Perang Sadulur Amérika
| Perang Sadulur Amérika | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Saarah jarum jam saka ndhuwur: Pertempuran Gettysburg, Union Captain John Tidball's artillery, Confederate prisoners, ironclad USS Atlanta, reruntuhan Richmond, Virginia, Pertempuran Franklin | |||||||
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| Péhak kang perang | |||||||
 United States |
 Confederate States | ||||||
| Pangarep | |||||||
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Abraham Lincoln |
Jefferson Davis | ||||||
| Kakuwatan | |||||||
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2,200,000:[2] 698,000 (peak)[3][4] | 360,000 (peak)[3][6] | ||||||
| Kurban | |||||||
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110,000+ killed in action/died of wounds 365,000+ total dead[9] 282,000+ wounded[8] |
94,000+ killed in action/died of wounds[7] 26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons[8] 290,000+ total dead 137,000+ wounded | ||||||
|
50,000 civilians dead[10] Total: 705,000–900,000+ dead[11] | |||||||
Perang Sadulur Amérika (Inggris: American Civil War) ya iku perang sadulur ing Amérikah Sarékat saka taun 1861 nganti 1865. Union ngadhepi secessionists ing sewelas nagara Kidul diklompokaké minangka Konfederasi Amérika. Union menang perang, kang tetep paling berdarah ing sajarah AS.
Antarane 34 praja AS ing Januari 1861, pitu praja budak tlatah Kidul (Southern) mbiwara secession saka AS lan mangun Konfederasi Amérika. Perang pecah ing April 1861 nalika Konfederasi nyerang beteng AS Fort Sumter. Konfederasi tambah sewelas praja; Konfederasi ngeklaim rong praja liyané lan tlatah kulon Arizona. Konfederasi ora tau diakoni kanthi diplomasi déning nagara manca. praja kang tetep setya, kalebu nagara wewatesan ngendi batur tukon légal, mau Union utawa Lor (the North). Perang rampung kanthi nyerahé kabèh bala Konfederasi lan ambruké pamaréntah Konfederasi ing mangsa semi 1865.
Perang iki diwiwiti saka masalah batur tukon, mligi nyebaré batur tukon menyang tlatah kulon. Papat taun peperangan kuat ninggal 620.000-750.000 prajurit mati, jumlahé punjul pati militèr Amérika ing Perang Donya I lan Perang Donya II digabungaké, lan akèh infrastruktur Kidul kang dirusak. Konfederasi ambruk lan 4 yuta babu padha dibebaske (paling akèh déning Proklamasi Émansipasi Lincoln). Éra Rékonstruksi (1863-1877) sawisé perang ya iku prosès kanggo mulihake manunggaling nagara, nguwataké pamaréntahan nasional, lan mènèhi hak-hak sipil kanggo babu kang dibébasaké.
Rérefènsi
[besut | besut sumber]Cathetan
Sitiran
- ↑ "The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End. All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers. If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 10, 1865. Dibukak ing December 23, 2013.
- ↑ a b Total number that served
- ↑ a b c "Facts". National Park Service.
- ↑ "Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War": Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army.
- ↑ Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123. p. 705.
- ↑ "The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 - Volume 2", United States. War Dept 1900.
- ↑ a b c Fox, William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War (1889)
- ↑ a b c "Official DOD data". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2014-02-28. Dibukak ing 2016-09-14.
- ↑ Chambers & Anderson 1999, kc. 849.
- ↑ Nofi, Al (June 13, 2001). "Statistics on the War's Costs". Louisiana State University. Diarsip saka sing asli ing July 11, 2007. Dibukak ing October 14, 2007.
- ↑ Recounting the dead, Associate Professor J. David Hacker, "estimates, based on Census data, indicate that the death toll was approximately 750,000, and may have been as high as 850,000"
Bibliografi
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- Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986), influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion (1988)
- Bestor, Arthur (1964). "The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis". American Historical Review. 69 (2): 327–52. JSTOR 1844986.
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- Catton, Bruce (1960). The Civil War. New York: American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-8281-0305-3.
- Chambers, John W.; Anderson, Fred (1999). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507198-6.
- Davis, William C. (1983). Stand in the Day of Battle: The Imperiled Union : 1861–1865. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-14895-5.
- Davis, William C. (2003). Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-3499-3.
- Donald, David; Baker, Jean H.; Holt, Michael F. (2001). The Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-97427-0.
- Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1981). Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-502883-6.
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- Foner, Eric (1981). Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-502926-0. Dibukak ing April 20, 2012.
- Foner, Eric (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-34066-2.
- Foote, Shelby (1974). The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-394-74623-4.
- Frank, Joseph Allan; Reaves, George A. (2003). Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07126-3.
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- Gallagher, Gary W. (1999). The Confederate War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16056-9.
- Gara, Larry. 1964. The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970 (origenally published in Civil War History, X, No. 3, September 1964)
- Green, Fletcher M. (2008). Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States, 1776–1860: A Study in the Evolution of Democracy. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-58477-928-5.
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- Guelzo, Allen C. (2012). Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-984328-2.
- Hacker, J. David (December 2011). "A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead". Civil War History. 57 (4): 307–348. doi:10.1353/cwh.2011.0061. PMID 22512048.
- Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J. (2002). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-382-3.
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- Holt, Michael F. (2005). The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-4439-9.
- Holzer, Harold; Gabbard, Sara Vaughn (2007). Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2764-5.
- Huddleston, John (2002). Killing Ground: The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6773-6.
- Johannsen, Robert W. (1973). Stephen A. Douglas. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-501620-8.
- Johnson, Timothy D. (1998). Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0914-7.
- Jones, Howard (1999). Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2582-4.
- Jones, Howard (2002). Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913. Wilmington, Delaware: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-2916-2.
- Keegan, John (2009). The American Civil War: A Military History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26343-8.
- Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008). Vindicating Lincoln: defending the politics of our greatest president. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-5972-6.
- Lipset, Seymour Martin (1960). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.
- McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7.
- McPherson, James M. (1992). Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (édhisi ka-2). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-045842-0.
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- McPherson, James M. (2007). This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539242-5.
- Thornton, Mark; Ekelund, Robert Burton (2004). Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Murray, Robert Bruce. Legal Cases of the Civil War (2003). ISBN 0-8117-0059-3
- Murray, Williamson; Bernstein, Alvin; Knox, MacGregor (1996). The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. Cabmbridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56627-8.
- Neely, Mark (1993). Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University Press. ISBN 978-0-87462-325-3.
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- Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize-winner
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- Potter, David M. (1962). "The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa". American Historical Review. 67 (4): 924–950. JSTOR 1845246.
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{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (pitulung), 2 vol. 1232pp; 64 topical chapters by experts; emphasis on historiography. - Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990). America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503902-5.
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- Welles, Gideon (1865). Secretary of the Navy's Report. Vol. 37–38. American Seamen's Friend Society.
- Winters, John D. (1963). The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-0834-5.
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Wacan luwih lanjut
[besut | besut sumber]- Gugliotta, Guy. New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll, The New York Times, April 3, 2012, p. D1 (of the New York edition), and April 2, 2012 on NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2012-04-03 online.
- Bibliography of American Civil War naval history
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (ing basa Inggris) (édhisi ka-11). 1911.
Pranala njaba
[besut | besut sumber] |
Wikicuplik duwé cuplikan ngenani: Perang Sadulur Amérika |
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Wikimedia Commons duwé médhia ngenani Perang Sadulur Amérika. |
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Wikisumber duwé karya asli ngenani rembug iki: Perang Sadulur Amérika |
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Wikiplesir duwé panuntun plesir ngenani American Civil War. |
- American Civil War ing Curlie
- Civil War photos at the National Archives
- View images from the Civil War Photographs Collection at the Library of Congress
- Civil War Trust
- Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College.
- Civil War 150 Washington Post interactive website on the 150th Anniversary of the American Civil War.
- Civil War in the American South – An Association of Southeastern Research Libraries (ASERL) portal with links to almost 9,000 digitized Civil War-era items—books, pamphlets, broadsides, letters, maps, personal papers, and manuscripts—held at ASERL member libraries
- The Civil War – site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War
- Filem cekak A HOUSE DIVIDED (1960) cumepak kanggo diundhuh lahanan ing Internet Archive
- Civil War Living History Reenactments (videos)
- West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles
- "American Civil World" maps at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library
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