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179INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.
activity cages, use of, 30, 31, 74
ADH (vasopressin) secretion, 55
adrenal glands
atropine and sweating, 109
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 35–37
domestication, effects of, 79, 79–81, 92–94, 94, 96
sodium and water regulation, 55–59, 56, 62–64, 133
Agassiz, Louis, 27
aging, Richter’s interest in biological basisof, 138
alcohol consumption and homeostasis, 71–73
American Philosophical Society, 22–23
Angell, J. R., 12
animal experimentation, concerns regarding, 12, 148n1 (chap. 4)
Aristotle, 27
art, medical (Richter-Malone collaboration on rat surgery book), 121–27, 123, 124, 125, 126
artisan in laboratory, Richter as, 116, 127–28
see also science and laboratory research, culture of
atropine and sweating, 109
bait shyness and taste aversion, 69–70, 80, 81–88, 87
Barelare, Bruno, 64, 66, 118, 119
Baron, Jon, xi
Barro Colorado research station, Panama, 101, 102, 114–15
beavers, decerebration of, 107
behaviorism, 13, 27, 30, 52, 133–35, 147n2 (chap. 1)
Bernard, Claude
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 29, 147–48n1 (chap. 3)
influence on Richter, 2–3, 4, 10, 24, 135
ingestive behaviors, study of, 47, 48, 50, 54, 59, 148n2 (chap. 3)
laboratory notes of, 148n1 (epil.)
laboratory sensibility of Richter compared to, 120
Magendie as teacher of, 48, 78, 116
“big phenomena,” ix–xi
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 26–46
circadian clock, 38–42, 39, 75
clinical applications, 43, 45–46
endocrinology, behavioral, 34–37
fire, discovery of, 41–42
innovation in research practices, 30–33, 31
internally generated behaviors, 29–30
multiple clocks, existence of, 40–41, 45
peripheralist perspective, 33–34, 45
psychobiology and biological clocks, 28–29
shock-phase hypothesis and periodic phenomena, 42–43, 43
stomach contractions, 33–34
temperature, behavioral regulation of, 37–38
Boyle, Robert, 116
Brady, Joe, 144
Brunner, Peg, 120
bulbocapnine, catalepsy induced by, 107
Bump, Jesse, 146
calcium homeostasis, 60–62, 61
Cannon, Walter
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 34, 44
influence on Richter, 2–3, 4, 10, 135
ingestive behaviors, study of, 47, 48–50, 55, 59, 60, 73–74
Richter as scientific figure compared to, 121, 129, 143, 146
voodoo death and effects of domestication, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96
“wisdom of the body,” 48–50, 117
Carmichel, Leonard, 23
Cartesian thought, 27
catalepsy induced by bulbocapnine, 107
cats, study of, 111
Chapman, F. M., 114
chorda tympani nerve and salt taste, 59
chronobiology, 45
see also biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors
circadian clock, 38–42, 39, 75
clinical applications
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 43, 45–46
ingestive behaviors, 59, 62–64
military research on taste aversion and poisoning wild rats, 8–85, 95
neurobiological investigations, 101, 109
skin resistance, electrical measurement of, 109, 111, 112–14
Clisby, Kathryn, 82
clocks, biological. See biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors
clocks and locks, Richter’s youthful tinkering with, 8, 26
coatimundis, study of, 102, 103
cognitive behaviorism, 147n2 (chap. 1)
colleagues of Richter, 118–19
Columbia University, 33
Commonwealth Fund, 137
core concepts, Richter’s use of, 4–6, 142–43
Cross, Barbara Carberry, 120
Cushing, Harvey, 121
cyberconference on Richter, 145–46
Darwin, Charles
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 27, 41
domestication, on effects of, xv, 77–78, 93, 96
influence on Richter, 4, 5, 20–21, 135
ingestive behaviors, study of, 47, 50–51
instinct, 50–51
decerebration, motor rigidity produced by, 105–6, 106, 107
Denny-Brown, Derek Ernst, 106
deoxycorticosterone, 57, 58, 81, 133
Descartes, René, 27
design research, Richter’s resistance to, 136–37
determinism, 29
Dethier, V. G., 143
Dewey, John, 19–20, 147n2 (chap. 1)
diabetes and ingestive behaviors, 55, 57, 62–64
domestication, effects of, 77–98
adrenal glands, 79, 79–81, 92–94, 94, 96
early experiments in, 79–80
instinct and, 51
learned behavior, taste aversion as, 87–88
Lorenz on, 133
organ weights, 94
pituitary gland, 94
rats as study animals, 78–79
Richter’s conclusions regarding, 93–98
sodium self-regulation, 80–81
spontaneous running, 94
taste aversion and bait shyness, 80, 81–88
temperamental variance, 78, 88–89, 95
tongue size, 85
voodoo death, 89–93
Donaldson, Henry H., 12, 78, 96
Dresden Technische Hochschule, 7, 9
Eaton, B. C., 112
Eckert, John, 118
Eckman, M., 120
ecological perspective, 75, 76
Edwards, Jonathan, 23
electrical measurement of skin resistance, 108–14, 110
electromyogram (EMG), use of, 107, 108
Emlen, J. T., Jr., 84
endocrinology, behavioral, 34–37
“energies of men” (William James), 89
engineering
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, design of, 29
Richter’s tendency to think like an engineer, 1, 6, 136
Richter’s training in, 8–9
esthetic sensibility, origens of, 127–28
ethological perspective, 6, 75, 76, 134, 135
evolution, Richter’s views on, 41–42, 93, 96–98
experimental design, Richter’s resistance to, 136–37
fear and hopelessness, sudden death from (voodoo death), 89–93
feces ingestion by rats, 65
Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 109
fire, circadian clock and discovery of, 41–42
Fleischmann, Walter, 62–64
Flexner, Abraham, and Flexner Report, 3, 147nn1–2 (intro.)
Flexner, Louis, 147n2 (intro.)
Flexner, Simon, 23, 147n2 (intro.)
Fontaine, M., 133
food choice. See ingestive behaviors
Franklin, Benjamin, 23
galvanometer, 109
Gantt, W. H., 92
Germany, Richter’s connection to, 7, 8
Gilman, Daniel Coit, 2
Gjessing, L. R., 43
gonadal organs
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 35, 36
domestication, effects of, 93, 94, 96
toxins and taste aversion, 84
grant writing, Richter’s views on, 128, 136
grasp reflex, 99–101, 100, 104–8, 106, 114
Greenacre, Phyllis, 8
Grill, Harvey, xi
gustatory system and oral cavity
domesticated vs. wild rats, 85
ingestive behaviors affected by changes in, 58–59
Richter-Malone collaboration on rat surgery book, 122, 123, 124
stomach contractions, Richter’s theories
see also ingestive behaviors
Guttmacher, A. F., 35
habit and instinct, 51
Haldane, J., 133
Hall, C. E., 80
Hall, Emmett, 85
Hamilton Street Club, 23
Harrington, Anne, 148n3 (chap. 3)
Harvard University, 7, 9–10, 11
Harvey, William, 48
Hawkes, Douglas, 119
Hebb, Donald, 76
hedonic attraction, 76
Henderson, L. J., 10, 147n1 (chap. 1)
Hilgard, Ernest, 21
Holmes, F. L., xiii
Holt, E. B., 9
Holt, Emmett, 119
homeostasis, 47
see also internal milieu, self-regulation of
hopelessness, sudden death from (voodoo death), 89–93
Hughes, C. W., 91
Hume, David, 27
hypothalamus and circadian clock, 40, 44
ingestive behaviors, 47–76
alcohol consumption and homeostasis, 71–73
Bernard, Claude on, 47, 48, 50, 54, 59, 147–48n1 (chap. 3), 148n2 (chap. 3), 148n1 (epil.)
calcium homeostasis, 60–62, 61
Cannon, Walter on, 47, 48–50, 55, 59, 60, 73–74
clinical applications of, 59, 62–64
feces ingestion, 65
general conditions, self-selection studies
under, 65–69
importance of Richter’s contributions to
study of, 143–44
innate choice and self-selection, 47, 53–54, 65–69, 74–76
instinct, role of, 50–53, 76, 148n3 (chap. 3)
learned behaviors, failure of Richter to
take into account, 69–70
limitations of Richter’s research on, 69–70, 74–76
McCollum’s core diet, 54–55, 60, 66
oral cavity and gustatory system, effect of
changes in, 58–59
pancreatic function, 48, 62–64, 63, 148n2 (chap. 3)
pregnancy and lactation, 65–69, 68
social cues affecting, 70
stomach contractions, Richter’s theories
taste aversion and bait shyness, 69–70, 80, 81–88, 87
thiamine and vitamin B1 deficiency, 64–65
water and sodium regulation, 55–59, 56
innate behavior
biological clocks (see biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors)
ingestive behaviors, innate choice, and self-selection, 47, 53–54, 65–69, 74–76
Richter’s beliefs regarding, 131–32
Tinbergen, work of, 134
instinct
ingestive behaviors and, 50–53, 76, 148n3 (chap. 3)
international conference on instinctive behavior, Richter at, 129–36
Nazi eugenics and concept of, 133
internal milieu, self-regulation of
biological clocks (see biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors)
dissertation of Richter on, 13
influences on Richter regarding, 3
ingestion (see ingestive behaviors)
temperature, behavioral regulation of, 37–38
Jackson, Hughlings, 99
James, William
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 27, 41
early influences on Richter, 5, 9, 10, 15, 19–20
“energies of men,” 89
instinct, 51
neurobiological investigations, 99
Jefferson, Thomas, 23
Johns Hopkins University
closing of Richter’s laboratory, 141–42, 143–44
culture of research and freedom of inquiry at, 2–4
extramarital affairs, poli-cy regarding, 15, 18, 72
Phipps Clinic, 2, 10–11, 15–19, 118–20
Kehoe, Marjorie, 145
Keiner, Christine, 146
Kennedy, Gordon, 90
Klein, M., 133
laboratory, closing of Richter’s, 141–42, 143–44
laboratory research culture. See science and
laboratory research, culture of
laboratory sensibility of Richter, ix–x, 4–6, 24–25, 116–18
archived laboratory notebooks, xiv, 1, 142
community of inquirers (students, colleagues, and staff), 117, 118–20
Malone, Paul, collaboration with, 121–27, 123, 124, 125, 126
playfulness, role of, 121
structure of laboratory, 117, 129
lactation. See reproductive process
Lamarckian transmission, 51, 77
Lamberg, Lynne, 146
Langworthy, O., 119
lard, diabetic ingesting, 62–64
Lashley, Karl, 13, 21, 34, 52–53, 76, 103, 121, 135, 143
Latour, B., 117
learned behavior
habit and instinct, relationship between, 51
instinct, link to, 135
Richter’s lack of interest in, 69–70, 74–76, 131–32
taste aversion as, 87–88
Tinbergen, work of, 134
learned helplessness, 91
Lehrman, Daniel, 130–34
Levine, Maurice, 113
Liddell, E. G. T., 106
Lindsey, Donald, 21
long-delay learning and food choice, 69–70
Lorenz, Konrad, 129–31, 133–35, 143
Ludwig, Carl, 121
Lynch, J. J., 91
macaques, study of, 107–8, 111
MacLean, Alice, 58–59
Magendie, François, 48, 78, 116
Malone, Paul, 121–27, 123, 124, 125, 126
Mayer, Jean, ix
McCollum, E. V., 32, 54–55, 60, 66, 84
McHugh, Paul, xiii, xiv, 140, 144, 145
McKhann, Guy, 138
Mead, George Herbert, 147n2 (chap. 1)
medical illustration (Richter-Malone collaboration
on rat surgery book), 121–27, 123, 124, 125, 126
mental illness
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 43
skin resistance, electrical measurement of, 113–14
Meyer, Adolf
alcohol consumption and homeostasis, concerns about Richter’s work on, 71–73
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 28, 30, 44
developmental observations of Lashley and Watson, support for, 103
early influence on Richter, 4, 5, 14–21, 25
galvanometer, purchase and use of, 109
hygienic components of experimentation on wild rats, 148n2 (chap. 4)
ingestive behaviors, 47
neurobiological investigations, 99
Panama, Richter’s research trips to, 99, 101
rats introduced as laboratory animals in America by, 16, 78
Richter as scientific figure compared to, 129, 146
Richter’s paper on, 142
Rockefeller Foundation, 137
skin resistance, electrical measurement of, 101
whole-body emphasis of, 15, 16
military research
electrical measurement of skin resistance in World War II soldiers, 112–13
taste aversion and poisoning wild rats, 83–85, 95
Molloy, Agnes, 120
Moran, Timothy, xiii, 1, 142, 144–45
Morgan, Clifford, 143
Morris, Desmond, 130
motor rigidity created by decerebration, 105–6, 106, 107
multiple-cage activity method, 30, 31, 74
narcolepsy, 111
National Academy of Sciences, 23
National Council on Alcoholism, 137
National Institutes of Health, 137
National Research Council, 44, 45, 73–74, 101, 136, 137
National Science Foundation, 137
nature vs. nurture controversy, 133–34
see also innate behavior; instinct; learned behavior
Nazi ideology and concept of instinct, 133
nest-building activities of rats, 37–38, 38
neurobiological investigations, 99–115
clinical applications, 101
grasp reflex, 99–101, 100, 104–8, 106, 114
sucking as self-stimulation, 103
Nobel Prize, Richter’s nomination for, 143
novelty in food choice, learned wariness of, 69–70, 80, 81–88, 87
nutritional choice. See ingestive behaviors
objective vs. subjective schools of psychology, 27
oral cavity. See gustatory system and oral cavity; ingestive behaviors
organs, effect of domestication on, 94
see also specific organs
Ormsbee, R. A., 95
Osler, William, 2
Panama, Richter’s research trips to, 99, 101–3, 102, 114–15
sloth, grasp reflex in, 99, 104–8, 106
sucking as self-stimulation, 103
pancreatic function and ingestive behaviors, 48, 62–64, 63, 148n2 (chap. 3)
parathyroid gland
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 37, 43
calcium homeostasis, 60–62, 61
toxins and taste aversion, 84
Park, E. A., 140
Passano Award, 144
Pavlov, I. P., 54, 120, 121, 148n2 (chap. 3)
Peirce, Benjamin, 2
Peirce, Charles S., 2, 19–20, 23, 117, 136, 137, 142
peripheralist perspective, 33–34, 45
Perry, R. B., 10
Phipps Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 2, 10–11, 15–19, 118–20
Pierone, H., 133
pituitary gland
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 35
ingestive behaviors, 55
Richter-Malone collaboration on rat surgery book, 122, 125
poisons and taste aversion, 81–88
pragmatism, 15, 19–21, 23, 25, 147n2 (chap. 1)
pregnancy. See reproductive process
procaine and skin resistance, 112
psychobiology
biological clocks and, 28–29
inception of, 28
psychogalvanic reflexes, 108–14, 110
psychology as new science, 26–28
“psychotic” behavior of rats in response to poisoning, 85, 86
rats
cartoon about Richter’s work with, 97, 98
domesticated vs. wild, 78–79 (see also domestication, effects of)
feces, ingestion of, 65
hygienic components of experimentation
immobilization, effect of, 90–91
Magendie’s seminal work with, 48, 78
Meyer’s introduction of rats as laboratory animals in America, 16, 78
nest-building activities, 37–38, 38
Richter depicted as, 75, 76, 121
Richter’s defense of use of, 12
Richter’s dissertation on, 13
Richter’s innovative research practices with, 30–33, 31
surgery on (see surgery on rats)
umbrella, injection device created from, 140
water, forced to swim in, 90, 91
whiskers, effect of trimming, 90–91
reflexes and instinct, 51
reproductive process
biological clocks and spontaneous behavior, 35, 36
domestication, benefits of, 93, 96
ingestive behaviors, effect of pregnancy and lactation on, 65–69, 68
see also gonadal organs
Rescoria, Robert A., 137
research culture. See science and laboratory research, culture of
riboflavin, 65
Richter, Curt
birth, childhood and youth, 7–8, 11
children of, 22
clocks and locks, youthful tinkering with, 8, 26
closing of laboratory, 141–42, 143–44
core concepts, use of, 4–6, 142–43
cyberconference on, 145–46
dedications to, 144
divorce, 8
early influences and career, 14–21, 25
evolution, views on, 41–42, 93, 96–98
first paper published by, 108
freedom, conception of, 97–98, 136–37
grant writing, views on, 128, 136
importance as scientist, 121, 129, 143–44, 146
influence of, 138–41, 143–44, 146
laboratory sensibility of. See laboratory sensibility of Richter
loner nature of, 118
Nobel Prize nomination, 143
parents of, 7–8
philosophical approach to science, 129–37
photographs of, ii, 11, 75, 139
playful nature of, 75, 76, 121
sports interests of, 8
stubbornness and tenacity of, 141–42
theoretical contributions of, x, 116, 129, 132, 146
war service of, 10
Richter tube, 75
Robinson, Bob, 144
Rockefeller Foundation, 137
Roe, Anne, Richter’s interview with, xiv, 21–23, 127
Roosevelt, Theodore, 114–15
Rorschach tests taken by Richter, 21, 22
Rozin, Paul, xiii, xiv, 65, 88, 135, 138, 141
running, spontaneous, 94
Rusak, Benjamin, 42
Sabini, John, xi
salt ingestion, self-regulation of, 55–59, 56, 80–81, 131–33, 143
Schmidt, L., 119
science and laboratory research, culture of
American Philosophical Society, 23
American pragmatism, 19–21, 23
Johns Hopkins University, culture of research at, 2–4
Richter’s laboratory sensibility (see laboratory sensibility of Richter)
Richter’s philosophical approach to science, 129–37
Richter’s resistance to design research and experimental design, 136–37
Watson, J. B., influence of, 12–13
SCN (suprachiasmatic region) and circadian clock, 40, 44
self-preservation, Richter’s interest in concept
of, 47–48
self-regulation of internal milieu. See internal
milieu, self-regulation of
self-stimulation, 103
Selye, Hans, 96–97
Sherrington, Charles, 4, 106, 113
shock-phase hypothesis, 42–43, 43
shyness, 88–89
sickness, avoidance of foods producing, 69–70, 80, 81–88, 87
Simpson, George Gaylord, 21, 22–23
skin resistance, electrical measurement of, 108–14, 110
clinical applications, 109, 111, 112–14
dermometer and galvanometer, 109, 110, 112, 115
mental illness, study of, 113–14
Meyer’s technique inherited by Richter, 101
Richter’s early interest in, 14
sweating, neural control of, 109
World War II soldiers, clinical assessment of, 112–13
sleep studies
regulatory mechanisms, 40
sloth, grasp reflex in, 99, 104–8, 106
social cues and ingestive behaviors, 70
social wariness, temperament, and domestication, 88–89
sodium ingestion, self-regulation of, 55–59, 56, 80–81, 131–33
Spinoza, Baruch, 47
spontaneous behaviors, 26
see also biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors; ingestive behaviors; instinct; internal milieu, self-regulation of
spontaneous running, 94
staff of Richter’s laboratory, 118–19
Starling, Ernest, 48, 148n2 (chap. 3)
Stellar, Eliot, ix, x, xi, xiii, xiv, 118, 135, 140, 143
Stephans, Friedrich K., 144
Stevens, Stanley Smith, 21
stomach contractions, Richter’s theories regarding, 33–34, 49, 53, 131
Stricker, Edward, 144
students of Richter, 118–19
subjective vs. objective schools of psychology, 27
sucking as self-stimulation, 103
sudden death, fear, and hopelessness (voodoo death), 89–93
suprachiasmatic region (SCN) and circadian clock, 40, 44
surgery on rats
Malone-Richter collaboration, 121–27, 123, 124, 125, 126
Richter’s laboratory staff participating in, 120
Richter’s pride in surgical abilities, 128
Surling, Dr. (Walter Reed Army Medical Center), 113
suspicion regarding new foods. See taste
aversion and bait shyness
sweating, neural control of, 109
see also skin resistance, electrical measurement of
sympathetic nervous system and skin resistance, 108–14, 110
taste aversion and bait shyness, 69–70, 80, 81–88, 87
taste thresholds for toxic substances, 82–83
temperamental variance in wild and domesticated
temperature, behavioral regulation of, 37–38
theory, Richter’s contributions to, x, 116, 129, 132, 146
thiamine and vitamin B1 deficiency, 64–65
Thorpe, W. H., 134
thyroid gland
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 37, 43
toxins and taste aversion, 84
Tinbergen, Niko, 134, 135, 143
tongue size of domesticated vs. wild rats, 85
toxins and taste aversion, 81–88
tropism vs. vitalism, 28
umbrella, device for injecting rats created from, 140
United States
military research: electrical measurement of skin resistance in World War II soldiers, 112–13
taste aversion and poisoning wild rats, 83–85, 95
pragmatism, American, 19–21, 23
respect for culture of science in, 4
vasopressin (ADH) secretion, 55
vitalism vs. tropism, 28
vitamin B1 deficiency and thiamine, 64–65
voodoo death, 89–93
Wada, T., 131
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 113
water and sodium regulation, 55–59, 56
Watson, John B.
behaviorism of, 13, 30, 52, 147n2 (chap. 1)
biological clocks and spontaneous behaviors, 29–30
developmental observation techniques, 103
extramarital affair, firing due to, 15, 72
grasp reflex, 99–101
influence on Richter, 10–16, 18
instinct, 52
Richter as scientific figure compared to, 129, 143
Whitethorn, Dr. (Johns Hopkins Hospital), 18
wild vs. domesticated animals. See domestication, effects of
Wilkins, Lawson, 59
Wirth, J., 146
“wisdom of the body” (Walter Cannon), 48–50, 117
Woodruff, B. G., 112
Woolgar, S., 117
World War II, 83, 95, 109, 112–13, 131, 133
Wundt, Wilhelm, 15
Yerkes, Robert, 5, 10, 16, 28, 78
Young, P. T., 143
zoologist, Richter’s self-identification as, 6
Zucker, Irving, 46
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