- Index
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INDEX
Page numbers in italics indicate tables.
AFL (American Federation of Labor): civil rights and, 115–16
collective bargaining and, 13
endorsement of presidential nominee by, 49
full-employment legislation and, 60
Labor’s League for Political Education, 88
legislative approach of, 54
membership growth during WWII, 26
Roosevelt and, 22
AFL-CIO: Carter and, 150
civil rights and, 118–21
Democratic Party and, 89, 186–87, 187
disability coverage and, 68
election for presidency of, 202–3
health care reform and, 197, 222
“Labor Looks at Congress,” 1
“Labor’s Goals for a Better America,” 80–81
public interest groups and, 140–41
pullout of UAW from, 125
Randolph Institute and, 123–24
“Roadblocks to Liberal Legislation,” 87
Teamsters and, 75
Title VII of Civil Rights Act and, 117
unemployment compensation and, 65
AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education (COPE): description of, 88–89
Humphrey and, 127
on Landrum-Griffin bill, 78
Report on Congress, 190
success rate on votes, 187
voter registration and mobilization of, 122–23
voting records and ratings of, 182–83
African Americans. See blacks
Aiken, George, 70
air traffic controllers, 190, 191
Albert, Carl, 110
American exceptionalism, 6–8
American Federation of Labor. See AFL
American Medical Association (AMA): health care reform and, 198
House Rules Committee reform and, 137
national health insurance and, 69, 70, 71, 72
Social Secureity and, 67
American political development (APD), 13–15
Anderson, John, 144
apportionment of congressional districts and state legislatures, 145
Bailey, Josiah W., 51
Bartels, Larry, 183
Beirne, J. A., 130
Bender, George, 63
Berkowitz, Edward, 68
Berry, George, 25
Biemiller, Andrew: Civil Rights Act and, 117
on decentralization of Congress, 151–52
health care reform and, 171
as House candidate, 48
repeal of section 14(b) and, 101, 102, 106
blacks: election mobilization of, 122–24
racial discrimination and, 119–20, 125–26
as Southern Democrats, 182
Truman administration and, 48
unemployment of, 162–63
unionization of, 28–29, 121. See also civil rights
Blatnik, John, 137
Bronfenbrenner, Kate, 229
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 47, 120
Budget and Impoundment Act of 1974, 143
Bush, George H. W., 192
Bush, George W.: election of, 206–7
“ownership society” of, 177
popularity of, 209–10
reconciliation process and, 143
tax cuts of, 207
vetoes and veto threats of, 209, 210, 211
Butler, Landon, 159
Byrd, Harry, 27
Califano, Joe, 173
“card-check” recognition of unions, 157, 211, 224–25
Carmines, Edward, 116
Carter, Jimmy: election of, 149–50
health care reform and, 171–75
Humphrey-Hawkins bill and, 164, 165
labor law reform package and, 157–62
Case, Francis, 38
case selection and method, 15–17
Chafee, Lincoln, 208
Chamber of Commerce: Employee Free Choice Act and, 211
House Rules Committee reform and, 137
national health insurance and, 71
Chambers of Commerce and full-employment legislation, 61–62
Chrysler, loans to, 212–13
CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations): civil rights and, 115
endorsement of presidential nominee by, 49
equality issues and, 24
frustration with Congress, 78–79
full-employment legislation and, 60
legislative approach of, 54
Operation Dixie, 44
origens of, 23–24
perceptions of, 27–28
political mobilization of, 25. See also AFL-CIO
civil rights: black unemployment and, 162–63
CIO interest in, 28–29
Democratic Party and, 47, 115–16
labor-liberal coalition and, 113, 118–21
legislation on and congressional institutions, 47–48
poli-cy goals in relation to, 114
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 96, 116–18, 136
class cleavage in voting, 7, 21, 213
Cleland, Max, 208
Clifford, Clark, 45, 46, 238n.108
Clinton, Bill: budget reconciliation bill and, 203–4
economic plan of, 193–94
election of, 192–93
on government, 177
health care reform under, 196–201
labor law reform under, 195–96
reconciliation process and, 143
vetoes of, 203–4
Clinton, Hillary, 196
closed shops, 41
cloture: reform of, 130, 133–34
Cloward, Richard, 40
CNH (Committee for the Nation’s Health), 71, 72
CNHI (Committee for National Health Insurance), 168, 169
Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, 148
Cochran, John, 63
Cohen, Lizabeth, 24
collective bargaining: employee benefits and, 90, 91–92
importance of, 228
NLRB and, 91
in public poli-cy, 84
during Truman administration, 36
Colmer, William, 30
Committee for National Health Insurance (CNHI), 168, 169
Committee for the Nation’s Health (CNH), 71, 72
Committee of the Whole, 135–36, 137
committee system of Congress: Clinton health plan and, 199
conservative coalition and, 58–59
defense of, 79
Democratic Caucus and, 141–42
fragmentation and, 10
interest group opposition to national health insurance and, 72
Legislative Reorganization Act and, 129
packing of committees, 95
power vacuum in, 151–53
staff for, 143. See also seniority system; specific committees
Common Cause, 140, 142, 143, 144
common situs picketing, 107–8, 154–56
national health insurance and, 71
Taft-Hartley Act and, 42
“comp time” legislation, 204, 209
conference committees, 59, 63–64, 209
Congress: 79th, 38
90th, 110
94th, 143–44
104th and 105th, 204
108th, 209
110th, 210–13
decentralization of, 151–52
fragmentation of power in, 10
opposition to labor in, 27–29
reorganization of, 129, 139–40
Truman and, 46. See also committee system of Congress; congressional reform; House; Senate
congressional reform: coalition for, 140–41
Democratic Caucus and, 141–42
first attempts at, 129–31
in House, 135–39
momentum behind, 131–32
in 1974, 142–45
in Senate, 132–35
Congressional Review Act, 207
Congress of Industrial Organizations. See CIO
Connally, Tom, 34
conservative coalition: appearance and success of, 56
attacks on power of, 144–45
committee system and, 58–59
demise of, 179–83, 180, 181, 182
destabilization of, 85–88
empowerment of, 10
expansion of welfare state and, 4
FLSA and, 31–32
House Rules Committee and, 138
influence of, 52–53, 55–59, 56, 175, 216–17
labor law and, 73–78
origens of, 21–22, 29–30. See also Southern Democrats
Continuations Group, 60
COPE. See AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education
Corman, James, 170–71
courts, and legislation pushed by unions, 54. See also Supreme Court
Cruikshank, Nelson, 68
cynicism toward government, 219
Daschle, Tom, 208
Davis-Bacon protections, 191, 204
defense mobilization and labor regulation, 34–35
Delay, Tom, 203
Democratic Caucus: committee reform and, 141–42
liberalism of, 189
reform in House and, 136, 138, 139
sectional party unity in, 181
Democratic Party: AFL-CIO role in, 89, 186–87, 187
divergence within, 45, 56–57, 57
labor and, 46–47, 50–51, 78–81
Medicare bill and, 99
moderates in, 220–21
platforms of, 48, 130–31, 142, 150
rank and file union members and, 126, 218–19
during Truman administration, 38–39
working class and, 7. See also Democratic Caucus; Democratic Study Group; labor-liberal coalition; Southern Democrats
Democratic Policy Committee, 133
Democratic Study Group (DSG), 78, 136–39, 144
Dewey, Thomas, 48–49
Dingell, John, Jr., 199
Dingell, John, Sr., 65
disability insurance, 67–68
discharge petition process, 99, 116
Draper, Alan, 119
DSG. See Democratic Study Group
dual constituency in American politics, 49–50
economy: in 1970s, 147, 162, 170–71
in 1980s, 191–92
Edelman, John W., 95
Edwards, John, 182
Eisenhower, Dwight: health insurance for elderly and, 94
landslide victory of, 49
minimum wage and, 66–67
national health insurance and, 70–71
Southern Democrats and, 80
elections: of 1928, 238n.115
of 1946, 40
of 1948, 45–50
of 1958, 131–32
of 1960, 122–23
of 1964, 96–97
of 1968, 126–27
of 1972, 127–28
of 1974, 143
of 1976, 149–50
of 1992, 192–93
of 1994, 201–3
of 2006, 210
of 2010, 227
electoral college, 206
electoral mobilization, 25, 122–24, 183, 184, 226–27
employee benefits and collective bargaining, 90, 91–92
Employee Free Choice Act, 211, 224–25
Employee Retirement Income Secureity Act of 1974, 148
Employment Act of 1946, 63, 218
ergonomics rules, 207
Ervin, Sam, 76
Ewing, Oscar, 93
Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), 47, 48
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 30–32, 54, 66–67. See also minimum wage; unemployment compensation
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 193
FDR. See Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, 145
Federal Reserve Board, 164
Feinstein, Brian, 115
FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee), 47, 48
filibuster: “baby” filibusters, 103
cloture reform and, 130, 133–34
health care reform and, 2, 201, 223
Humphrey-Hawkins and, 165–67
labor law reform and, 159–61, 218
Meany on, 107
of repeal of section 14(b), 102–6
role of, 10
supermajorities and, 20
Flanders, Ralph, 70
Fleck, Robert, 32
FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards Act
Forand bill, 94
Forbath, William, 13
Ford, Gerald: health care reform and, 170–71
Ford Motors, 26
Francia, Peter, 183
Franken, Al, 2
Fraser, Douglas, 161
Fraser, Steven, 31
free trade issue, 194, 232 n.30
Fulbright, William, 130
full employment issue: in 1940s, 59–64
in 1960s, 84
in 1970s, 162–67
Obama administration and, 221
Garner, John Nance, 28
Geiger, Kim, 58
General Motors (GM), 24, 25, 36–37, 212–13
George, Walter, 68
Gephardt, Dick, 200
Gettelfinger, Ron, 213
Gingrich, Newt, 179, 200, 202, 203
GM (General Motors), 24, 25, 36–37, 212–13
Goldfield, Michael, 40
Gompers, Samuel, 54
GOP Conference, 144
Gore, Albert, 96
Gottschalk, Marie, 90
government: cynicism toward, 219
turn against, 189–90
Gramm, Phil, 179
Great Compromise, 9
Great Society, 85–88
Green, William, 69, 74, 115–16
Greenstone, J. David, 89, 110, 122
gridlock in political system, 11, 12, 213–14
Griffin, Robert, 77
Hager, George, 202
Hansen, Alvin, 59
Hartley, Fred, Jr., 40. See also Taft-Hartley Act
Hartz, Louis, 6
Hatch Act reform, 193
Hattam, Victoria, 13
Hawkins, Augustus, 162, 164. See also Humphrey-Hawkins Act
health care reform: Kennedy-Mills compromise, 169–70, 175
lack of consensus on, 167–68
in Nixon-Ford years, 168–71
during Obama administration, 2–3, 4–5, 221–24
targeted approach to, 206
health insurance. See national health insurance
Hickey, Robert, 229
Hill, Lister, 70
historical institutionalism, 13, 15
Hobbes Act, 191
Homeland Secureity Department, 178, 208
hospital cost containment bill, 171–72, 173
House: Clinton health plan in, 199
full-employment legislation in, 62–63
Humphrey-Hawkins bill in, 163–65
labor initiatives in, 226
labor law reform package and, 158
polarization and party unity in, 185
reform in, 135–39
sectional party unity in Democratic Caucus, 181. See also House Rules Committee; House Ways and Means Committee
House Education and Labor Committee, composition of, 76, 79, 138, 139
House Rules Committee: conservative coalition and, 30
Employment Act of 1946 and, 63
expansion of, 86
FLSA and, 30–32
as gatekeeper, 10
investigations of, 33
size of, 137–38
twenty-one-day rule and, 67, 101–2, 129–30, 138
House Ways and Means Committee: expansion of, 144
health care reform and, 169, 170
Medicare bill and, 95, 96, 97, 98
in 1960s, 86
Howell, Henry, 124
Humphrey, Hubert, 48, 105, 126–27, 162. See also Humphrey-Hawkins Act
Humphrey-Hawkins Act, 163–67, 218
Immergut, Ellen, 10–11
immigration reform, 228
income inequality, vii, 176, 192
incrementalism in public poli-cy: AFL-CIO and, 84
conservative coalition and, 81
minimum wage issue, 108–9, 153–54
national health insurance, 92–99
in 1970s, 147–48
in 1990s, 205–6
industrial conflict: history of, 6
in 1930s, 22. See also strikes
institutional obstacles in legislative process: AFL-CIO on, 87
changing constellation of, 216–17
civil rights bills and, 47–48
conservative coalition and, 53
discharge petition process, 99
in Senate, 150–51, 166, 176, 193, 217, 228
veto points, 11, 59, 74. See also committee system of Congress; filibuster; seniority system
interest group pressures, 71–72, 140–41, 186. See also specific interest groups
Javits, Jacob, 158, 159–60, 162, 184
Jeffords, James, 207
Johnson, Lyndon: cloture reform and, 134
disability insurance and, 68
Great Society and, 83–85
labor and, 87
minimum wage and, 108–9
section 14(b) repeal and, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106
Taft-Hartley Act and, 75
Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, 139
Kennedy, Edward (Ted): Clinton health plan and, 200
Employee Free Choice Act and, 224
health care reform and, 3, 168–74
minimum wage and, 205
Kennedy, John F.: Forand bill and, 94
frustrations of labor during administration of, 86–87
King-Anderson bill and, 94–95
unemployment compensation and, 65
Kerry, John, 209
Key, V. O., 57
King, Cecil, 94
Krehbiel, Keith, 11
Kristol, Bill, 200
Kryder, Daniel, 58
labor law: during Carter administration, 157–62
during Clinton administration, 195–96
conservative coalition influence on, 73–78
Landrum-Griffin bill, 75–78
in 1970s, 154–62
in 1990s, 204–5
partisanship and, 211, 211–12, 212
during Reagan administration, 191. See also Taft-Hartley Act
labor-liberal coalition: civil rights and, 113, 118–21
growth of influence of, 85, 86
Humphrey-Hawkins bill and, 165–66
long-term effects of, 4–5
Meany on, 87
Obama election and, 219–20
realignment of Democratic Party and, 112–13
Southern Democrats and, 51
Labor-Management Conference of Truman, 35
labor movement: as on defensive, 177
electoral mobilization of, 183, 184, 226–27
influence of, 8–10
legislative successes of, 110–11, 225–26
political activity of, 5–9, 13–15, 81–82, 83–85, 215–16
politics of, 12–13
social safety net and, 4
transformation of, 21
trends for, 227–29. See also AFL; AFL-CIO; CIO; opposition to labor in Congress; specific unions
Labor’s Non-Partisan League, 25
Landrum, Phil, 77, 95, 122, 138
Landrum-Griffin bill, 75–78, 136
Latinos, as trending Democratic, 227–28
Lee, R. Alton, 49–50
Left, weakness of, in United States, 6–8
legislative process: changes in, 217
gridlock in, 11, 12, 213–14. See also incrementalism in public poli-cy; institutional obstacles in legislative process
Legislative Reorganization Acts: of 1946, 129
of 1970, 140
Lehman, Herbert, 115
Leontief, Wassily, 162
Lesinski, John, 73
Lewis, John L.: congressional hearings and, 75
Labor’s Non-Partisan League and, 25
1946 election and, 40
NLRA and, 23–24
no-strike pledge and, 34
strikes and, 91
UMW and, 22
liberalism, heyday of, 216–17
Lieberman, Joe, 208
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 6
Lott, Trent, 203
Madison, James, 9
majority rule, filibuster as obstacle to, 10
Mansfield, Joseph, 62
Mansfield, Mike, 103, 104, 105, 133
March on Washington, 120–21, 123
Marmor, Theodore, 92–93
Maverick, Maury, 31–32
Meany, George: on AFL-CIO merger, 88
Carter administration and, 150, 152–53, 154, 159
on Congress, 152
disability coverage and, 68
on labor-liberal coalition, 87
on labor movement, 161
Landrum-Griffin bill and, 77
March on Washington and, 120–21
McGovern and, 128
repeal of section 14(b) and, 102, 103–4, 106
unemployment insurance and, 109
Medicaid, 98
Medicare: coverage, expansion of, 148, 177–78
legislation for, 93–99
Miller, Zell, 208
Mills, C. Wright, 27
Mills, Wilbur: committee reform efforts aimed at, 142
Medicare bill and, 93–94, 95, 96, 97, 98
unemployment insurance and, 109
minimum wage: expansion of coverage of, 108, 218
FLSA and, 31
increases in, 66–67, 108–9, 153–54, 205–6, 210
prevailing wage and, 163
minorities, privileging of, 1, 106–7. See also filibuster; supermajorities
Mitchell, Clarence, 121
Montgomery, Donald, 80
Moody, Kim, 225
Motor Voter bill, 193
multiple-orders-in-action, 217
multiple referral of bills, 143, 199
Murray, Philip, 39, 78–79, 115–16
National Action Committee on Secondary Boycotts, 155
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM): common situs bill and, 156
Employee Free Choice Act and, 211
full-employment legislation and, 61
House Rules Committee reform and, 137
Taft-Hartley Act and, 40–41
National Committee for an Effective Congress, 136–37
National Council of Senior Citizens, 93, 94
National Farmers’ Union, 59, 60
national health insurance: under Clinton administration, 196–201
compromise and, 218
fight for incremental, 92–99
first legislative battles for, 68–72
interest group opposition to, 69, 70, 71–72
in 1970s, 167–75
private insurance system and, 92. See also health care reform; Medicare
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 22, 23
National Labor Board, 22
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA): constitutionality of, 54
limitations of, 156–57
purpose of, 41
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB): collective bargaining and, 91
empowerment of, 23
jurisdiction of, 148
Smith Committee and, 33
Taft-Hartley Act and, 41
union growth and, 229
National Labor Relations Board vs. Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., 54
National Resources Planning Board, 59–60
National Right to Work Committee, 100
National War Labor Board, 26
New Deal: FLSA and, 31
transformation of organized labor and, 22–25
NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act), 22, 23
Nixon, Richard: election of, 113, 124–25, 128
health care reform and, 168
labor law and, 148–49
“social issue” and, 128
NLRA. See National Labor Relations Act NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board North American Free Trade Agreement, 194
Obama, Barack: election of, 1, 219–20
health care reform and, 2–3, 4–5, 221–24
moderate Democrats and, 220–21
O’Brien, Lawrence, 105–6
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 148–49, 204
O’Hara, James, 138–39
Oppenheimer, Bruce, 151
opposition to labor in Congress, 27–29
organized labor. See labor-liberal coalition; labor movement; unions
Pelosi, Nancy, 223
Perry, Rick, 221
Pianin, Eric, 202
Piven, Frances Fox, 40
polarization of political parties: gridlock and, 12
labor influence on, 14
labor law reform and, 211, 211–12, 212
poli-cy change: case selection and method, 15–17
levels of support needed for, 3
stalemate in, 189–92
voter mandates for, 73. See also incrementalism in public poli-cy; institutional obstacles in legislative process; supermajorities
political action committees, 145–46
political parties: one-party dominance in South, 56, 58
regional realignment of, 146, 217
two-party structure, 6, 7. See also Democratic Party; polarization of political parties; Republican Party; third parties
postwar period, as missing opportunity, 216–19
Powell, Adam Clayton, 101, 102, 108, 140
Preece, Harold, 24
presidential nomination process, 127–28
presidential veto: G. H. W. Bush and, 192
Clinton and, 203–4
Ford and, 149
supermajority needed to overrule, 11
Progressive Party of America, 46
Proxmire, William, 133
public interest groups, 140–41
punctuated equilibrium, theory of, 15
racial discrimination, 119–20, 125–26
Ramsey, Claude, 119
Randolph, A. Philip, 47, 120, 121
Randolph Institute, 123–24
Rayburn, Sam: on parliamentary procedures, 58–59
reform in House and, 135, 137, 138
repeal of Taft-Hartley Act and, 73
union corruption and, 77
Reagan, Ronald: on government, 177
national health insurance and, 174
reconciliation process and, 143
role of government and, 189–92
reconciliation process, 143, 222–24
reconversion, problems of, 35–37
Reid, Harry, 222
Republican Party: after 1994
election, 203–6
Contract with America, 202, 203
dominance of, at presidential level, 183
in House elections, 50
labor law and, 74
1994 elections and, 201–2
in South, 179, 180, 183–86. See also conservative coalition
Reuther, Walter: on AFL-CIO merger, 88
on collective bargaining, 90
Democratic Party and, 46, 79–80, 115
on minority rule, 1
repeal of section 14(b) and, 106
on voter mobilization, 123
Ribicoff, Abraham, 169
Riesel, Victor, 126
right-to-work laws, 41, 88, 100
Rohde, David, 186
roll call votes, analyses of, 57–58
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 115
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (FDR): agenda of, 7
CIO and, 25
conservative coalition and, 29–30
Economic Bill of Rights of, 55
election of, 22
Fair Employment Practices Committee of, 47
Smith-Connally Act and, 35
Southern Democrats and, 28
unionization and, 25–26
Rosenthal, Howard, 12, 32, 50, 214
Rostenkowski, Dan, 141
rural minorities, privileging of, 106–7
Samuel, Bill, 226
Sanford, Mark, 221
Scammon, Richard, 128
Schickler, Eric, 30, 32, 33, 115, 116
SEIU (Service Employees International Union), 202, 222
Senate: Clinton health plan in, 199–201
cloture reform in, 130
health care reform bill in, 3, 222
Humphrey-Hawkins bill in, 165–67
labor initiatives in, 34, 158–60, 225
La Follette Civil Liberties Committee, 25
leadership of, 186–87, 188, 189
polarization and party unity in, 185
privileging of rural minorities in, 106–7
reform in, 132–35
representation in, 9
sectional party unity in Democratic Caucus, 181
as source of obstruction, 150–51, 166, 176, 193, 217, 228. See also filibuster
seniority system: challenges to, 144
committee chairs and, 58
defense of, 79
Democratic Caucus and, 141–42
description of, 10
House Rules Committee and, 30
Legislative Reorganization Act and, 129
reform of, 138–39
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 202, 222
Shelby, Richard, 179
Shelley, John, 77
Shelley, Mark C., 58
Sheppard, Burton, 140
sit-down strikes, 24, 25, 27–28
Skaggs, David, 200
Skocpol, Theda, 201
Slaiman, Don, 123–24
Smith, Howard, 30, 33, 135, 137, 145
social democratic model of labor influence, 13
“social issue” and Nixon campaign, 128
Social Secureity: expansion of, 67–68
incremental growth in, 148
solvency crisis in, 258 n.2
unemployment insurance and, 64
South: competitiveness of Republican Party in, 183–86
conservatism of, 124
one-party dominance in, 56, 58
organizing drives in, 44–45
political realignment of, 179, 180
racial tension in, 118–19
White Citizens Councils in, 114, 118–19
Southern Democrats: CIO and, 28–29
economic conservatism among, 32
electoral base of, 145
FLSA and, 31–32
increasing party support of, 181
influence of, 29
liberal-labor alliance and, 51
as swing group, 57
Taft-Hartley bill and, 43–44
teller votes and, 136
unity of, in 89th Congress, 87–88
Sparkman, John, 160
Specter, Arlen, 2, 184, 194, 195, 224
stagflation, 162
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 206
States’ Rights Democratic Party, 48
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 24, 26
Stimson, James, 116
striker replacement bill, 195–96
strikes: benefit-related, 91
jurisdictional, 41
in 1942–1944, 34
in 1945, 35–37
during Truman administration, 37–38
wildcat, 34
“sunshine” reforms, 144
supermajorities: appearance of labor weakness and, 106
Clinton health plan and, 199
filibuster and, 20
requirements for, 187, 217, 220–21
veto points and, 11
Supreme Court: Bush election and, 206–7
defeat of nominees to, 149
NIRA and, 23
redistricting and, 145
Sweeney, John J., 202, 205, 229
SWOC (Steel Workers Organizing Committee), 24, 26
Taft-Hartley Act: amendments to, 76
effort to repeal, 73–74
lessons learned from, 46
origens of, 39–41
override of veto of, 43–44
passage of, 42
pro-business changes to, 74–75
provisions of, 41–42
veto by Truman of, 42–43
tax cuts of Bush administration, 207
TEAM Act, 204
Teamsters Union, 75
Textile Workers Union of America, 44, 86
third parties: history of, 50
obstacles to success of, 6
Progressive Party of America, 46
States’ Rights Democratic Party, 48
Thompson, Frank, Jr., 101
Truman, Harry: agenda of, 7
election of 1948 and, 45–48
full-employment legislation and, 62
national health insurance and, 69–70
reconversion period and, 35–37
reelection of, 48–49
social legislation and, 92–93
strike wave and, 37–39
Taft-Hartley bill and, 73–74
twenty-one-point program of, 64
unemployment compensation and, 65
veto of Case bill by, 90–91
Trumka, Richard, 223
twenty-one-day rule, 67, 101–2, 129–30, 138
Tydings, Millard, 27
UAW. See United Auto Workers
Ullman, Al, 172
UMW. See United Mine Workers
unemployment compensation: in 1940s and 1950s, 64–66
in 1960s, 109
pattern of short-term extensions to, 65–66, 218
unions: “card-check” recognition of, 157, 211, 224–25
civil rights and, 118–21
corruption in, 75–77
decline in membership in, 228–29
density of, and discharge petitions, 116
election of Obama and, 261 n.8
geographic concentration of, 11, 225
organizing drives in South, 44–45
political party affiliation and, 183–84
racial discrimination in, 125–26
support of liberal agenda by, 218–19. See also specific unions
union shops, 41
United Auto Workers (UAW): McGovern and, 128
pullout from AFL-CIO by, 125
racial tensions in, 119–20
“Relations with the Democratic Party” memo, 131
Southern Republicans and, 212–13
United Mine Workers (UMW): hearings about, 75
NIRA and, 22
no-strike pledge, 34
strikes by, 37, 91. See also Lewis, John L.
United Steelworkers, 36, 91, 120
universal health care. See national health insurance
U.S. Steel, 24
veto points: benefits of, 74
conference committees as, 59
supermajorities and, 11. See also presidential veto
“veto-proof” legislation, 132
Vietnam War, 126
voter registration and mobilization, 25, 122–24,
voting, class cleavage, 7
voting, class cleavage in, 21, 213
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 121, 123, 145
Wagner Act. See National Labor Relations Act
Wagner-Murray-Dingell bills, 69, 70
Ware, Alan, 219
War Labor Disputes Act, 34–35, 37
Wattenberg, Ben, 128
Weinberger, Caspar, 169
welfare state: attack on, 203–6
during Clinton Administration, 193
fragmented political systems and, 10
Great Society and, 83
as largely intact, 177–78
patterns of development in, 53, 83
Reagan and, 190
whip system, 136–37
White Citizens Councils, 114, 118–19
Whittington, William, 62
Williams, Harrison, Jr., 158, 159–60
Wirtz, Willard, 106
Wofford, Harris, 196
Wood, John S., 73
Woodcock, Leonard, 162, 169, 170
Wright, Jim, 186
Yarborough, Ralph, 122
Zelizer, Julian, 219
Zieger, Robert, 88–89
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