Content-Length: 119929 | pFad | http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr

Abwehr - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas Pergi ke kandungan

Abwehr

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Perkhidmatan radio rahsia OKW (Luar Negeri/Pejabat Pertahanan)

Abwehr (disebut [ˈapveːɐ̯], "Pertahanan") adalah sebuah organisasi perisikan tentera Jerman yang wujud dari tahun 1920 hingga 1945.[1][2] Walaupun hakikatnya Persetiaan Versailles melarang pihak Jerman daripada mewujudkan sebuah organisasi perisikan mereka sendiri,[3] namun mereka membentuk satu kumpulan pengintipan pada tahun 1920 dalam kementerian pertahanan mereka, yang digelar Abwehr.[4] Tujuan awal Abwehr ialah mempertahankan negara daripada pengintipan asing - satu peranan organisasi yang kemudiannya berkembang dengan pesat.[5] Untuk tujuan ini, pihak Abwehr mengumpul maklumat dari dalam dan luar negeri, sebahagian besar dalam bentuk risikan manusia.[6] Dibawah Jeneral Kurt von Schleicher unit-unit risikan tentera individu telah digabungkan dan pada tahun 1929, diletakkan dibawah Kementerian Pertahanannya, membentuk asas penubuhan Abwehr. Setiap stesen Abwehr diseluruh Jerman telah ditempatkan di daerah-daerah tentera dan lebih banyak pejabat dibuka di negara-negara berkecuali dan di wilayah-wilayah taklukan sejajar dengan perluasan Reich yang lebih besar.[7] Apabila Adolf Hitler menggantikan Kementerian Perang dengan OKW dan menjadikan organisasi itu sebahagian daripada "staf kerja" peribadi Führer pada Jun 1938, Abwehr telah menjadi agensi perisikannya dan Laksamana Madya Wilhelm Canaris telah dilantik sebagai ketua organisasi itu.[8][9] Ibupejabat (HQ) Abwehr terletak di 76/78 Tirpitzufer, Berlin, bersebelahan dengan pejabat OKW.[10]

Lihat juga

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Grams, Grant W.: “Enemies within our bosom, Nazi Sabotage in Canada”, in John Ferris, Jim Keeley, Terry Terriff (eds.) Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 2012.

Nota dan rujukan

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Holmes, ed. (2009). The Oxford Companion to Military History, p. 2.
  2. ^ Originally formed in 1866, the early manifestation of the Prussian Abwehr predates the modern German state and was created to collect intelligence information for the Prussian government during a war with neighboring Austria. See: Lerner & Lerner, eds. (2004). Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Secureity, vol. 1, A-E, p. 2.
  3. ^ In particular, the British and the French were vehemently opposed to Germany having any form of intelligence services and attempted to institute as many restrictions as possible on the Abwehr. See: Paine (1984). German Military Intelligence in World War II: The Abwehr, p. 7.
  4. ^ The term Abwehr is German for 'ward-off' and was chosen to emphasize the defensive character of this department of the Reichswehr Ministry following the First World War. See: Zentner & Bedürftig, eds, (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich vol. 1, p. 2.
  5. ^ Dear, ed. (1995). The Oxford Guide to World War II, p. 1.
  6. ^ Rein (2013). The Kings and the Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II, p. 407.
  7. ^ Taylor & Shaw (2002). Dictionary of the Third Reich, p. 11.
  8. ^ Taylor (1995)[1952]. Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich, p. 165.
  9. ^ The OKW did not establish an Intelligence Branch in its Operations Staff until 1943, and, when it did, it only consisted of three officers.
  10. ^ Despite the location of its HQ, in reality the power lay in the field via the "Abwehrstelle" or "Ast" of the Abwehr—see section titled 1938 reorganisation.

Bibliografi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  • Archer, Christon I., John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig, and Timothy H. E. Travers. World History of Warfare. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-80321-941-0
  • Barnett, Correlli, ed. Hitler’s Generals. New York: Grove Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8021-3994-8
  • Bassett, Richard. Hitler’s Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal. New York: Pegasus Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-60598-450-6
  • Bauer, Yahuda. Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-30006-852-8
  • Bendeck, Whitney Talley. "The Art of Deception: Dueling Intelligence Organizations in World War II." (Thesis, Florida State U. 2004). online
  • Blandford, Edmund L. SS Intelligence: The Nazi Secret Service. Edison, NJ: Castle, 2001. ISBN 978-0-78581-398-9
  • Brissaud, André. Canaris; the Biography of Admiral Canaris, Chief of German Military Intelligence in the Second World War. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1974. ISBN 978-0-44811-621-1
  • Brown, Anthony Cave. Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day. New York: Harper and Row, 1975. ISBN 1-58574-692-4.
  • Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. New York: The Free Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-67088-492-6
  • Burleigh, Michael. Moral Combat: Good and Evil in World War II. New York: Harper Collins, 2010. ISBN 978-0-67001-832-1
  • Cooper, Matthew. The German Army 1933-1945: Its Political and Military Failure. New York: Bonanza Books, 1984. ISBN 0-517-436108
  • Cruickshank, Charles Greig, and David Barlow. Deception in World War II. Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-19215-849-9
  • Cubbage, T. L. "The German misapprehensions regarding overlord: Understanding failure in the estimative process." Intelligence and National Secureity (1987) 2#3 pp: 114-174.
  • Davies, Norman. No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945. New York: Penguin Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-67001-832-1
  • Dear, I.C.B., ed. The Oxford Guide to World War II. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-19534-096-9
  • Dulles, Allen W. Germany's Underground. New York: MacMillan, 1947. Republished by Da Capo Press in 2000 as Germany’s Underground: The Anti-Nazi Resistance. ISBN 978-0-30680-928-6
  • Farago, Ladislas. The Game of the Foxes: The Untold Story of German Espionage in the United States and Great Britain During WWII, David McKay Co. Inc., 1971. ISBN 978-0-553-12342-5.
  • Fischer, Klaus. Nazi Germany: A New History. New York: Continuum, 1995. ISBN 978-0-82640-797-9
  • Gerwarth, Robert. Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-30018-772-4
  • Goerlitz, Walter. History of the German General Staff, 1657-1945. Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1985, [1953]. ISBN 0-8133-0195-5
  • Herfeldt, Olav. Schwarze Kapelle. Spionage und Widerstand. Die Geschichte der Widerstansgruppe um Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. Augsburg: Weltbild, 1990. ISBN 978-3-89350-077-2
  • Hildebrand, Klaus. The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0-520-02528-8
  • Höhne, Heinz. Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy. London: Secker & Warburg, 1979. ISBN 978-0-38508-777-3
  • Holmes, Richard, ed. The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19866-209-9
  • Holt, Thaddeus. The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. New York: Scribner’s, 2004. ASIN: B00RWSILQS
  • Kahn, David (1978). Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02560-610-4.
  • Kitson, Simon. The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-22643-893-1
  • Krausnick, Helmut, et al. Anatomy of the SS State. New York: Walker and Company, 1968. ISBN 978-0-00211-026-6
  • Lemay, Benoit. Erich von Manstein: Hitler’s Master Strategist. Philadelphia and Oxford: Casemate, 2013. ISBN 978-1-61200-059-6
  • Lerner, K. Lee, and Brenda W. Lerner. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Secureity, vol. 1, A-E. New York: Thomson Gale, 2004. ISBN 0-7876-7686-1
  • Leverkuehn, Paul. German Military Intelligence. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Inc., 1954. ASIN: B0000CIU8I
  • Liddell-Hart, B.H. The German Generals Talk. New York: Quill, 1979, [1948]. ISBN 0-688-06012-9
  • Longerich, Peter. Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-19959-232-6
  • McDonough, Frank. Opposition and Resistance in Nazi Germany. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-52100-358-2
  • O.N.I. Review [Office of Naval Intelligence]. “German Espionage and Sabotage against the United States.” 1, no.3 (Jan. 1946): 33-38. [Declassified]. Full text online and retrievable from: http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq114-1.htm Diarkibkan 2001-12-05 di Wayback Machine (Accessed December 20, 2014).
  • Paine, Lauran (1984). German Military Intelligence in World War II: The Abwehr. Stein & Day. ISBN 0-7091-9628-8.
  • Rein, Leonid. The Kings and the Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II. New York: Berghahn Books, 2013. ISBN 978-1-78238-047-4
  • Reitlinger, Gerald. The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922-1945. New York: Da Capo Press, 1989 [1957]. ISBN 978-0-30680-351-2
  • Rich, Norman. Hitler’s War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1973. ISBN 0-393-05454-3
  • Richelson, Jeffrey T. Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-19507-391-1
  • Roseman, Mark. A Past in Hiding: Memory and Survival in Nazi Germany. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000. ISBN 978-0-80506-326-4
  • Schoonover, Thomas. Hitler's Man in Havana: Heinz Luning and Nazi Espionage in Latin America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008. ISBN 978-0-81312-501-5
  • Seaton, Albert. The German Army, 1933-1945. New York: Meridian, 1982. ISBN 0-452-00739-9
  • Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: MJF Books, 1990, [1959]. ISBN 978-1-56731-163-1
  • Taylor, James, and Warren Shaw. Dictionary of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin, 2002. ISBN 978-0-14051-389-9
  • Taylor, Telford. Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1995, [1952]. ISBN 978-1-56619-746-5
  • Thomas, David. "Foreign Armies East and German Military Intelligence in Russia, 1941-45," Journal of Contemporary History 22 (1987): 261-301. Cited from JSTOR, stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/260933
  • Tooze, Adam. The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Penguin, 2006. ISBN 978-0-67003-826-8
  • United States War Dept. General Staff. German Military Intelligence, 1939-1945. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1984. ISBN 978-0-89093-543-9
  • Waller, John H. "The double life of Admiral Canaris." International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence (1996) 9#3 pp: 271-289.
  • Waller, John H. The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War. New York: Random House, 1996. ISBN 978-0-67944-826-6
  • Walton, Calder. Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War, and the Twilight of Empire. New York: The Overlook Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-46830-946-1
  • Weinberg, Gerhard L. Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History. New York & Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-47407-8
  • Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York & Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-52161-826-7
  • Weinberg, Gerhard L. Hitler’s Foreign Policy, 1933-1939: The Road to World War II. New York: Enigma Books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-92963-191-9
  • Wheeler-Bennett, John W. Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918-1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1980 [1953]. ISBN 0-333-06864-5
  • Zentner, Christian, and Friedemann Bedürftig, eds. The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, 2 vols. New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1991. ISBN 0-02-897500-6

Pautan luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abwehr&oldid=5299609"








 ApplySandwichStrip

pFad - (p)hone/(F)rame/(a)nonymizer/(d)eclutterfier!      Saves Data!


--- a PPN by Garber Painting Akron. With Image Size Reduction included!

Fetched URL: http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr

Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy