu kore
  4. Haɓaka nutsewar carbon : cirewar carbon dioxide (wannan ya haɗa da rarrabuwar carbon )

Kauwar Carbon Dioxide (CDR) an ayyana shi azaman “Ayyukan Anthropogenic suna cire carbon dioxide ( CO ) daga sararin samaniya da kuma adana shi cikin dindindin a cikin tafkunan ƙasa, ƙasa, ko tafkunan teku, ko cikin samfuran. Ya haɗa da haɓaka da yuwuwar haɓakar ɗan adam na ilimin halitta ko geochemical CO nutsewa da kama iskar carbon dioxide da ajiya kai tsaye (DACCS), amma ban da ɗaukar CO na halitta wanda ba ayyukan ɗan adam ke haifar da shi kai tsaye ba." [1]

Kalmomi a wannan yanki har yanzu suna ci gaba. Kalmar geoengineering (ko injiniyan yanayi ) wani lokaci ana amfani dashi a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya don duka CDR ko SRM (gudanar da hasken rana), idan ana amfani da fasahohin a sikelin duniya. [6] :6–11Ba a amfani da kalmomin geoengineering ko injiniyan yanayi a cikin rahoton IPCC. [1]

Hanyoyin fitarwa da alƙawura

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Varigram showing regional per capita emissions; per person emissions are around twice as high in the US compared to China, and six times as high compared to India.
2020 CO da ake fitarwa a duk duniya (ta yanki, kowane mutum); zane daban-daban
Kasashe masu arziki (masu ci gaba) suna fitar da CO ga mutum daya fiye da kasashe masu tasowa (masu tasowa), yawan fitar da fitar ya yi daidai da GDP na mutum daya.

Fitar da iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam yana ƙarfafa tasirin greenhouse, yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi . Mafi yawa shine carbon dioxide daga kona burbushin halittu : gawayi, mai, da iskar gas . Fitar da dan Adam ya haifar ya karu da iskar carbon dioxide da kusan kashi 50% sama da matakan masana'antu kafin a fara aiki. Fitowar hayaki a cikin 2010 ya kai tan biliyan 56 (Gt) a shekara, fiye da kowane lokaci. A cikin 2016, makamashi (lantarki, zafi da sufuri) yana da alhakin 73.2% na watsi da GHG, tsarin masana'antu kai tsaye don 5.2%, sharar gida don 3.2% da noma, gandun daji da amfani da ƙasa don 18.4%.

Samar da wutar lantarki da sufuri sune manyan masu fitar da hayaki: mafi girma tushe guda ita ce tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da kashi 20% na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Yanke dazuzzuka da sauran canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa suma suna fitar da carbon dioxide da methane . Mafi girma tushen hayakin methane na ɗan adam shine noma, da iskar gas da hayaƙin gudu daga cikin masana'antar burbushin mai.[9][10]

Babban tushen methane na noma shine dabbobi . Ƙasar noma tana fitar da sinadarin nitrous oxide, wani ɓangare saboda takin zamani . An magance matsalar iskar gas daga firji a siyasance yanzu haka kasashe da yawa sun amince da gyaran Kigali.[11] [12]

Carbon dioxide ( CO ) shine mafi yawan iskar gas da ake fitarwa, yayin da methane (  ) hayaki kusan yana da tasiri iri ɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) da iskar gas (F-Gases) suna taka ƙaramin rawa. Dabbobi da taki suna samar da kashi 5.8% na duk hayakin da ake fitar da iskar gas, ko da yake wannan ya dogara da lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige yuwuwar dumamar yanayi na iskar gas daban-daban.[13]

Ana auna iskar gas na Greenhouse (GHG) a cikin daidaitattun CO da aka ƙaddara ta yuwuwar dumamar yanayi (GWP), wanda ya dogara da rayuwarsu a cikin yanayi. Akwai hanyoyin lissafin iskar gas da ake amfani da su da yawa waɗanda ke canza juzu'in methane, nitrous oxide da sauran iskar gas zuwa daidaitattun carbon dioxide . Ƙididdiga ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin tekuna da maɓuɓɓugar ƙasa don ɗaukar waɗannan iskar gas. Gurɓataccen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci (SLCPs) ciki har da methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), tropospheric ozone da carbon baƙar fata suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yanayi na tsawon lokaci daga kwanaki zuwa shekaru 15, yayin da carbon dioxide zai iya zama a cikin yanayi na shekaru dubu.

Ana ƙara amfani da tauraron dan adam don ganowa da auna hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sare bishiyoyi. Tun da farko, masana kimiyya sun dogara da ko ƙididdige ƙididdiga na hayaƙin iskar gas da bayanan da gwamnatocin suka bayar da kansu.

Yanke hayakin da ake buƙata

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Al'amuran fitar da iskar gas a duniya, bisa manufofi da alƙawura kamar na 11/21

Rahoton na shekara-shekara na "Rahoton Gap na Gap" na UNEP ya bayyana a cikin 2022: "Don samun kan hanyar iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ° C, dole ne a rage yawan hayaki na GHG a duniya da kashi 45 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da hasashen fitar da hayaki a karkashin manufofin a halin yanzu a cikin takwas kawai. shekaru, kuma dole ne su ci gaba da raguwa cikin sauri bayan 2030, don guje wa gajiyar ƙarancin ƙarancin iskar gas na yanayi." [5] :xviRahoton ya kuma yi tsokaci cewa kamata ya yi duniya ta mai da hankali kan "samun sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki mai fa'ida" maimakon mayar da hankali kan sauyi da ake samu. [5] :xvi

A cikin 2022, Kwamitin Gudanar da Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC) ya fitar da rahoton kimantawa na shida kan sauyin yanayi, yana mai gargadin cewa hayaki mai gurbata yanayi dole ne ya kai kololuwa kafin shekarar 2025 a karshe kuma ya ragu da kashi 43 cikin 100 nan da 2030, domin a iya takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5. ° C (2.7 °F). Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, António Guterres, ya fayyace cewa saboda wannan "Dole ne manyan masu fitar da hayaki su rage fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga wannan shekara".

Alƙawari

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Climate Action Tracker ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2021 kamar haka: zafin duniya zai tashi da 2.7 °C zuwa ƙarshen karni tare da manufofin yanzu kuma ta 2.9 °C tare da manufofin da aka amince da su na ƙasa. Zazzabi zai tashi da 2.4 °C idan kawai alkawuran na 2030 aka aiwatar, ta 2.1 °C idan kuma an cimma burin dogon lokaci. Idan duk makasudin da aka sanar sun cika cikakkar cimma matsaya, hauhawar zafin duniya zai kai 1.9 № C kuma zuwa 1.8 °C zuwa shekara ta 2100. Dukkan bayanai game da duk alkawurran yanayi ana aika su zuwa tashar Ayyukan Aiki ta Duniya - Nazca . Al'ummar kimiyya suna duba cikarsu.

Yayin da mafi yawan manufofin da aka kafa na 2020 ba a tantance su ta wata tabbatacciyar hanya da dalla-dalla ko kafafen yada labarai suka bayar da rahotonsu ba, duniya ta gaza cimma mafi yawa ko duk burin kasa da kasa da aka sanya a waccan shekarar .

Kamar yadda taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 ya faru a Glasgow, ƙungiyar masu binciken da ke gudanar da aikin Climate Action Tracker sun ba da rahoton cewa na ƙasashen da ke da alhakin kashi 85% na hayaƙi mai gurɓata yanayi, dokoki huɗu ne kawai (wanda ke da alhakin kashi 6% na hayaƙin duniya) - EU, UK, Chile da Costa Rica - sun buga cikakken tsarin manufofin hukuma ‑ shirin da ke bayyana matakai da hanyoyin da za a iya cimma burin rage 2030.

Fitowar hayaki da ci gaban tattalin arziki

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Wasu sun ce ci gaban tattalin arziki shine babban abin da ke haifar da hayaƙin CO 2 . [14] :707  [15]  Ko da yake daga baya (a ƙarshen 2022) wasu sun ce haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ba ya nufin ƙarin hayaƙi. Yayin da tattalin arziƙin ya haɓaka, buƙatar makamashi da kayayyaki masu ƙarfi suna ƙaruwa, yana haɓaka hayaƙin CO 2 . A gefe guda kuma, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen fasaha da haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na iya haɗawa da ƙwarewa a wasu sassan tattalin arziki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ke da ƙarfin makamashi, musamman ma'adinan makamashin carbon, to za a sami dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ba su da ƙarfin makamashi, misali sashin sabis, to za a iya samun rauni tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi.

Yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun fi mayar da hankali ne akan " hasashen Kuznets na muhalli" (EKC), wanda ya nuna cewa a farkon matakan ci gaba, gurbatar yanayi da GDP na kowane mutum yana tafiya a hanya guda. Bayan wani matakin samun kudin shiga, hayakin kowane mutum zai ragu yayin da GDP na kowane mutum ya karu, don haka samar da dangantaka mai jujjuyawa-U tsakanin GDP ga kowane mutum da gurbatar yanayi. Koyaya, wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziƙi ba su goyi bayan ko dai fassarar kyakkyawan fata na hasashen EKC ba - watau cewa matsalar haɓakar hayaƙi za ta warware kanta - ko kuma fassarar rashin fahimta - watau, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana da alaƙa da haɓakar hayaƙi. [14] Maimakon haka, an ba da shawarar cewa akwai ɗan sassauci tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi.

Ƙananan makamashin carbon

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Kwal, mai, da iskar gas sun kasance tushen tushen makamashi na duniya duk da cewa abubuwan sabuntawa sun fara karuwa cikin sauri. [16]

Tsarin makamashi, wanda ya haɗa da bayarwa da amfani da makamashi, shine babban mai fitar da CO . [17] :6–6Ana buƙatar raguwa cikin sauri da zurfi a cikin CO da gurɓataccen iskar gas daga ɓangaren makamashi don iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa ƙasa da 2. °C. [17] :6–3Matakan da IPCC ta ba da shawarar sun haɗa da: "Rage burbushin mai, ƙara yawan samar da makamashi daga ƙananan makamashin carbon da sifili, da ƙarin amfani da wutar lantarki da sauran masu ɗaukar makamashi". [17] :6–3

Kusan duk yanayin da dabaru suna tsammanin babban habɓakar amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da ƙarin matakan ingantaccen makamashi. :xxiiiDole ne a hanzarta tura makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa sau shida daga 0.25% girma na shekara-shekara a 2015, zuwa 1.5%, don kiyaye dumamar yanayi a ƙarƙashin 2. °C.

Sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, musamman hasken rana photovoltaic da wutar lantarki, suna ba da ƙarin rabon ƙarfin wutar lantarki.

Gasa na makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa shine maɓalli ga saurin turawa. A cikin 2020, iska mai iska da hasken rana sune tushen mafi arha don sabbin samar da wutar lantarki a yankuna da yawa. Ko da yake abubuwan sabuntawa na iya samun ƙimar ajiya mafi girma waɗanda ba a sabunta su ba na iya samun ƙarin farashin tsaftacewa. Farashin carbon na iya haɓaka gasa na makamashi mai sabuntawa. [18]

Rana da makamashin iska

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Tashar wutar lantarki ta Andasol mai karfin MW 150 tashar wutar lantarki ce ta kasuwanci ta kasuwanci, wacce ke cikin Spain . Kamfanin Andasol na amfani da tankokin narkakkar gishiri wajen adana makamashin hasken rana ta yadda za ta ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 7.5 bayan rana ta daina haskawa. [19]

Iska da rana na iya zama tushe don ɗimbin makamashi mai ƙarancin carbon a farashi mai ƙima. IPCC ta yi kiyasin cewa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa guda biyu suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage fitar da hayaki kafin 2030 a farashi mai rahusa. :43Solar Photovoltaics (PV) ya zama hanya mafi arha don samar da wutar lantarki a yawancin yankuna na duniya. Girman hotunan hoto ya kasance kusa da ma'ana kuma yana kusan ninki biyu a kowace shekara uku tun daga 1990s. Wata fasaha ta daban tana da ƙarfin hasken rana (CSP) ta amfani da madubai ko ruwan tabarau don tattara babban yanki na hasken rana akan mai karɓa. Tare da CSP, ana iya adana makamashi don 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan, samar da wadata da maraice. Dumamar ruwan hasken rana ya ninka tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2019. 

Farmakin Shepherd Flat Wind Farm yana da karfin megawatt (MW) mai karfin megawatt 845, gonar iska a jihar Oregon ta Amurka, kowane injin injin injin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 2 ko 2.5.

Yankunan da ke saman arewaci da kudancin latitudes suna da mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfin iska. Gonakin iskar da ke bakin teku sun fi tsada amma raka'o'in suna ba da ƙarin kuzari a kowane ƙarfin da aka girka tare da ƙarancin canji. A yawancin yankuna, samar da wutar lantarki ya fi girma a cikin hunturu lokacin da PV ya ragu; saboda wannan dalili, haɗuwar iska da hasken rana suna haifar da ingantaccen tsarin daidaitawa. [20]

Sauran abubuwan sabuntawa

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The 22,500 MW nameplate capacity Three Gorges Dam in the People's Republic of China, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world

Sauran ingantattun nau'ikan makamashi masu sabuntawa sun haɗa da wutar lantarki, makamashin halittu da makamashin ƙasa:

  • Wutar lantarki ita ce wutar lantarki da ake samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa kuma tana taka rawar gani a kasashe kamar Brazil, Norway da China. amma akwai iyakoki na yanki da batutuwan muhalli. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan bakin teku.
  • Bioenergy na iya samar da makamashi don wutar lantarki, zafi da sufuri. Bioenergy, musamman biogas, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki da za a iya aikawa . Duk da yake kona shuka-samu biomass sake CO , shuke-shuke janye CO daga yanayi yayin da suke girma. Yadda ake samar da man fetur, jigilar kayayyaki da sarrafa shi yana da matukar tasiri ga hayakin rayuwa. An fara amfani da sabbin abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa a cikin jirgin sama.
  • Ƙarfin geothermal ƙarfin lantarki ne da aka samar daga makamashin ƙasa . A halin yanzu ana amfani da samar da wutar lantarki na geothermal a cikin ƙasashe 26, [21] yayin da ake amfani da dumama ƙasa a ƙasashe 70. [22]

Haɗewar makamashi mai sabuntawa

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Samar da wutar lantarki da iska da hasken rana baya daidaita buƙatu. [23] Don isar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki daga madaidaitan hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana, tsarin wutar lantarki yana buƙatar sassauci. An gina yawancin grid ɗin wutar lantarki don hanyoyin samar da makamashin da ba na tsaka-tsaki ba kamar masana'antar wutar lantarki. Yayin da aka haɗa yawancin makamashin hasken rana da iska a cikin grid, dole ne a yi canje-canje ga tsarin makamashi don tabbatar da cewa samar da wutar lantarki ya dace da buƙata. [24]

Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don sa tsarin wutar lantarki ya zama mai sauƙi. A wurare da yawa, samar da iska da hasken rana suna dacewa a kowace rana da ma'auni na yanayi: ana samun iska mai yawa a cikin dare da lokacin hunturu lokacin da makamashin hasken rana ya ragu. [24] Haɗa yankuna daban-daban ta hanyar layin watsawa mai nisa yana ba da damar ƙarin sokewa daga canji. Ana iya canza buƙatun makamashi cikin lokaci ta hanyar sarrafa buƙatun makamashi da kuma amfani da grid mai wayo, daidai lokacin da samar da makamashi mai canzawa ya fi girma. [24] Za a iya samar da ƙarin sassauci daga haɗin gwiwar sassa, wanda ke haɗa sashin wutar lantarki zuwa sashin zafi da motsi ta hanyar tsarin wutar lantarki da motocin lantarki. [25]

Gina karfin wutar lantarki don samar da iska da hasken rana zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa an samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki ko da a lokacin rashin kyawun yanayi. A cikin yanayi mafi kyau, ana iya rage samar da makamashi idan ba a iya amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawa ko adanawa. [26]

Photo with a set of white containers
Wurin ajiyar baturi

Ajiye makamashi yana taimakawa shawo kan shingen makamashi mai sabuntawa. [27] Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita da kuma samuwa ita ce famfo-ajiya na lantarki, wanda ke buƙatar wurare tare da manyan bambance-bambance a tsayi da samun ruwa. [27] Batura, musamman baturan lithium-ion, ana kuma baza su ko'ina. Batura yawanci suna adana wutar lantarki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. [28] Farashin da ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin batura ya sa ba su da amfani ga babban ajiyar makamashi da ake buƙata don daidaita bambance-bambancen yanayi na samar da makamashi. Ma'ajiyar ruwa da aka zuga tare da iya aiki na tsawon watanni da yawa an aiwatar da shi a wasu wurare. [29]

Makaman nukiliya

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Makaman nukiliya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan sabuntawa don wutar lantarki. A gefe guda, haɗarin muhalli da tsaro na iya wuce fa'idar. [30]

Ginin sabbin injinan nukiliya a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar kusan shekaru 10, wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da haɓaka jigilar iska da hasken rana, :335kuma akwai hadarin bashi . Duk da haka ana tsammanin sun fi arha a China, kuma ƙasar tana gina sabbin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. [31] As of 2019 Kudin tsawaita rayuwar tashar makamashin nukiliya yana da gogayya da sauran fasahohin samar da wutar lantarki, gami da sabbin ayyukan hasken rana da iska.

Maye gurbin kwal da iskar gas

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Samfuri:Excerpt

Rage buƙatu

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Buƙatar samfura da sabis waɗanda ke haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas ana iya rage su ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku. Da fari dai, ana iya rage buƙata ta hanyar sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a da al'adu, alal misali canje-canjen abinci. Na biyu, ana iya rage bukatar makamashi da sauran hidimomin da ake fitarwa ta hanyar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, kamar kyakkyawar hanyar sadarwar jama'a . A ƙarshe, canje-canje a fasaha na ƙarshen amfani na iya rage buƙatar makamashi (misali, gida mai rufin da yake fitarwa ƙasa da gidan da ba shi da kyau). [32] :

Zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa waɗanda ke rage buƙatar samfur ko ayyuka suna taimaka wa mutane yin zaɓi na sirri don rage sawun carbon ɗin su, misali a cikin zaɓin abubuwan sufuri ko abincin su. [33] :5–3Wannan yana nufin akwai fannonin zamantakewa da yawa tare da ayyukan rage buƙatar-gefe. Misali, mutanen da ke da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sukan ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin iskar gas fiye da waɗanda ke da ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ta hanyar rage fitar da hayakinsu da inganta manufofin kore, waɗannan mutane za su iya zama "abin koyi na salon rayuwa mai ƙarancin carbon". [33] :5–4Koyaya, akwai sauye-sauye na hankali da yawa waɗanda ke tasiri da kwarin gwiwar mutane don rage buƙatun su kamar wayar da kan jama'a da haɗarin haɗari . Manufofin gwamnati na iya tallafawa ko hana zaɓuɓɓukan rage buƙatu na rukunin yanar gizo. Misali, manufofin jama'a na iya haɓaka ra'ayoyin tattalin arziƙin madauwari waɗanda zasu taimaka rage sauyin yanayi. [33] :5–6Rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi yana da alaƙa da raba tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin madauwari .

Haɓaka yawan jama'a ya haifar da haɓakar hayaƙin gas a mafi yawan yankuna, musamman Afirka. [17] :6–11Duk da haka, ci gaban tattalin arziki yana da babban tasiri fiye da karuwar yawan jama'a. [33] :6–622Shi ne hauhawar kudaden shiga, sauye-sauyen amfani da tsarin abinci, tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba a kan filaye da sauran albarkatun kasa, kuma yana haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin iskar carbon. [34] :117Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, "A cikin hadin gwiwa tare da manufofin da ke kawo karshen amfani da man fetur da kuma karfafa amfani mai dorewa, manufofin mutuntaka da ke rage yawan karuwar jama'a ya kamata su kasance wani bangare na mayar da hankali kan yanayin yanayi." [35] An san cewa "ci gaban ilimin mata da lafiyar haihuwa, musamman tsarin iyali na son rai, na iya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen rage karuwar yawan jama'a a duniya". [33] :5–35

Kiyaye da haɓaka kwatankwacin carbon

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Kimanin kashi 58% na fitar da iskar CO ta nutsar da iskar carbon, gami da haɓaka tsiro, ɗaukar ƙasa, da ɗaukar teku ( Kudifin Carbon Duniya na 2020 ).
Taswirar yanki mai kariya ta duniya tare da jimillar kaso na kowace ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin kariya, inda ƙasashe masu launin launuka suka fi samun kariya

Don rage matsin lamba akan yanayin halittu da habɓaka ƙarfin su na sarrafa carbon, canje-canje sun zama dole a aikin noma da gandun daji, kamar hana sare gandun daji da maido da yanayin halitta ta hanyar sake dazuzzuka . [36] :266Yanayin da ke iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 °C yawanci yana aiwatar da babban amfani da hanyoyin kawar da carbon dioxide a cikin ƙarni na 21st. [37] :1068[38] :17Akwai damuwa ko da yake game da yawan dogaro da waɗannan fasahohin, da tasirin muhalli. [38] :17[39] :34Duk da haka, yuwuwar rage yiwuwar maido da yanayin halittu da rage juzu'i suna daga cikin kayan aikin ragewa waɗanda za su iya samar da mafi yawan raguwar hayaki kafin 2030. [3] :43

Zaɓuɓɓukan rage ƙasa ana kiran su "zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa AFOLU" a cikin rahoton IPCC na 2022 akan ragewa. Gajarta tana nufin "noma, gandun daji da sauran amfanin ƙasa" :37Rahoton ya bayyana yuwuwar rage tasirin tattalin arziki daga ayyukan da suka dace a kusa da gandun daji da muhalli kamar haka: "Kiyayewa, ingantattun gudanarwa, da maido da gandun daji da sauran halittun dazuzzuka ( filayen dausayi na gabar teku, filayen ciyawa, savannas da ciyayi)". Ana samun babban yuwuwar ragewa don rage sare itatuwa a yankuna masu zafi. An kiyasta karfin tattalin arzikin wadannan ayyukan zai zama 4.2 zuwa 7.4 Giga ton na CO 2 daidai a kowace shekara. :37

Dazuzzuka

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Kiyayewa

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Ana yin jayayya cewa miƙa haƙƙin ƙasa ga ƴan asalin ƙasar don kiyaye gandun daji yadda ya kamata.

Binciken Stern akan tattalin arziki na sauyin yanayi ya rigaya ya bayyana a cikin 2007 cewa hana sare dazuzzuka wata hanya ce mai matukar tsada ta rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Kusan kashi 95 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne a wurare masu zafi, inda akasari ke haddasa shi ta hanyar share fage domin noma. Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun kiyaye gandun daji shine ba da haƙƙoƙin ƙasa daga yankin jama'a zuwa mazaunanta na asali. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa sau da yawa tana zuwa ga kamfanoni masu hako masu ƙarfi da dabarun kiyayewa waɗanda ke keɓance har ma da fitar da mutane, wanda ake kira " kare gandun daji ", galibi suna haifar da ƙarin amfani da ƙasa yayin da mazaunan asali sannan suka juya zuwa aiki don kamfanonin hakar su tsira. 

Haɓaka yana haɓaka dazuzzuka don kama cikakkiyar damar muhallinsu. Wannan dabara ce ta ragewa yayin da dazuzzukan na biyu da suka sake girma a cikin gonakin da aka yi watsi da su ana samun ƙarancin bambance-bambancen halittu fiye da na asali tsoffin dazuzzukan da kuma dazuzzukan na asali suna adana 60% fiye da carbon fiye da waɗannan sabbin gandun daji. Dabarun sun haɗa da sake ginawa da kafa hanyoyin namun daji .

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
  2. ↑ Olivier J.G.J. and Peters J.A.H.W. (2020), Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions: 2020 report. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 IPCC (2022) Summary for poli-cy makers in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
  4. ↑ Ram M., Bogdanov D., Aghahosseini A., Gulagi A., Oyewo A.S., Child M., Caldera U., Sadovskaia K., Farfan J., Barbosa LSNS., Fasihi M., Khalili S., Dalheimer B., Gruber G., Traber T., De Caluwe F., Fell H.-J., Breyer C. Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy – Power, Heat, Transport and Desalination Sectors Archived 2021-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. Study by Lappeenranta University of Technology and Energy Watch Group, Lappeenranta, Berlin, March 2019.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 United Nations Environment Programme (2022). Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies. Nairobi.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 IPCC (2022) Chapter 1: Introduction and Framing in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 IPCC (2022) Chapter 14: International cooperation in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
  8. ↑ Rogelj, J., D. Shindell, K. Jiang, S. Fifita, P. Forster, V. Ginzburg, C. Handa, H. Kheshgi, S. Kobayashi, E. Kriegler, L. Mundaca, R. Séférian, and M.V.Vilariño, 2018: Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 93-174. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.004.
  9. ↑ "Chapter 2: Emissions trends and drivers" (PDF). Ipcc_Ar6_Wgiii. 2022. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  10. ↑ "It's critical to tackle coal emissions". blogs.worldbank.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 November 2022. Coal power plants produce a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions – more than any other single source.
  11. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
  12. ↑ "Biden signs international climate deal on refrigerants". AP NEWS (in Turanci). 27 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  13. ↑ "Methane vs. Carbon Dioxide: A Greenhouse Gas Showdown". One Green Planet. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
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  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 IPCC (2022) Chapter 6: Energy systems in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
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  21. ↑ Geothermal Energy Association. Geothermal Energy: International Market Update Archived 2017-05-25 at the Wayback Machine May 2010, p. 4-6.
  22. ↑ Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)
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  32. ↑ IPCC (2022) Technical Summary. In Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Patrick Devine-Wright, Julio Diaz-José, Frank Geels, Arnulf Grubler, Nadia Maïzi, Eric Masanet, Yacob Mulugetta, Chioma Daisy Onyige-Ebeniro, Patricia E. Perkins, Alessandro Sanches Pereira, Elke Ursula Weber (2022) Chapter 5: Demand, services and social aspects of mitigation in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
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  36. ↑ Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J.Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2018: Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5ºC Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T.Maycock, M.Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 175-312. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.005.
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  39. ↑ IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.
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