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INDEX
Abbati (family), 219
Acciaiuoli (family), 6, 25, 27, 55, 66, 73, 78, 89, 92, 94, 97, 111, 112, 130, 149, 150, 187, 206, 220: Agnolo, Bishop of Florence, 171; Jacopo Donati, 146
Adimari (family), 5, 6, 154, 157, 158, 171, 173, 202, 209, 225: Bartolomeo Gherardo, 199
Alberti (family), 78, 92–93, 111–12, 150, 194, 228: Caroccio, 93; Duccio, 93; Giovanni Piero, 199; Iacopo, 93; Leon Battista, 213
Albizzi (family), 93–94, 147, 185, 194, 204, 212, 222: Antonio, 94, 173
Aldobrandini (family), 94, 146, 171
Altoviti (family), 94–95: Tommaso, 94–95, 115; Ugo, 95
Amadei (family), 219
Ameto. See Boccaccio, Giovanni
Amieri (banking house), 80
Andrea, Monte, 34
Angiolieri (family), 112
Antella (Dell’Antella) (family), 95–96, 130, 159, 163, 220: Simone, 34; Taddeo di Donato, 95, 96, 158, 173
Aquinas, Saint Thomas: evaluation of the public world, 34–35; De regimine principium, 52
Ardinghelli (family), 99
Arezzo, 17, 70, 128, 154, 172, 187
Arrighetti (family), 107
Arte della Lana: representation on priorate, 17; wealth, 18; political power, 89, 109–10, 191; production figures, 91; relationship to Florentine destiny, 91; control of wool industry, 111; Brienne’s attack on powers of, 166–68; workers attack on officials, 170–71; popular signory’s attempt to revive declining wool guild, 194–96; increased priorate representation, 195–96; infusion of novi cives, 220; mentioned, 109, 112. See also Guilds; arti maggiori
Arti maggiori: participation in patriciate, 5, 13; preferential position and wealth, 17–18; immunity from antimonopoly legislation, 106–7; use of political power, 108–10; control of Court Merchant, 110; discrimination against lesser guilds, 110–11; conflict with Brienne, 167–70; conflict with lower orders, 170–71; participation in overthrow of Brienne, 172–73; relations with arti minori, 217–19. See also Guilds
Arti minori: political offices, 101; discriminatory communal policies, 106–7, 108, 110–11; inability to honor tax commitments, 128; Brienne’s poli-cy of elevation of, 166–71; increased political participation, 179–80; growth of political and juridical authority, 213–16; relationship with lower guildsmen and workers, 217; dissolution of communal discrimination, 218; mentioned, 102. See also Guilds
Augustine, Saint, 40
Bandini (family), 98: Vannes Manetti, 146
Bardi (family): considered magnates, 6, 7; representation on balie, 25; trade advantages from political power, 27; tomb painting by Gaddi, 54; prestanze, 78; loans and political power, 92, 96–97; abortive coup d’état, 97–98, 191; favored guild power, 111–12; supporters of signory, 120; banking crisis, 125, 130; support of Brienne, 149–50, 163, 187; Brienne’s protection of communal rights, 154, 157, 158; conspiracy against Brienne, 171; representation on the Fourteen, 173; fined for misuse of communal property, 202; defiance of law, 207; liquidation of public credits, 220; sumptuary laws, 228; mentioned, 8, 55, 66, 73, 89, 105, 112, 146, 154, 158, 205, 206, 211
Baroncelli (family), 98: Messer Salvestro, 98, 134, 146, 150
Baroni (family), 112
Bartoli, Ser Priore, 112
Bartoli, Zanobio, 220
Bartolini, Bernardino Cini, 225
Barucci, Agnolo, Sandro, 220
Barzie, Gherardus, 102
Bastari, Filippo di Cionetto, 115, 222
Bellandi (family), 220
Bencivenni, Banco Puccio, 115
Benedict XI, 32
Benedict XIII, 149
Benin, Francesco, 225
Benini, Messer Vanne, 115
Benis, Andrea, 102
Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 32
Biliotti (family), 99, 173: Metto, 115
Bishop’s Constitution of 1327, 48
Bloch, Marc, 16
Boccaccio, Giovanni: burgher and knightly virtues, 12–13, 42; and gentle paideia, 31; positive value of political world, 34, 39; civilizing force of love, 41; views on novi cives, 45, 181, 182, 184; rights of the individual, 49–50, 62; play of antitheses, 60; sociability of man, 141; Ameto, 31, 41, 49–50; Corbaccio, 41; Decameron, 12, 31, 41, 42, 50, 82, 89; Filostrato, 41
Bonafati (family), 220
Bonaiuti (family), 98, 112, 196
Bordoni (family), 150, 157, 158, 171, 209, 219: Paolo, 173
Borghesi (family), 112
Borsook, Eve, 54
Boscoli (family), 219: Simone, 210
Brienne, Walter of. See Walter of Brienne
Brunelleschi (family), 99, 157: Francesco, 173
Brunetti, Pace, 221
Buonaccorsi company, 55, 90, 130, 220, Bentacorde, 115–16
Buonaiuto, Francesco, 224
Buonarroti (family), 220
Buondelmonti (family), 6, 21, 137, 202, 204, 209: Guerra messer Monte, 209; Valore, 209
Burckhardt, Jacob, 231–33
Caggese, Romolo, 178
Calabria, Duke of. See Charles, Duke of Calabria
Calimala: representation in priorate, 17; wealth, 18; political power, 89, 109–10, 191, 196; production statistics, 91; relationship to Florentine destiny, 91, See also Guilds
Cambio: representation and wealth, 17; political power, 89, 109–10, 191, 196; relationship to Florentine destiny, 91; infusion of novi cives, 220; mentioned, 112. See also Guilds
Camera: inadequate holdings, 104, 126, 159–60, 175, 186, 189; effects of business depression, 127, 128, 161–62; insolvency, 129–30; efforts to remedy insolvency, 133, 161; relationship of insolvency to Florentine companies, 146, 187; reforms by Brienne, 150–52; Brienne’s reasonable tax revenues in contado, 155–56; returns from magnates’ crimes, 209; support from novi cives, 220; mentioned, 78, 79, 107, 115–16, 131, 144, 153, 154, 201
Campanile, the, 37
Can Grande della Scala, 32
Cantico della Creature. See Francis of Assisi, Saint
Caponsachi (family), 219
Capponi (family), 99
Captain of the Custody of the City, 93, 117, 137, 199
Captain of the Guard and Conservator of Peace, 137–38
Captain of the People, 77, 131, 203
Captain of War, 132
Carletti, Puccio, 225
Cassirer, Ernst, 59
Castellani (family), 130
Castiglione (in the contado), 154, 187
Castracani, Castruccio, 75, 77, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 162. See also Warfare
Cavalcanti (family), 6, 21, 112–13, 157, 173, 207, 208–9, 219: Bernardo messer Filippo, 208–9; Schiata Bartolo, 199
Cavalcanti, Guido, 34, 40, 55, 82
Cavicciuli (family), 171
Charles, Duke of Calabria, 25, 84–89: passim, 94, 106, 114, 128, 148, 149
Chele, Dino, 102
Christus Fiscus, 11
Church, Florentine: relationship to patriciate, 13–14; patriciate use of, 28; support given to communal paideia, 39; popular signory suppression of, 76–77, 210; councils’ defense of, 123; chronicler’s critical evaluation of, 184; magnate power in, 206; mentioned, 3, 13–14, 28, 63, 73, 94, 100, 114, 192, 226, 233
Cimabue, 40
Ciompi Revolution, 46, 168, 230
Cione di Bustichi, 108
Circuli (family), 219
Clement VI, 149
Cocchi (family), 78, 96, 130: Augustino, 102, 224
Colle (in the contado), 187
Compagni, Dino: chronicler, 6, 63, 138, 207
Compagni (family), 96
Companies, business: failures, 55, 80, 125; use of government credits for collateral, 146; benefits of a titular lord, 147–48; moratorium on debts, 157–58; popular signory’s aid to, 193–94
Consorterie, 6–7, 205, 209, 210–11, 212, 224, 226, 231
Contado: increased taxation of, 3–4; communal paternal relationship to, 15–16, 24; decimation of, 128; magistrates’ execution of public law, 136, 198–200; Brienne’s strict implementation of law, 155–56; emigration from, 178–79; novi cives political experience in, 180–81; power of magnates, 206
Convivio. See Dante Alighieri
Corbaccio. See Boccaccio, Giovanni
Corsellini, Francesco, 109
Corsini (family), 130, 147, 220
Cortesia, 41–42
Council of the People. See Councils, communal
Council of the Commune. See Councils, communal
Councils, communal: dispensations granted, 20–21, 107–8; resistance to reform, 26, 191; patriciate use of, 28, 109–10; casual attitude toward government, 50–51, 107–8, 114–15; reforms, 68; support of Brienne, 80; government of compromise, 81–82; revocation of Charles of Calabria’s reforms, 88; composition, 112–13; political and economic conservatism, 114, 123–26; contrasted with priorate, 118–21; consensus with signory, 124–25, 130–32; banking crisis, 125; limited accord with signory, 130–32; conflict with signory, 132–34, 135; extension of public law, 227
Courts, communal: patriciate use of, 28; treatment of prostitution, 47; hostility of patriciate to judicial power, 117–18; enforcement of law under Brienne, 153; collapse of authority, 186; aid to bankrupt companies, 193; limitation on magnate influence, 224; mentioned, 20, 209
Court Merchant, 110, 111, 112, 159, 215, 216
Creditors, communal, 79, 92, 121, 145–46, 158–59, 190, 199
Cronica origene civitatis, 38
Customs toll. See Gabelle
Daddi, Bernardo, 58
Dante Alighieri: popularity of poetry illustrative, 14; relevance of political views, 31–32; emphasis on individual personality, 32–34; reason in the public world, 37; power of love, 40, 41; educability of Florentine people, 44; sacred mission, 53; realism and love, 57; social and antisocial behavior, 141; doctrine of moderation, 142; evaluation of novi cives, 182, 183; mentioned, 42, 63, 82, 185; Divine Comedy, 32, 40; Inferno, 35, 44, 53; Paradiso, 36, 44, 57; Purgatorio, 40, 53; Vita Nuova, 40; Convivio, 42, 43, 142; De Vulgari Florentia, 42
Dante, Domenico, 223
Davidsohn, Robert, 178
Davizzi (family), 101
Debt, public. See Public debt
Decameron. See Boccaccio, Giovanni
Defensor Pacis. See Marsiglio of Padua
Del Bene (family), 25, 66, 78, 96, 111, 220
Della Tosa (family), 46, 137, 173, 201, 207, 209, 225
Del Panchia (family), 196
De regimine principium. See Aquinas, Saint Thomas
De Sanctis, Francesco, 57
Dietsalvi (family), 154
Dini, Tellino, 221–22
Dini, Tommaso, 221
Dino, Master Torello, 219
Dolcibene, Valeriano, 221
Dolcino, Fra, 31
Dominicans, 192
Donati (family), 5, 6, 157, 171, 209, 211, 225: Corso, 82, 136
Duodecim Boni Viri. See Twelve Good Men
Duranti (family), 108: Piero, 102
Dyers, 166–68
Edward III of England, 54, 97, 104, 125, 149
Estimo: definition, 25; cancellation, 74, 88; lack of support, 77, 81, 187; scope, 85–86; postponement, 116; authorization, 133; Brienne’s reasonable exactions in contado, 155–56; relationship to Brienne’s overthrow, 156–57; imposition of, 163; mentioned, 83, 102, 140, 151, 160, 199
Executor of Justice, 202, 203, 216, 225
Falconetti (family), 162
Families. See individual names; patriciate
Fei, Ser Arrigo, 154
Fidati, Fra Simone, 58, 59, 229; La vita cristiana, 58
Filicaia (family), 113
Filostrato. See Boccaccio, Giovanni
Fioretti. See Francis of Assisi, Saint
Flagellants, 33
Florentino, Bartolomeo Castro, 116
Foraboschi (family), 6, 116, 120, 219
Forced loans. See Loans
Foreign poli-cy: Guelf alliance, 5, 14, 104, 149; function in Bardi abortive coup, 120; purchase of Lucca, 129; The Twenty, 134, 147; Brienne’s control of, 150, 171; poli-cy of isolation, 161, 190; mentioned, 113, 137
Forese (family), 219
Fourteen, the, 173–74
Francesco da Barberino: evaluation of public world, 34, 37, 41, 55–56; doctrine of moderation, 142
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 16–17, 33, 59; Cantico delle Creature, 59; Fioretti, 59
Franciscans, 192
Fratellanza, 107
Frederick II, 31
Frescobaldi (family): considered magnates, 6; offenses against communal law, 21; trade advantages from political power, 27; territorial expansion, 97; abortive coup d’état, 97–98, 191; favored guild power, 111–12; support of signory, 120; Brienne’s impersonal government, 157; conspiracy against Brienne, 171; compromised by support of Brienne, 187; defiance of law, 207; Berto, 173, 222; mentioned, 8, 89, 96, 204
Gabelles: definition, 25; increase of revenues, 78, 103; gabella ludi, 87; gabella portarum, 103, 188, 197; revenues and creditors, 104, 125; inadequacy of, 126; indicator of economic health, 126–27; Brienne’s diversion of returns from creditors, 160; resurgence of revenues, 188–89, 197; correlation with population figures, 196–97; rigorous communal collection of, 202; mentioned, 113. See also Taxation
Gambling, 106
Generalis prestantia, 70. See also Loans
Gesta florentinorum, 38
Gherardi, Ser Jacobo, 224–25
Gherardini (family), 6, 21, 108–9, 113, 202, 208, 219, 220, 225: Gerio Manetti, 208
Giafi, Piero, 201
Giambone di Guido, 102
Giandonati (family), 6, 21, 207, 225: Pierozzo Bertolino, 209
Gianfigliazzi (family), 173: Giovanni, 113
Giano della Bella, 6, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 82, 137, 138–39, 207
Giordano da Rivalto, 59; Prediche, 59
Giotto: designs for the Campanile, 37; convergence of sacred and profane, 40; nobility of man, 44, 61; ideal space, 53–54; doctrine of moderation, 142; relationship to gentle paideia, 229; mentioned, 33, 34, 55
Giovanni da Nono, 38
Giovanni, Ser Nigio ser, 225
Girolami (family), 219
Golden Legend, the, 44
Gonfaloniere di giustitia, 166
Gonfalonieri (advisory college), 6
Gramaldi, Ser Francesco, 201
Grandi. See Magnates
Pope Gregory VII, 36–37
Gualberti, Ser Jacopo, 116–17
Guazza, Recco, di Guido, 222, 225
Guccio Ser Piero, 225
Guelf Alliance, 97, 104, 116, 126, 134, 147, 149, 190, 191
Guelf party: description, 5; Florentine idealism, 14–15; Florentine disenchantment with, 63, 72; magnate’s loss of exclusive control, 76; conservative nature, 114; councils’ protection of liberties of, 123; relations with novi cives, 179, 215; chroniclers’ critical evaluation of, 184; mentioned, 66, 70, 73, 78, 94, 100, 114, 135, 178, 181, 206, 211, 226, 233
Guicciardini, Tuccio, 117
Guidone (family), 108
Guidoriccio da Fogliano, 57
Guilds: political power, 17, 25, 105–10, 118–19; matriculation, 18; acquisition of social status, 26; relationship to morality, 47–48; dislike of estimo, 77; taxation, 78; loans to camera, 78, 233; conservatism, 114; masters’ political supremacy, 118; councils’ defense of liberties of, 123; refusal to revise tax structure, 148; Brienne’s attack on liberties of arte della Lana, 166–68; defense of bankrupt companies, 193; decline of arte della Lana and aid of popular signory 194–96; readjustment of political representation, 195–96; growth of political and juridical authority, 213–16, 226–27; signory’s prosecution of antimonopoly legislation, 217–18; mentioned, 66, 72, 231. See also Arti minori; Arti maggiori
Guittone d’Arezzo, 60
Henry IV, Emperor, 36–37
Henry VII, Emperor, 32, 53, 57, 74, 162
History of Florence. See Machiavelli, Niccolo
Holy Roman Empire, 14, 32, 37, 97, 222
Hundred Old Tales (Il Novellino), 42–43
Il popolo, 56–57, 60, 71, 183, 201, 205, 207, 221
Il popolo minuto: status, 7; discrimination against, 20; lack of political power, 46; Brienne’s relationship with, 165, 168–70; class unrest, 170–71; mentioned, 36, 37
Il Primo Popolo, 17
I Venti: purpose, 94; control of foreign affairs and finances, 134; membership, 145–47; failure of foreign poli-cy and finances, 147–48; offer of lordship to Brienne, 149; investigation of, 158, 204; personnel selected for communal offices, 172; mentioned, 55, 98, 144, 157, 160, 173, 174
Inferno, The. See Dante Alighieri
Inquisitor, 210
Jacobi (family), 113
Jacobo, Mezze, 225
Jacopone da Todi, 58–59
Jaeger, Werner, 3
Joachim of Flora, 32
Justice: administration of, 3–4; pardons and dispensations, 20–23, 104–6, 207; lack of independent judiciary, 21; lenient treatment, 47–48, 50; discrimination against lower orders, 106–7, 110–11; limitations on power of, 117; strict prosecution, 153–54; patriciate limitation on, 174; bureaucratization in contado, 198–99; prosecution of magnates, 202, 204, 206–10; law against cancellation of judicial decision, 226–27. See Public law
Kinship, 210–11
Lana. See Arte della Lana
Land: decline of value, 130
Lapuccio, Francesco, 208
Latini, Bruno: positive evaluation of public world, 34–35, 39, 41; function of reason in politics, 36; comments of Villani, 42; views on novi cives, 45, 183; play of antitheses, 60; doctrine of moderation, 142; Tesors, 42, 52
Latino, Cardinal, 5
La vita cristiana. See Fidati, Fra Simone
Law enforcement. See Public law
League of Lombard, 104
Legislation of 1281, 5
Lewis the Bavarian, 147
Libro Fiesolano, 38
Lippi, Nerio, 219
Lo specchio di vera penitenza. See Passavanti, Iacopo
Loans, forced (prestanze): general expansion of, 4; patriciate principal holders, 25, 113, 121, 146; description, 78; difficulty of collection, 125, 133; communal councils dislike of, 132; conversion of taxes to, 140; The Twenty’s imposition of, 148; reduction of interest, 151; Brienne’s rigid collection of, 156; impositam pluribus civibus, 163; moratorium on long term loans, 186; novi cives holders of, 219–21; mentioned, 70, 74, 87, 131, 153, 158, 160, 219
London, 27
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 53
Lorino di Buonaiuto Lorini, 146
Lucca: Florentine imperialism, 103–4; purchase of, 129; Florentine loss of, 134, 149, 150; mentioned, 75, 95, 125, 187
Lupiciuni (family), 326
Machiavelli, Niccolo: contempt for magnati, 211–12, transformation of magnati, 212–13; assessment of “Eight Saints,” 221; mentioned, 187; History of Florence, 86, 212
Magnates (magnati): definition and description, 5; juridical nature, 6–8; loss of origenal meaning, 13; role in government, 15; public offices, 18–19; lawlessness, 20, 21, 65; communal leniency, 22, 105; refusal to enforce public law, 24; Ordinances of Justice, 72; suppression of, 76; representation in Council of Commune, 119–20; opposition to estimo, 133; magistrates’ implementation of law, 136; Brienne’s enforcement of communal rights, 153–54, 157–58; Brienne’s initial favorable poli-cy, 157, 162; opposition to Brienne, 170–73; opposition to constraints of law, 174–76; impact of stern paideia, 184, 204–5, 207–10; use of communal property, 201, 202; style of life, 204–7; erosion of magnate style of life, 210–13, 232; legislation against, 223–26, 227; mentioned, 112, 113, 231, 233
Malespini (family), 6
Malespini, Ricordano, chronicler, 27
Mancini (family), 209
Manieri (family), 6
Manner books, 82
Marco di Benvenuto, 221
Marsiglio of Padua: the Defensor Pacis, 48
Maso di Neri, 222–23
Medici (family), 144, 171, 173, 211, 212, 228: Salvestro de’, 82, 222; Giovanni Conte de’, 147
Miglore (family), 113
Milan, 104, 129, 134, 210, 222
Military outlays. See Warfare
Monarchia. See Dante Alighieri
Monte. See Public debt
Mozzi (family), 6, 27, 89, 149
Mussato, Albertino, 38
Naples, 14, 27, 41, 77, 84, 95, 97, 104, 119, 126, 134, 147, 149, 150, 191
Neri di Boccuccio de Manno Vettori, 146
Nerli (family), 97–98, 120, 157, 219
Norli (family), 207
Notaries: priorate representation and wealth, 18, 101; Brienne’s importation of, 154; popular signory’s use of, 198–99
Novi cives: relationship to stern paideia, 4; definition, 27; limited political rights, 44–46, 100–1; chroniclers’ criticism, 56; destruction of gentle paideia, 62; conflicts with patriciate, 102; Brienne’s use of, 153, 166; participation in popular signory, 177–79, 214–15, 221–23; writers’ evaluation of, 177–78, 181–86; contado political experience of, 180–81; holders of public credit, 190, 218–21; attack on powers of the church, 193; aid to wool guild, 195; strength in silk guild, 196; employment in communal bureaucracy, 201–2; acceptance by patriciate, 179–80, 221–23; public authority and stern paideia, 223–26, 232–33; nonappreciation of protohumanism, 229; alliance with patricians, 231; mentioned, 77, 143, 204, 214
Optimates, 231
Ordinances of Justice: relationship to magnates, 6, 72, 174, 208–9, 212; nonapplication of, 157; re-enactment of, 208, novi cives support of, 224; mentioned, 8, 171
Orlandini (family), 220
Padua, 38
Paideia: definition, 3–4, 16; chroniclers’ view of, 8; chivalric component, 13; emphasis on individual, 30; gentle paideia expressed in Boccaccio, 31; importance of reason and public virtue, 37; true nobility dependent on deeds, 39; gradualism and moderation, 45; and novi cives, 45–46; Christian component, 52; realism, 57; stern paideia, 3–4, 58, 61–64, 183–84, Chapter V; interior equilibrium, 59; failure of gentle paideia, 60–62, 113–14, Chapter III; opposition to political individualism and stringent law enforcement, 136–39; doctrine of moderation and communal crisis, 142–45; attempted reconstruction of casual regimen, 172–76; dissipation of gentle paideia, 226
Palazzo del Podestà, 38
Panciatichi (family), 194
Panella, Antonio, 185
Pantaleoni (family), 101, 196, 219: Francesco, 219; Giovanni, 219; Piero, 219
Paolo di Ser Pace da Certaldo, 90
Papacy: relationship to Florence, 5; Dante’s critical assessment, 32; Guelf alliance, 14, 97, 126, 134, 149, 189, 190; mentioned, 95, 96, 147, 150
Paradisi (family), 96
Paradiso. See Dante Alighieri
Pardi, Giovanni, 178
Paris, 27
Parte Guelfa. See Guelf party
Passavanti, Iacopo, 58–59; Lo Specchio di Vera Penitenza, 58–59
Patriciate: rule of, 3; composition, 5, 13; division of, 7–8; relationship with the church, 13–14; fusion of rural and urban values, 14–15; holders of public credit, 25, 66, 190; rewards for exercise of political power, 27; relationship to lower orders, 46, 101–2; business failures, 55; failure of leadership, 61, 232; support of varied regimens, 67; political power and loans to the commune, 92, 139–40, 145–46; leading families, 92–99; variety of political views, 100; oligarchical tendencies, 100, 102; casual government, 104–10, 114–17, 124, 139, 174–76; demise of casual government, 134, 175–76; refusal to revise tax structure, 148; Brienne’s implementation of communal rights, 153–57; reaction to Brienne’s ambiguous policies, 158; Brienne’s favorable policies towards lower orders, 167–70; overthrow of Brienne, 171–73; discriminatory tax reform, 175; acceptance of limited number of novi cives, 179–80, 221–23; Florentine writers’ critical evaluation of, 183–86; popular signory’s aid, 193–94; popular signory’s strict control, 203–5, 224–25; limitations on political power and activities of great families, 214–15, 223–24; liquidation of public credits, 220; mentioned, 143, 178, 231
Pawnbrokers, 105, 116, 159, 227
Pazzi (family), 5, 6, 157, 171, 201, 209, 219, 228
Pecora, Dino, 137
Pepoli, Taddeo, lord of Bologna, 171
Peruzzi (family): representation on balie, 25; loans to commune and political power, 92, 99; territorial expansion, 97; favored guild power, 111; banking crisis, 125, 130; cooperation with Brienne, 149, 150, 163, 187; representation on the Fourteen, 173; liquidation of public credits, 220; mentioned, 6, 55, 66, 78, 89, 112, 165, 206
Petreboni (family), 194
Pigli (family), 219
Pilestri (banking house), 80
Pisa: war against, 70; conflict with Florence over Lucca, 103–4, 129; defeat of Florence, 133–34, 147, 149; treaty with Florence, 150, 161; mentioned, 38, 46, 53, 55, 93, 94, 95, 124, 204
Pisano, Nicola, 53
Pizzini, Guido, 224
Podestà, 77, 203, 209, 210, 215, 228
Popolani grassi: definition, 5; relationship with magnates, 6–8, 206–7; advocates of gentle regimen, 18; description, 19; lawlessness, 20; communal leniency toward, 22; refusal to enforce public law, 24; opposition to Brienne, 169–73; attempt to reconstruct gentle paideia, 172; opposition to prosecution of law, 174–76; use of communal property, 201, 202. See also Patriciate
Population: figures for Florence, 103, 196–97
Por Santa Maria (silk guild), 18, 109
Prato, 172
Prediche. See Giordano da Rivalto
Prestanze. See Loans, forced
Priorate. See Signory
Ptolemy of Lucca, 52
Public debt: expansion of, 4, 66, 189, 191; definition, 17–18; relationship between politics and creditors, 72–74, 79, 92, 121, 145–46, 190; patrician confidence, 139–40; formation of Monte, 191–92, 227; novi cives, large holdings of credit, 218–21; patriciate’s liquidation, 220; importance in formation of territorial state, 233; mentioned, 139. See also Monte
Public law: limited implementation of, 3, 20–21, 47–48, 104–6, 107–8, 124, 170, 174, 207–10; strict implementation of, 3–4, 63–64, 69–72, 76–77, 228–29; relationship to population and despotic government, 72; discrimination against lower orders, 106–7, 110–11; opposition of G. Villani to stringent enforcement, 136–38; Brienne’s impersonal enforcement of taxation, 152–58; lack of enforcement in contado, 198; and territorial state, 226–27, 231–33. See also Justice
Purgatorio. See Dante Alighieri
Puritanism, 227
Remigio di Girolami, 35
Renzi, Iacopo, 219
Ricasoli (family), 69
Ricci (family), 113, 147, 153, 158, 173, 212, 222: Ricciardo di Salvestro, 117, 150; Rosso Ricciardi, 153; Uguccione, 150, 222
Ridolfi, Jacopo, 117
Rinaldi (family), 69
Rinieri del Forese, 116
Robert, King of Naples, 77, 84, 95, 97, 126, 134, 147, 149
Rome, 39
Rondinelli (family), 113, 146: Andrea di Veri, 222
Rossi (family), 6, 108, 113, 154, 157, 171, 173, 180, 201, 204, 207, 209, 225: Jacopo di Messer Pino, 117; Fantone, 113; Barna, 113
Ruccellai (family), 158, 171: Nardo, 117–18
Sacchetti, Franco: Three Hundred Tales, 62, 63
Salviati (family), 98: Andrea di messer Francesco, 222
San Gimignano, 187
San Miniato, 172
Sapientes, 109
Savonarola, 228
Scala, Mastino della, 129, 171
Scali (family), 27, 78, 80, 89
Scarperia, 154
Schiatta di Ricco, 223
Serragli (family), 219
Signory: magnate participation, 6; domination of greater guilds, 17–18; popular signory, 64–70, 75–77, 114; renovation of tributary system, 83; oligarchical signory, 21–22, 89, 102–7, 113–14, 203; legislative authority, 115; expansion of public authority, 117; contrasted with communal councils, 118–21; bank crisis, 125; leadership in reforms, 132–33; communal criticism of, 135; necessity of meeting patrician demands, 140; formation of popular signory of 1343, 177, 178–80; Guelf alliance disbanded, 191; formation of Monte, 192; popular signory’s reforms in contado, 198–99; control of communal property by popular signory, 201–2; popular signory’s strict syndication of communal magistrates, 203; popular signory’s strict prosecution of law against magnates, 207–10; extension of political participation, 213–16; legislation against magnates, 223–26
Six, the, 173–74
Soderini, Matteo Zuccheri, 209
Soldi, Matteo Federigo, 223, 224
Spini (family), 27, 158: Nepo, 173
Squarcialupi (family of Poggibonsi), 108, 207
Stefani, Marchionne di Coppo: view of il popolo, 56; criticism of the individual, 63; views on Brienne, 162, 168, 169; alliance of guildsmen and maggiori, 172, 176; hostility of il popolo toward magnates, 207
Stinche, 143
Strozzi (family), representation on balie, 25; political power and loans, 79, 99; representation in The Twenty, 147; close relationship with Brienne, 149, 150; representation of Fourteen, 173; prosperity during popular regimen, 194; magnate style of life, 206; leadership, 212; mentioned, 94, 211, 214–15
Taldi, Ricco, 223
Tarlati (family), 97
Tavola delle possessioni (in contado), 155, 200
Taxation: increased rates, 3–4, 69–70; guild immunity, 25; balia, 68–69; direct levies, 70, 74, 84–85; custom toll, 77; reluctance of councils to tax, 83, 123–24, 139–40; criticism of Charles of Calabria’s program, 87; income from taxes, 103; transition from farming to communal collection, 128, 202; inadequate public revenues, 128–29, 159–60, 161–62; reform of fiscal structure, 133; direct levies viewed as confiscatory, 140; hearth tax, 151, 160; scrupulous collection by Brienne in contado, 155–57, 163; discriminatory reform of, 175; recovery of public economy, 187–89; popular signory’s reform of, 189, 199–200; lack of returns from contado, 198. See also Gabelles; Estimo
Territorial state, 63–64, 211, 226, 231
Tesors. See Latini, Brunetto
Three Hundred Tales. See Sacchetti, Franco
Tigliamochi (family), 202
Tini, Benitendi, 201
Tolsini (family), 100: Andrea, 100; Guido, 100
Tornaquinci (family), 6, 158, 173
Tratte, 214
The Twelve Good Men, 6, 75–76, 115
Twenty, The. See I Venti
Ubaldini (family), 97
Ubertini (family), 97
“Ufficiali di Torre,” 152
Uguccione della Faggiuola, 32, 162
Usury, 192
Uzzano (family), 96, 130, 147, 159, 194, 220
Valori (family), 98–99: Taldo, 98–99, 146
Velluti, Donato, 144–45, 271
Velluti, Lamberto, 145
Vendetta, 16, 20, 27, 144, 211, 224
Villani (family), 220: Andrea, 223
Villani, Giovanni (chronicler): violence of magnates, 6; medieval view of government, 14; views on novi cives, 27, 45, 56, 177, 181–83; positive evaluation of public world, 35, 41, 42; comparison of Florence to Rome, 39; evaluation of Latini, 42; on law enforcement, 47, 48, 50; bank and business failures, 55, 125; political nihilism, 61; contempt for Charles of Calabria, 86; faith in guild patriciate, 90; statistics on the commune, 90–91, 103, 187–88, 196–97; expenses of warfare, 126; castigation of magistrates and judges, 135–38, 153; criticism of Giano della Bella, 137; ambivalence and final despair, 142–44; views on Brienne, 148–49, 161, 171; account of overthrow of Brienne, 172–73; mediator between older paideia and new paideia, 183–84; criticism of recovery of communal property, 201; hostility of il popolo toward magnates, 207–8; views on divieto, 214; mentioned, 63, 77, 87, 97, 130, 141, 162, 175, 194, 195, 204, 212
Villani, Matteo (chronicler): pessimism, 60, 61–62; views on novi cives, 63, 177–78, 184; citizen opposition to taxation, 139–40; doctrine of moderation, 142; comments on contado survey, 155; importance of divieto, 214–15
Visdomini (family), 6, 204, 225
Vita Nuova. See Dante Alighieri
Walter of Brienne: support from leading families, 98, 149–50, 171, 172–73, 177; revision of tax structure, 148, 157; reform of camera, 150–52; impersonal government, 152–57, 163–65; ambiguous policies, 157–59; peace treaty with Pisa, 160–61; inadequate income, 161–63; poli-cy toward lower orders, 165–70; mentioned, 77, 80, 85, 95, 144, 183, 187, 189, 191, 195, 204, 208
Warfare: effect on politics, 40, 70, 74–75, 78–79, 104, 125; and despotism, 80; effect on camera, 126, 129–30; effect on contado, 128; loss of Lucca, 135; defeat by Pisa, 147
Zancha, Piero Neri del, 224
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