Bellum

Part of the Stele of the Vultures depicting heavy infantry marching in formation

Part of the Bayeux Tapestry depicting Norman heavy cavalry charging Saxon shield wall

Painting of Napolean and his troops in winter retreating from Moscow

Soldiers wading ashore from landing craft on D-Day

British rhomboid tank and soldiers preparing to advance

Modo horologico a laeva summaque parte:
Militia antiqua: Stela Vulturia, circa 2500 a.C.n.
Militia mediaevalis: Pugna Hastingensis, 1066.
Militia hodierna prima: Receptus a Moscua, 1812.
Militia aevi industrialis: Proelium Samarense, 1916.
Militia hodierna: Egressus Normannienses, 1944.
Militia nuclearis: experimentum armorum nuclearium, 1954.

Bellum (-i, n.) est res socialis et politica, e concursu armato saepe constans. Bellum saepe anteceditur a discordiae tempore atque discriminis. Nostra aetate, legati ambarum factionum (vel civitatum) enixe (vel autem ficte) bellum cavere conantur. Exercitus vim fiduciamque factionis ostendunt: non numquam adversarium tantum exanimant, ut bellum ambo aemuli amovere statuant.

*Pictura muralis de bello* Gari Melchers (1896).

Unam legis e paginis de

re militari

disserentibus

Typi bellorum

Vires armatae

Ius

Vide etiam
Index bellorum · Arma · Pax · Dissimulatio · Glossarium · Diplomatia

Numeri crescentes et bellum perpetuum inter civitates urbanas Mayenses ob opes naturae ad ruinam civilizationis Maya ante annum 900 fortasse contulerunt.

Mulieres et sacerdotes mortua militum Suabicorum corpora paulo extra urbanas Constantiae portas post proelium Schwaderloh *(Luzerner Schilling)* amovent.

Pugnantur bella ad ubertatem loci tenendam, ad solvendas mercatorias vel finium controversias, propter discordiam de pecuniis, ob dissensiones civiles religionis vel doctrinae causa, ac multis de causis aliis.

Saepe in bello et vincere vincique luctuosum ac sumptuosum civitati et gentibus est. Bella a militibus informibus fere geruntur, qui a civitatibus suis solvuntur. Hi bellum cum armis gerunt quae trans tempus variant.

Ius in bello est pars iuris internationalis, et praescribit quibus de causis bella geri possint; praetera plurimae nationes orbis terrarum tantum bellum quod ad defendendum geritur probant. De causis belli iusti a temporibus Romanorum controversiae fuerunt, quae a patribus Christianis^[1] et iuris peritis sequentibus continuatae sunt, dum in Concordantia discordantium canonum Gratiani, dicta breviter decreto Gratiani, collectae sunt..

Etymologia

Origo verbi saepe incognita habetur.^[2] Tradit autem Daniel Petit^[3] etymologiam quam proposuit G.-J. Pinault,^[4] quae dicit bellum coniungi potesse cognatione etymologica cum adiectivo bono et vocabulis quae ad eandem familiam pertinent. Cum radix indoeuropeana *dweno (> bonus) 'bonus, fortis' olim significavisset, radix derivata *dweno-lo- significavisset 'satis bonus vel fortis', e qua significatione, sensus duo nati essent, alter restrictus ('non omnino bonus' > 'qui bonus videtur, sed non ex omni parte', Latine bellus, sensu deminutivo), alter plenior ('vere bonus' > casu neutro, adiectivum substantivatum, 'gesta fortissima', Latine bellum). Latinitas autem medii aevi non solum bello, sed etiam vocabulo guerra (e nomine Francice *werra) utebatur.^[5]; sic in multis linguis Europae, vocabulo derivato non a bello, sed a *werra, utuntur (Anglice war; Francice guerre; Hispanice et Italiane guerra).

Sententiae nonnullae de bello

"Aequalitas haud parit bellum" (Erasmus, Adagia, e sententia soloniana "τὸ ἴσον πόλεμον οὐ ποιεῖ")
"Bellum omnium contra omnes"
"Dulce bellum inexpertis" (titulus adagii erasmiani -no 3001 -, longissimi omnium, e sententia pindariana "γλυκύς ἐστι πόλεμος ἀπείροισιν" (fr. 110,1)
"Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." (Horatius) in (III.2.13^?):^[6]
"Et [Deus] iudicabit inter populos multos et decernet gentibus fortibus usque in longinquum; et concident gladios suos in vomeres et hastas suas in falces; non sumet gens adversus gentem gladium, neque discent ultra belligerare." (Micha 4,3; translatio Nova Vulgata Bibliae)
"Gladius axis orbis terrarum est et potentia eius absoluta est." (Carolus de Gaulle)
"Hostes hi sunt, qui nobis aut quibus nos publice bellum decrevimus, ceteri latrones aut praedones sunt." (Digestae 50,16,118)
"Mars communis". "Incertum ac varium belli eventum notant hoc dicto : Ἄρης κοινός, id est Mars communis"^[7].
"Pugnant homines pugnas quia terrarum orbis factus sine homine est, atque sine homine finem habebit." (pellicula Tiger ac nix, Italiane: La tigre e la neve)
"Inter arma enim silent leges." (Cicero)
"Si vis pacem, para bellum." (Vegetius)
"Ultima ratio regum" (scilicet "Vis est ultima, caet.") est sententia quae, jussu Ludovici XIV, legebatur super cannonibus Francicis.

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ .Ambrosius, De officiis ministrorum; Augustinus De civitate dei et Quaestiones in Heptateuchum.
↑ Ernout A.et Meillet A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine (Lutetiae: Klincksiek, 1951), 122
↑ Brachet Jean-Paul, de Lamberterie Charles, "Chronique d'étymologie latine [1]. N˚ 2 (CEL 2004)," Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes (2004/2) 78: 315–41. [1].
↑ "Bellum: la guerre et la beauté," De Virgile 1987: 151–56.
↑ Du Cange.
↑ "Q. Horati Flaccvs". The Latin Library
↑ Erasmus, Adagium 3646^{[nexus deficit]}

Bibliographia

Capulla, Duane M. 2008. War Wolf. University of Pili.
Chagnon, Nicholas. 1983. The Yanomamo. Novi Eboraci: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Codevilla, Angelo M., et Paul Seabury. 2006. War: Ends and Means. Ed, 2a, Potomac Books.
Codevilla, Angelo M. 2005. No Victory, No Peace. Rowman and Littlefield.
Gad, Barzilai. 1996. Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East. Albaniae: State University of New York Press,
Clausewitz, Carl Von. 1976. On War. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.
Fornari, Franco. 1974. The Psychoanalysis of War. Conv. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, Novi Eboraci: Doubleday Anchor Press. Reimp. 1975. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fry, Douglas P. 2005. The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
Gat, Azar. 2006. War in Human Civilization. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
Heinsohn, Gunnar. 2003. Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen. Orell Füssli. PDF.
Keeley, Lawrence. 1996. War Before Civilization. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
LeBlanc, S. A. 1999. Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press.
Maniscalco, Fabio. 2007. World Heritage and War. Monographic series "Mediterraneum," 6. Neapoli: Massa, Naples.
Karsten, Rafael. 1923. Blood revenge, war, and victory feasts among the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador.
Keegan, John. 1994. "A History Of Warfare." Pimlico.
Kelly, Raymond C. 2000. Warless Societies and the Origin of War. University of Michigan Press.
Livingstone Smith, David. 2007. The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War, St. Martin's Press.
Otterbein, Keit. 2004. How War Began.
Pauketat, Timothy. 2005. North American Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing.
Small, Melvin, et David J. Singer. 1982. Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars. Sage Publications.
Turchin, P. 2005. War and Peace and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations. Novi Eboraci: Pi Press.
Van Creveld, Martin. The Art of War: War and Military Thought. Londinii: Cassell, Wellington House.
Wade, Nicholas. 2006. Before the Dawn. Novi Eboraci: Penguin.
Walzer, Michael. 1977. Just and Unjust Wars. Basic Books.
Zimmerman, L. 1981. The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report. US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District.

Nexus externus

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Bellum spectant.

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Actionem belli spectant.

Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Bellum spectant.

"Correlates of War Project," www.umich.edu.
"Correlates of War 2," cow2.la.psu.edu.
Contra bellum, www.antiwar.com.
"War." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
"Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT)." www.cedat.org.
"The Art of the War." Apud www.literalmagazine.com
"World War I primary source collection." libluna.colorado.edu.
"Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century." necrometrics.com.
"International humanitarian law." International Committee of the Red Cross.
"Customary international humanitarian law." International Committee of the Red Cross.
"International humanitarian law database." Treaties and States Parties (icrc.org).
"Customary IHL Database." International Committee of the Red Cross (icrc.org).

[1] .Ambrosius, De officiis ministrorum; Augustinus De civitate dei et Quaestiones in Heptateuchum.

[2] Ernout A.et Meillet A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine (Lutetiae: Klincksiek, 1951), 122

[3] Brachet Jean-Paul, de Lamberterie Charles, "Chronique d'étymologie latine [1]. N˚ 2 (CEL 2004)," Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes (2004/2) 78: 315–41. [1].

[4] "Bellum: la guerre et la beauté," De Virgile 1987: 151–56.

[5] Du Cange.

[horace-6] "Q. Horati Flaccvs". The Latin Library

[7] Erasmus, Adagium 3646^{[nexus deficit]}

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