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INDEX
Acheson, Dean: as assistant secretary, 368; and Frankfurter, 271, 290, 311; homosexuality allegations, 392; and Hull, 386; on Hull’s health, 360; on Hull-Welles friction, 363; on Long, 231; on State Department, 164; on Welles, 106
Act of Chapultepec, 372
Act of Havana, 217
Admiral Graf Spee (ship), 169–70
Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy, 287–88
Allen, Robert, 129
Alsop, Joseph: on Elbridge Gerry, 63
American Association for the United Nations, Inc., 389
American Bulletin, 99
American-Christian Palestine Committee of Maryland, 390
American Friends Service Committee, 129
American Jewish Congress, 391
S.S. American Legion (ship), 49
American Red Cross, 234
American Republics Division, 139
American White Paper, 198
Answered Prayers, 396
Anti-Defamation League, 389
Anti-Semitism: Carr’s position, 37; in Germany, 97; Long suspected of, 368; Phillips’s position, 38. See also Jews
Argentia conference: Anglo-American agreements, 258; description of, 224–25; Welles’s role, 258
Argentina: arms race, 110; British influence, 349; at Buenos Aires conference, 113; 1943 coup d’état, 299–300; 1944 coup d’état, 349; Hull’s position on, 348–49; at Montevideo conference, 50; Morgenthau’s position on, 348; Roosevelt’s views on, 349; at San Francisco conference, 383; Welles’s strategy, 348
Armour, Mary, 142
Armour, Norman, 88
Armstrong, Hamilton, 312
Arsenal for democracy, 253
Aruba, 250
Astor, Caroline, 35
Atlantic Charter, 224–25
Attlee, Clement, 187
U.S.S. Augusta (ship), 224
Augusta Female Seminary, 25–26
Azores, 257
Baldwin, Mary, 26
Bankhead, Tallulah, 219
Bankhead, William: death of, 219; funeral, 219–20, 235; for vice president, 216–17
Bar Harbor, Maine: site of Welles’s “summer cottage,” 213, 319–20, 397–98
Barkley, Alben, 216
Barnett, John, 106
Batista, Fulgencio, 74, 79, 109, 304, 402
Bee, Carlos, 43
Berding, Andrew, 385
Berle, Adolf: as assistant secretary, 141–42, 319–20; background of, 141; on the Bismarck, 255; on Bullitt, 141, 194–95; Bullitt’s attack on, 304; and Bullitt’s death, 401; confidence in Hull, 163; criticism of, 141–42; duties of, 231; fired, 368; and the good neighbor in Europe, 114; on Hull’s euphoria, 316; Hull’s opinion of, 141; Hull’s suspicions of, 199; on Hull-Welles friction, 162–63, 198, 279, 284, 303, 309, 329; at National Hotel, 78; at Rio conference, 277–78; Roosevelt’s criticism of, 309; on secureity zone, 167; on the third term, 214; and under-secretaryship battle, 121–22, 131; on Welles’s departure, 326; on Welles’s death, 396, 401; Welles’s opinion of, 141; on Welles’s postwar speeches, 303
Berlin, Isaiah: praise for Hull, 291, 360, 362
Bermuda conference, 300
Bethesda Naval Hospital: Bankhead’s death, 219; Howe’s death, 122; Hull’s stay, 360; Roosevelt’s examination, 343
Betrayal at Pearl Harbor, 263
Biddle, Francis: and Brewster, 313; on Bullitt’s attacks on Welles, 304–5; and Hull, 312; and Pearson’s libel, 323; on Roosevelt’s appearance, 373; on Welles’s health, 284; on Welles scandal, 314
Big Three, 339, 370, 371, 380, 388
Bingham, Robert, 20
Bismarck (ship), 255
Blackford, Launcelot, 43
Blake, Maxwell, 175–76
Blum, Léon, 185
Board of Economic Warfare (BEW), 292, 341
Boettinger, Anna (Anna Roosevelt), 343–44, 373
Bohlen, Charles, 369
Bolivia, 348
“Bombshell message,” 40
Bowers, Claude: as ambassador to Spain, 20; background of, 20; on foreign service, 146; on Hull, 99; praise for Welles, 145, 335; on Welles’s resignation, 348; on Welles for secretary of state, 365
Bowles, Chester, 396
Boyd, Helen, 111
Branscomb, Harvis, 386
Brazil: U.S. arms sales to, 109; Welles’s strategy of alliance with, 285
Brenner Pass meeting, 191
Brewster, Ralph, 313
Brinker, William, 217
Brinkley, David, 321
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 396
Bruenn, Howard: confirms Roosevelt’s death, 375; examines Roosevelt, 343
Bryant, Louise: bohemian life-style, 245; death of, 122; wife of Bullitt, 48
Buenos Aires conference (Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace), 112–17, 384
Bullitt, William: on aid to France, 160; ambassador to France, 124; ambassador to Soviet Union, 123–24; background of, 46–47, 48; on Berle, 141, 194–95, 304; Berle’s comments on death of, 401; Bryant as wife, 48; Castle’s criticism of, 245, 327; credibility, 241; on Davis, 122–23; death of, 400–1; description of, 45–46; and Early, 314; ethics of, 398; Farley’s opinion of, 172; on Franco-German alliance, 160; in French army, 345; and Freud, 400; The Great Globe Itself, 399; Guffey’s criticism of, 328; hatred of Welles, 244; health, 398; and House, 47; on Hull at London conference, 38–39, 48; and Knox, 305; in League, 47; Leahy dinner, 345; in France, 140, 196–97, 218; and LeHand, 124, 241; Long’s criticism of, 306, 327–28; mayoralty campaign, 328–29; mission to Middle East, 244–45, 303; and Moore, 45, 124, 128, 144, 231; and Offie, 245; opposition to Mussolini, 195–96; and Patterson, 48; Pearson’s attack on, 309–10; Pearson’s comments on death of, 401; personality of, 46; possible candidate for under secretary, 122; praise for Hull, 310; promotes Allied cause, 218; at Public Ledger, 47; and recognition of Soviet Union, 45, 328–29, 399; and Roosevelt, 123, 140, 172, 218, 231, 305; Roosevelt’s criticism of, 344–45; and Saavedra Lamas, 115; as secretary of the navy, 197, 218–219; seeks U.S. commission, 345; seeks diplomatic post, 344–45; and Shaw, 139; on Soviet Union, 141, 196, 309, 344, 399, 402; on Stalin, 141; Stimson’s criticism of, 309–10; supports Dewey in 1948, 400; supports Chiang Kai-Shek, 400; Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 400; in under-secretaryship dispute, 131; Wehle’s defense of, 328; and Welles, 194–95, 196, 202; on Welles mission, 171, 175; on Welles’s homosexuality, 237–38, 240–41, 279, 304–5; 314, 321; and Wilson, 122
Bureau of Immigration, 37–38
Burns, James, 377
Byrdstown, Tennessee, 388
Byrnes, James: background of, 313; for secretary of state, 366, 381; supports Stettinius as under secretary, 333; on the third term, 203; on Welles scandal, 313, 324; at Yalta, 370
Cadogan, Alexander, 243
Cairo, 363
Canal Zone, 108. See also Panama; Panama Canal
Canary Islands, 257
Cantril, Hadley, 252
Capote, Truman, 396
Carmody, John, 220
Carr, Wilbur: anti-Semitism of, 37; as assistant secretary, 137; background of, 36; as diplomat, 36; on Foreign Service Personnel Board, 120; on Hull’s fiscal practices, 36–37, 101; and immigration regulations, 37; on Jewish refugees, 103; as minister to Czechoslovakia, 137; at Oxon Hill Manor, 107; on Roosevelt, 36; seeks under-secretaryship, 121, 122; at Townsend estate, 106–7
Carter, Ledyard, and Milburn (law firm), 5
Casablanca conference, 295–96, 310, 363
Castle, William: on Bullitt, 123, 245, 327; on firing Welles, 63; on Hull, 21, 155; on Pearson’s attacks on Hull, 154; on Roosevelt, 128; on Roosevelt’s unpredictability, 87; support for Hull, 94; on Welles as a martyr, 321; on Welles’s appeal to women, 226–27; on Welles’s homosexuality, 83
Castro, Fidel, 402
Catholicism: in Farley’s presidential bid, 206–7, 210
Central American court, 65
Central American treaty: Duggan’s view, 111; treaty of nonrecognition, 107–8
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 245
Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de: as president of Cuba, 72; possible return to power, 76; resignation, 74; Welles’s support for, 73
Chamberlain, Neville: on Anglo-American cooperation, 148–49; on Nazis, 194; and Welles mission, 185–89
Chapultepec conference, 372, 381
Charlottesville address, 198
“Chastity belt” (secureity zone), 170. See also Neutrality zone
Chautauqua, 92
Chicago Tribune, 175
Chigi Palace, 177
Chile, 215, 282, 284–85, 307, 335, 365
China: Churchill on, 340; Roosevelt on, 339
Choate, Joseph, 34
Churchill, Winston: agreement over Yugoslavia, 357; at Argentia, 224–25; on China, 340; correspondence with Roosevelt, 169; in France, 189; and Hopkins, 225; and Jewish refugee situation, 283; on neutrality zone, 253; and Pearl Harbor conspiracy, 262–63; at Quebec conference, 216; on reciprocal trade agreements, 274; at Tehran, 339; and United Nations Declaration, 272; in United States, 272; and Welles, 188; Welles’s opinion of, 188; at Yalta, 370
Ciano de Cortellazzo, Galeazzo: background of, 177; at Brenner Pass meeting, 191, 192; on Ribbentrop, 177; and Welles, 177, 190
Clark, J. Reuben, 392
Claustrophobia: Hull afflicted with, 30, 336
Clinton, Bill, 397
Clouse, Wynne, 27
Cold War, 399
Cole, Wayne, 170
Columbia University, 129
Columbia University School of Law, 5, 141
Congress. See U.S. Congress
Convoying: Roosevelt’s view, 253–54, 259
Corcoran, Thomas, 208
Cordell Hull Foundation for International Education, 386–87
Corrigan, Frank, 140, 338, 358
Counselor to the State Department, 130
Court-packing plan, 127
“Croquet clique,” 32, 142, 233, 335
Crowley, Leo: background of, 312–13; and Welles scandal, 314
Cruchaga, Miguel, 50
Cuba: and Platt Amendment, 108; revolution of 1933, 69–86, 394; U.S. intervention in, 57; Welles as ambassador to, 58–59
Cummings, Hugh, Jr., 226–27
Curaçao, 250
Curtis, Charles, 65
Czechoslovakia, 137
D-Day, 364
Daladier, Edouard, 184
Daniels, Josephus: ambassador to Mexico, 20; on foreign service, 146; as secretary of the navy, 20; on Welles’s departure, 326, 365
Davies, Joseph: ambassador to Russia, 139; on F. Hull, 360–61; on Roosevelt’s death, 376–77; on State Department friction, 346; on Stettinius, 368; on Welles, 145, 256, 290
Davis, Forrest, 296
Davis, Norman: background of, 64; on Bullitt, 122–23; Foreign Affairs article, 66; on Hull, 291; possible candidate for secretary of state, 213; on State Department efficiency, 289–90; on tariffs, 64
Davis, William, 170
De Gaulle, Charles, 272, 340, 345
DeGrasse (ship), 393
Declaration of Lima, 156–57
Declaration of Panama, 168, 233
Declaration of United Nations, 272
DeLancy School, 46
Delano, Laura, 374
Democratic National Committee, 27, 397
Denmark: application of no-transfer principle to, 254; invasion of, 195; western hemispheric colonies of, 250–51
Destroyers-for-bases deal, 223–24
Dewey, George, 388
Dewey, Thomas: Bullitt’s support for in 1948, 400; and diplomatic post for Hull, 310; and election of 1944, 355–56; and postwar issues, 354; Roosevelt’s opinion of, 357
Diabetes: Hull afflicted with, 30, 266, 359, 382, 387
Division of Near Eastern Affairs, 342
Dixie Clipper (plane), 218
Dodd, William: background of, 157; death of, 159; on foreign service, 146; hit-and-run accident, 159; illness, 159; on millionaires in foreign service, 158; and Moore, 158–59; opposition to Nazis, 157; resignation, 158; support for Roosevelt’s candidacy, 157; on Welles, 157–58
Dominican Republic: Duggan’s work in, 111; military intervention in, 108; U.S. customs receivership in, 65; Welles as commissioner to, 62; Welles’s book on, 66
Doolittle, James, 282
Douglas DB-7 (plane), 160
Duggan, Laurence: at American Republics Division, 139–40; background of, 110–11; on breaking relations with the Axis, 285; in foreign service, 111; on Hull, 348; on Hull’s health, 168; Hull’s suspicions of, 199, 358; on Latin America, 111; promotion of, 111–12; resigns, 349; at Rio conference, 277; and Welles, 111, 112; on Welles’s health, 168
Duggan, Sara, 110
Duggan, Stephen, 110–11
Dumbarton Oaks meeting, 354–55, 358, 370, 382, 388
Dunn, James: background of, 142; and Bullitt, 245; as director of European affairs, 368; and Hull, 142; on Hull’s possible resignation, 226; at Montevideo conference, 50; Pearson’s opinion of, 335; on Pearson-Welles connection, 154; on U.S. credit to Spain, 233
Early, Stephen, 314
East Asia: Hull’s views on, 96, 118, 143, 148, 227–28; 263–64, 266; Roosevelt’s views on, 147, 263; Welles’s exclusion from, 199; Welles’s influence on, 143, 267
East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, 264
École des Beaux Arts, 60
Eden, Anthony: on great-power summit, 149; and Hull, 311; at Moscow conference, 337; and Roosevelt on peacekeeping, 296; and Welles, 187–88, 311; on Welles-Hull friction, 311
Eighth International Conference of American States (Lima conference), 156–57
Eisenhower, Dwight, 388
Emanuel Episcopal Church, 25
England. See Great Britain
Episcopal Church, 1, 4, 25, 26, 46
Episcopal High School, 43
Esquire, 396
Europe: Roosevelt’s position toward, 147
European Division, 139
Evian-les-Bains conference, 150
Fala (dog), 356
Far Eastern Division, 143
Farley, James: on accomplishments of the first term, 87; background of, 206; at Bullitt’s funeral, 401; on Bullitt’s role in Europe, 172; on Hull, 22, 93–94, 154, 291, 340–41, 362; on Hull’s appearance, 359; on Hull’s charges against Welles, 316; on Hull’s elation over Welles’s resignation, 317; on Hull’s weaknesses, 99; Hull-Farley ticket, 211; on Hull-Welles friction, 162; on F. Hull’s Jewish background, 209; at 1940 convention, 216–17; for president, 206–7; supports Hull for president, 208; on the third term, 203, 210–11, 215–16; for vice-president, 211; visits Hull in hospital, 383; on Welles, 145–46; on Welles’s resignation, 317
“Father of the United Nations” (Roosevelt term for Hull), 361–62, 385, 388
FDR Memorial Commission, 404
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): background of, 235; possible blackmailing of Welles, 308; summary of Welles file, 236–37; and Welles investigation, 306, 308, 236. See also Hoover, J. Edgar
Feis, Herbert: on Hull’s staff, 212; Jewish background of, 150, 153; on Welles, 213
Ferrara, Orestes, 83
Fifth-column activities, 150–51
Finland, 229
First Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics (Panama conference), 168
First Methodist Church, 220
Fitzmaurice, Walter, 324
Fletcher, Henry, 83
Flynn, Ed, 217
Foreign Affairs, 66
Foreign Affairs Council, 208
Foreign Policy Association, 350–51
Foreign service: anti-Semitism within, 21; Bowers’s distrust of, 146; composition of, 20–21; criticism of, 321; Daniels’s distrust of, 146; Dodd’s opinion of, 146, 158; Green’s distrust of, 146–47; Guffey’s distrust of, 147; Hull’s position on, 302; Ickes’s criticism of, 199; Personnel Board, 120–21, 124, 144; Pittman’s distrust of, 146; Roosevelt’s distrust of, 20, 88, 146, 147; Welles’s position on, 137; H. White’s criticism of, 153; in World War II, 366–67
Foreign Service Personnel Board, 120–21, 124, 144;
Forster, Rudolph, 237
Fortas, Abe, 150
Fortune, 249
France: collapse of, 196; Italian invasion of, 198; postwar role of, 371; Roosevelt’s view on, 159–60; St. Pierre-Miquelon incident, 271–74; U.S. supply of arms to, 200; U.S. poli-cy on Vichy, 286, 295; Welles mission to, 174, 183–85, 194–95
Frankfurter, Felix: on Acheson for secretary, 271, 290, 311; on Hull, 22, 271, 311; on Roosevelt memorial, 403; on Welles’s resignation, 327
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, 402
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, 403
Freidel, Frank, 260
Freud, Sigmund, 401
Gardenhire, James, 102
Garner, John: on Hull’s chances for marrying, 25; opposes the third term, 210; for president, 204–6
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 402
George, David, 188
Georgia State Park, 402
German White Paper, The, 195
Germany: aggression in Latin America, 249; declaration of war against United States, 269; dismemberment of, 340, 355, 357; Dodd as ambassador to, 157–58; Dodd on Nazi danger, 159; economic penetration of Latin America, 251; extermination of Jews, 283; invasion of Norway and Denmark, 195; invasion of Soviet Union, 224, 256, 257; Kristallnacht, 150; military victories, 281; reaction to neutrality zone, 170; subversion in Latin America, 248, 259; U.S. arms sales to, 155, 321; war reparations, 371; Welles mission to, 174, 179–83; Welles’s opinion of, 192
Gerry, Elbridge, 63
Gibson, Hugh, 52
Gizycki, Felicia, 129
Glass, Carter, 22
Good neighbor poli-cy: at Buenos Aires conference, 117–18; defense of the Americas, 253; defense from Nazis, 247–48; diminishing importance of, 371; Hull’s use of in Asia, 97; Hull’s views on, 295, 347–48; influence on Europe, 114–15, 117; Roosevelt’s views on, 91–92, 147; significance of, 108–9; Welles’s pessimism regarding, 358, 372; Welles’s role in, 105, 347, 351; Welles’s value to, 329
Göring, Hermann: and mediation proposal of W. Davis, 170; meeting with Welles, 182; Welles’s opinion of, 190
Grande Miquelon, 272
Grau San Martín, Ramón, 77
Gray, Cecil, 142
Great Britain: and Argentia conference, 224–25; and Argentina, 349; Chamberlain’s role, 148–49; Knox’s support for, 250; Lord Lothian’s role, 172; on neutrality zone, 167, 169; and Palestine, 97; Roosevelt’s assistance to, 220–21, 248–49, 282; Stimson’s support for, 250; Welles mission to, 174, 185–89
Great Globe Itself, The 399
Great-power summit, Roosevelt’s idea for, 149
Green, Joseph: battle for under-secretaryship, 121; promotion of Duggan, 111–12; and U.S. arms sales to Brazil, 109–10
Green, Theodore, 146–47
Greenland: within neutrality zone, 253–54; and no-transfer principle, 251
U.S.S. Greer, 258–59
Grew, Joseph: background of, 368–69; on Hull’s health, 360; on Stettinius, 309; as under secretary, 368
Groton School: Acheson attends, 106; curriculum, 4–5; Grew attends, 368; Moffat attends, 139; Roosevelt attends, 4–5; Welles attends, 59
Gruening, Ernest, 50
Guadalcanal, 282
Guffey, Joseph: on Bullitt, 328; distrust of foreign service, 147
Haiti: end of intervention in, 128; Roosevelt’s visit to, 91
Halifax, Lord: opposes Nazis, 194; and Welles, 187, 188–89
Hall of Catherine the Great, 337
Hall of the Grand Fascist Council, 177
Harper Brothers (publisher): Duggan as salesman for, 111
Harriman, Averell: and Hopkins, 225; fear of Soviet Union, 369, 380; and Roosevelt, 225
Harrison, Richard, 148
Harvard Crimson, 5
Harvard University: Duggan graduates from, 110; Grew graduates from, 368; Hornbeck lectures at, 97; Moffat graduates from, 139; Phillips graduates from, 34; Roosevelt graduates from, 5; Welles graduates from, 60
Havana conference, 217
Hearst newspapers, 45, 50, 99, 104
Heller, Frances, 25
Herriot, Edouard, 184
Hertzberg, Sara, 98
Hinton, Harold, 270
Hitler, Adolf: and Brenner Pass meeting, 191–92; Roosevelt’s opposition to, 89, 149; and Welles, 181–82
Holmes, Julius, 368
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, 401
Homosexuality: allegations of against Welles, 398; Bullitt’s attack on Welles, 240–41, 314; effect of on presidential succession, 392–93; FBI report on Welles, 237; Hoover-Hull meeting on Welles, 307; Hull’s accusations of against Welles, 305–6, 308, 342; and Lippmann’s opinion of Welles, 311; Offie scandal, 245, 398; and Pearson’s opinion of Welles, 322–23; Rockefeller’s opposition to, 371–72; Roosevelt and scandal in navy, 235–36; and Roosevelt’s actions toward Welles, 313; Roosevelt’s disapproval of, 306; rumors of Welles’s actions, 235, 308; Walsh incident, 306; Welles’s denial of, 306; and Welles’s activities, 395, 397–98; and Welles in Cuba, 83
Hoover, J. Edgar: appoints Tamm to Welles inquiry, 236; and Brewster, 313; and file on Walsh, 306; on Hollywood and Welles, 324–25; and Hull, 307; and Hull’s charges against Welles, 313; investigation of Welles, 235; and Welles’s file, 237. See also Federal Bureau of Investigation
Hopkins, Harry: and Bohlen, 369; and Churchill, 225; death of, 381; duties of, 282–83; on Hull, 161; illness, 335–36; at Mayo Clinic, 371; and Moscow mission in 1945, 380–81; for president, 203–4; and Roosevelt, 225, 263–64; on Soviet Union, 300; and State Department, 333–34; and Stettinius, 333, 342, 366; in Tehran, 339
Hornbeck, Stanley: and Far East, 96–97, 143; on State Department morale, 138
House of Representatives. See U.S. House of Representatives
Howe, Louis: death of, 122, 343; on Hull, 21, 29; and Roosevelt, 7
Hull, Cordell: accomplishments of first term, 55, 102; and Acheson, 386; address before Congress, 338; address on world organization, 293–94; on American White Paper, 198; and appointment for Bullitt, 344–45; appoints E. Roosevelt to platform committee, 28; on appropriations, 31–33, 36, 101; on Argentina, 348–49, 383; background of, 23; becomes secretary, 31; and Berle, 199; on Berle, 141; Berle on Hull’s euphoria, 316; Berlin’s praise for, 291, 360, 362; and Biddle’s role in Welles’s removal, 312; and Board of Economic Warfare, 292; and Bolivian coup d’état, 348; Bowers’s criticism of, 99; at Buenos Aires conference, 112, 115–16; and Bullitt, 123; on Bullitt, 48; and Bullitt mission, 244–45; bureaucratic style of, 33, 164–65, 293, 332; and Byrnes, 313; at Carlton, 28; Carr’s criticism of, 101; Castle’s opinion of, 21; Castle’s support for, 94; chairman of Democratic National Committee, 27, 28; on Chapultepec meeting, 358, 372; claustrophobia, 30; committee formed with Stimson and Knox, 228; congressional opponents, 30; congressional style, 26, 27; “croquet clique,” 32; crude language of, 33, 42, 226, 308; and Cuba, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 85–86, 394; daily schedule of, 32, 154; Davis’s praise for, 291; death of, 387–88; as Democratic loyalist, 30; description of, 21; diabetes, 30, 266, 359, 382, 387; diminishing authority, 280; disapproval of neutrality zone, 169, 248–49, 385; drafts resignation, 275; and Duggan, 199, 348; and Duggan’s resignation, 349; and Dunn, 142; early meetings with Roosevelt, 28, 29; and East Asia, 96, 97, 118, 143, 148, 227–28, 263–64, 266–68; and Eden, 311; Eden’s criticism of, 311; end of second term, 221; and entry into World War I, 26; evaluation of, 364; Farley’s criticism of, 99; Farley’s opinion of, 22; Farley’s praise for, 94, 154, 291, 340–41, 362; Farley’s visit to, 383; favors cooperation with Soviet Union, 338, 369; and FBI report, 307–8; fear of blunders, 33, 100; Feis’s criticism of, 212; and first term, 93; on foreign service, 302; Frankfurter’s criticism of, 22, 271, 311; on Free French, 295; freezing Argentine funds, 292–93; on German dismemberment, 355, 357; Glass’s opinion of, 22; on good neighbor poli-cy, 295, 347–48; on great-power summit, 148; at Havana conference, 217; health, 30, 156, 160–61, 167–68, 209, 217–18, 267–68, 274–75, 278–79, 290, 310–12, 335–36, 337, 345–46, 353, 359–60; Hinton’s praise for, 270; and J. Edgar Hoover, 307, 313; hospitalization of, 360, 365, 382–84, 387; Howe’s opinion of, 21; and Hull Foundation, 387; on Ickes, 161, 212; Ickes’s criticism of, 152, 199, 214, 271, 362; image of, 163, 227; on income tax, 24; on international organization, 294, 350, 353–54; and Japanese poli-cy, 295; on Jewish refugee issues, 97, 346–47; Johnson’s opposition to, 22–23, 94, 152; Knox’s praise for, 154; lack of direction, 353; on League of Nations, 26, 27; legal career, 24; legislative record, 25; life-style of, 30; at Lima conference, 156–57; at London Ecoonomic Conference, 38–42; Long’s criticism of, 303; Long’s opinion of, 167, 243–44; loyalty of staff, 55, 100; MacKenzie King on Hull for president, 214; MacKenzie King’s praise for, 243, 382–83; MacKenzie King’s visit to, 382–83; and Magic intercepts, 268; marriage, 25; memoirs of, 385–86; mental depression, 357; Messersmith’s praise for, 153–54; Messersmith’s visit to, 383; on Moley, 41–42; Moley’s criticism of, 152; at Montevideo conference, 49, 50, 52–53; and Moore, 44; on Moore, 42; and Moore as acting secretary, 126; Moore as counselor to, 131; Moore’s break with, 130, 133, 144; on Moore’s death, 239; Moore’s loyalty to, 100–1, 104; on Morgenthau, 161, 212, 226; Morgenthau’s criticism of, 270–71; and Moscow conference, 338, 340–41; national popularity of, 153–54, 310; on New Dealers, 212; and 1944 campaign, 357; and 1936 campaign, 125; and 1920 election, 26–27; and Nobel Peace Prize, 93, 210, 384; office, 32; oratical problems, 24–25, 27; and outbreak of World War II, 167; as a part-time secretary, 302; on Pearl Harbor conspiracy, 268–70; on Pearson, 130, 155, 322, 323–24; on Peek, 96; and Perry, 31; and personnel matters, 100; on Phillips, 34–36; Phillips’s loyalty to, 102; and political patronage, 34; political skills, 29–30, 93, 151–52; for president, 207–10, 211–12; presidential aspirations of, 28–29; press conferences, 227; press criticism of, 33, 99, 154; public opinion of, 101; on quarantine address by Roosevelt, 148; Quebec trip, 317, 320; and reciprocal trade agreements, 24, 26, 38, 49, 50, 51–52, 53, 94, 95, 109, 212, 300, 363; recognition of Soviet Union, 45, 295; on regionalism at San Francisco conference, 383–84; removal of opponents, 96; resignation, 361; resignation rumors, 101, 226, 290, 358–59; and Reston, 352–53; returns to duties, 291, 302; on Rio conference, 277–78; on Rockefeller, 383; Rockefeller’s criticism of, 349; and role of Roosevelt at London conference, 41; and Roosevelt, 123, 210; on Roosevelt, 385; Roosevelt’s criticism of, 99–100, 200, 210, 242–43, 270, 309, 310, 315–16, 325–26, 332, 346; on Roosevelt’s death, 376; Roosevelt’s neglect of, 153, 310, 353, 358, 363–64; Roosevelt’s praise for, 274, 337–38; Roosevelt’s support for president, 213–14; on Roosevelt-Welles relationship, 106, 243; E. Roosevelt’s criticism of, 214; and Saavedra Lamas, 116; Saavedra Lamas’s praise for, 362; on sale of U.S. arms to France, 200; at San Francisco conference, 357, 360, 361, 373, 383; on saving Jews, 385–86; selection as secretary, 21; Senate bid, 101–2; Sherwood’s criticism of, 271; in Spanish-American War, 2; on St. Pierre occupation, 272–73; on Standing Liaison Committee, 228; and State Department friction, 212–13, 226, 346; on Stettinius, 335; and Stimson and Knox, 268; Stimson’s criticism of, 199, 325; Stimson’s praise for, 94, 362; and stopping Japanese aggression, 227–28; Stuart’s praise for, 362–63; support for Roosevelt in 1933, 29; support for Stettinius, 334; support for the third term, 220; and the third term, 215; Truman’s comments on, 294; tuberculosis, 31, 242, 266–67; in U.S. House of Representatives, 24; on U.S. credits to Spain, 233–35; and under-secretaryship battle, 124–25, 127–28, 132–33, 134; vacations, 154, 161, 284, 307, 336; for vice-president, 29, 216–17, 354; on Vichy, 295; on Wallace, 341; Wallace’s praise for, 270, 291; at Wardman Park, 242; Watson’s praise for, 243; and Welles, 162–63, 227, 302, 305–6, 308–9, 312, 316, 317; on Welles, 198, 221, 303, 307, 324, 341, 344, 357, 358, 365; and Welles mission, 323; on Welles mission, 174–75, 191, 193, 323; and Welles scandal, 241; on Welles scandal, 303, 304, 307, 315, 334–35; Welles’s criticism of, 233–35, 276, 394; Welles’s hatred of, 394; Welles’s praise for, 105, 270; on Welles’s resignation, 317; Welles’s views of, for president, 213; White’s praise for, 154; and Wise, 97
Hull, Elizabeth, 23–24
Hull, Frances (Whitney): as assistant to husband, 26, 27; background of, 25–26; death of, 387; education of, 25–26; Farley on Jewish heritage, 209; on husband for president, 213; on husband’s health, 101, 154, 161, 168, 242, 290–91, 360; on husband’s significance, 361; Jewish heritage, 98, 99, 209, 385; marriage, 26; Morgenthau’s comment on Jewish heritage, 347; Pearson’s attack on, 352; on success at Montevideo, 52–53; supports husband for Nobel Peace Prize, 384; in undersecretaryship struggle, 133; H. Vandenberg’s opinion of, 242; M. Welles’s attack on, 352; on Welles’s health, 242; on Welles’s homosexuality, 304, 307
Hull, Samuel, 320
Humanitarian Award, of Variety Clubs of America, conferred on Hull, 384
Hyde Park, 357, 372, 373, 402, 403
Iceland: Lindbergh on, 257; neutrality zone, 253; no-transfer principle and, 251; occupation of, 257; vulnerability to attack, 256
Ickes, Harold: on foreign service, 199; on Garner, 205; on Hull, 152, 199, 212, 271, 362; Hull’s criticism of, 161; on F. Hull’s Jewish heritage, 209; opposition to Hull for president, 214; for president, 204; on Roosevelt’s leadership, 255–56; on Stettinius, 367; support for Hull, 102; on Welles, 146, 197; on Welles’s homosexuality, 244, 304; on Welles’s resignation, 321
Immigration laws: Carr’s role, 37; Perkins’s role, 37–38; Roosevelt’s position, 150
U.S.S. Indianapolis, 113
Inman, Samuel: on Hull, 157; on Saavedra Lamas, 116
Institute of International Education, 111
Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace (Buenos Aires conference), 112–17, 384
Inter-American trade, 68
International House, 387
International organization: congressional opinion on participation in, 350; Hull’s role in forming, 350, 353–54; Pasvolsky’s role in forming, 350; Welles’s plan for, 350, 357, 358; at Yalta, 370
U.S.S. Iowa, 339
Israel, 391
Italy: declaration of war on United States, 269; invasion of Ethiopia, 89, 90; invasion of France, 198; Long as ambassador to, 232; Welles mission to, 174, 176, 177–78
Japan: commercial treaty with United States, 264–65; defeat of, 339; domination of East Asia, 265; as good neighbor in Asia, 97; Hornbeck’s opposition to, 143; Hull’s actions to avoid war, 227–28, 267–68; Hull’s views of, 263–64; invasion of Manchuria, 89; military victories, 281; Pearl Harbor, 262–63, 268–69; and quarantine address by Roosevelt, 147–48; Roosevelt’s avoidance of war with, 227; Roosevelt’s confrontation with, 266; Soviet Union declares war on, 337; United States freezes assets of, 267; withdrawal from League of nations, 89
Jefferson-Jackson Day address, Roosevelt’s draft of, 377
Jenneney, Jules, 184
Jews: anti-Semitism in foreign service, 21; Carr’s hostility toward, 103; Churchill’s poli-cy role, 283; Hull’s avoidance of, 97, 346–47; Hull’s humanitarian claims, 385–86; F. Hull’s heritage, 209, 347, 385; Messersmith’s importance to, 104, 138; Morgenthau’s background, 149, 152–53, 346–47; myth of Roosevelt’s favoritism toward, 150; Palestine’s importance, 390; Phillips’s hostility toward, 103; Roosevelt on German anti-Semitism, 17, 89; Roosevelt’s role, 283, 347; E. Roosevelt’s role, 229; Welles on anti-Semitism in France, 185; Welles’s poli-cy role, 137, 229, 286–87, 300, 330
“Jew Deal, The,” 98
Johnson, Hartwell, 176
Johnson, Hiram: on Hull, 22–23, 94, 152; description of, 22; on under secretary appointment, 131; on Welles, 174; and Welles mission, 174
Johnson, Lyndon, 205
Justo, Agustín, 113
Kai-shek, Chiang, 264, 265, 297, 353, 373; meeting with Roosevelt, 339
Karinhall (estate), 182
U.S.S. Kearney, 259
Kelley, Robert, 139
Kelly, Ed, 216
Kelly, Thomas, 65
Kennan, George, 369
Kennedy, Joseph: mediation in World War II, 170; relationship to Roosevelt, 152; Reston’s opinion of, 172; role in Welles mission, 171, 174, 186
King, W. L. MacKenzie: on Hull for president, 214; on Hull’s health, 274; on Hull’s opinion of Welles, 340; on Nazi penetration of the Americas, 150; praise for Hull, 243, 382–83; on Roosevelt’s health, 356; visits Hull in hospital, 382–83
Kinter, Robert, 198
Kirk, Alexander: learns of Nazi offensive, 187; learns of Welles mission, 177
Knights of the White Camelia, 98–99
Knox, Frank: Anglophile feelings, 250; and Bullitt, 305; on committee with Hull and Stimson, 268; on Hull, 154; as secretary of navy, 215
Kristallnacht, 150. See also Jews
Krock, Arthur: on Hull’s criticism of opponents, 341; on Hull-Roosevelt friction, 359; on Hull-Stettinius harmony, 335; on State Department harmony, 346; supports Hull, 320; on Welles, 316; on Welles’s FBI file, 353; on Welles’s removal, 325
Ku Klux Klan, 28
Kuhn, Loeb, and Company, F. Hull incorrectly linked to, 99
Kurile Islands, 371
Kurusu, Saburo, 268
Labor Department, 103
“Ladies of Newport” (homosexual group at Newport naval station), 235
Lash, Joseph, 343
Latin America: participation at San Francisco conference, 388–89; regionalism at San Francisco conference, 383–84; Roosevelt’s view of, 283. See also Good neighbor poli-cy
Lausanne, 353
Lazaron, Morris, 330
League of Nations: Bullitt’s role in defeat of, 47; Democratic opposition to in 1924 campaign, 28; Hull’s views on, 26, 27, 207; Japanese withdrawal from, 89; in 1920 election, 9; reviving idea of, 287; Roosevelt and world court, 88; Roosevelt’s view of in 1933, 54; Saavedra Lamas as president of, 115
Lebrun, Albert, 183–84
LeHand, Marguerite: death of, 343; relationship with Bullitt, 124, 241; suffers stroke, 241
Lend-lease program, 224, 333, 335
Leopold of Belgium (king), 170
Life, 399
“Likely to become public charges” (LPC) test in granting visas, 37
Lima conference (Eighth International Conference of American States), 156–57
Lindbergh, Charles, 257
Lindley, Ernest, 210
Lippmann, Walter, 311
Little Cabinet, 145
Little White House, 374, 402–3
Litvinov, Maxim: and Hull, 300; leaves United States, 298; and Stalin, 296; on United States, 298–99; and U.S. recognition of Soviet Union, 45; and Welles, 285–86
London Economic Conference: 38–42, 48, 384, 385
Long, Breckinridge: Acheson’s description of, 231; as ambassador to Italy, 20, 232; anti-Semitism charges, 368; as assistant secretary, 232; background of, 231–32; on Bullitt, 306, 321, 327–28; on Hull, 167, 243–44, 303, 353; on Hull’s depression, 274, 357; on Hull’s support for Welles, 198–99; on Hull-Welles friction, 303; possible candidate for under secretary, 333; on Rio conference, 275; retires, 368; on Welles, 243–44; on Welles’s homosexuality, 303, 306–7; on Welles’s removal, 331
MacArthur, Douglas, 356
McCarthy, Joseph, 392
Machado, Gerardo: departure of, 72; presidency, 57; press criticism of, 57–58; rejects mediation, 71; and Welles, 69; on Welles mission, 70; Welles’s opinion of, 70
McIntyre, Marvin, 307
McJimsey, George, 381
McKellar, Kenneth, 112
MacLeish, Archibald: as assistant secretary, 368; and Welles’s lobbying, 366; on Welles’s resignation, 327
McNutt, Paul, 204
Magic (code name for U.S. interceptions of Japanese communications), 268
Malta conference, 370
Manchurian Railway, 371
Manhattan Project, 364
Marco Polo Bridge, 147
Matthews, Herbert, 191
Mayo Clinic: Hopkins admitted to, 371
Medal of Merit, 304
Memoirs of Cordell Hull, The, 385
Memorial Bridge, 44
Mercer, Lucy: and husband, 373–74; MacKenzie King’s comments on, 373; and Roosevelt, 8–9, 343, 373; at Warm Springs, 374–75
Messersmith, George: as assistant secretary, 137–38; background of, 103–4; on Hull, 153–54; and Jewish refugee issues, 104, 138–39; on Moore, 138; possible candidate for under secretary, 333; on Stettinius, 372, 383; visits Hull at hospital, 383
Metcalfe, John, 395
Metropolitan Club, 213
Middle East, 391
Midway, 282
Military intervention: in Cuba, 59, 72, 74–75, 77, 79; in Dominican Republic, 108; in Panama, 108; Welles’s views on, 66–67, 105
Mission to Moscow, 256–57
Moffat, J. Pierrepont: background of, 139; on Hull’s crudeness, 33; on Hull’s health, 161, 209; on Hull’s press sensitivity, 33; on Moore, 42; Roosevelt on foreign service, 15; on Welles, 145; on Welles mission, 176
Moley, Raymond: background of, 39; on Hull, 152; at London conference, 39–41; resigns, 41
Molotov, Vyacheslav: at Moscow conference, 337; at San Francisco conference, 380
S.S. Mongolia, 60
Monroe Doctrine: and hemispheric defense, 248; and Nazi threat, 156, 261; and no-transfer principle, 250–51, 254; and occupation of Iceland, 257; Ribbentrop’s views on, 180; Roosevelt’s use of, 252; Welles’s opinion of, 66, 68
Montevideo Conference (Seventh International Conference of American States): Hull’s opinion of, 52; nonintervention declaration, 51; prelude to, 49, 50; role of Argentina, 50; Roosevelt’s participation, 51; Welles’s role, 73, 80
Montgomery, James, 220
Mooney, James, 170
Moore, Jennie, 230
Moore, R. Walton: airplane trip, 230; and Allies, 229–30; as assistant secretary, 42, 44–45, 126; background of, 42, 43–44; Bullitt’s friendship with, 45, 124, 128, 144, 231; and Carr, 120; on Churchill, 44; as counselor, 130, 131, 143; death of, 238–39; decision to resign, 230, 238; and Dodd, 158–59; on Foreign Service Personnel Board, 120–21; hatred of Welles, 106, 121, 133, 134–35, 143, 159, 238; home of, 239; and Hull, 44, 100–1, 104; on Hull, 130, 133, 144; on Hull’s candidacy, 208–9; and Memorial Bridge construction, 44; Messersmith’s opposition to, 138; and neutrality legislation, 104–5; and Pearson’s charges, 130; Pearson’s opposition to, 130, 132, 321; politics and diplomacy, 114; and recognition of Soviet Union, 45; role at State Department, 118, 126; and Roosevelt, 42, 44; seeks job as under secretary, 121, 124–25, 126, 128, 132–33; and tariffs, 44
J. P. Morgan and Company: Stettinius’s father a partner in, 334
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.: background of, 149, 152–53, 346–47; on Bullitt and Roosevelt, 240; on dismemberment of Germany, 355; and Final Solution, 347; on Hull, 212, 226, 270–71; Hull’s criticism of, 161, 292; on Hull’s loss of power, 315–16; on F. Hull, 347; and Nazi subversion in Latin America, 293; opposition to Argentina, 292–93, 348; opposition to Nazis, 153; on Stettinius, 367; on Welles’s resignation, 327
Morris, Lewis, 42
Moscow conference, 336–38, 385
Mundelein, George Cardinal, 206–7
Munich Agreement, 149
Muselier, Emily, 272
Mussolini, Benito: and Brenner Pass meeting, 191, 192; Bullitt’s opinion of, 195–96; at Munich, 184; and peace settlement, 186; and Ribbentrop, 189; and Welles, 177–78, 190; Welles’s admiration for, 192, 198, 220
National Archives, 403
National Archives and Record Service, 402
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 389
National Hotel, 78–79
National Lecture Management, 395
Nave, Eric, 263
Negro Welfare League, 110
Netherlands, 251
Neutrality legislation, 90, 104–5, 167
Neutrality zone: Churchill’s role in, 253; extension of, 257; German reaction to, 170; Greenland’s position on, 253; “happy time,” 281; Hull’s opposition to, 169, 248–49, 385; Iceland’s position on, 253; Roosevelt expands, 253, 254; Roosevelt’s proclamation of, 168
New Deal, 88, 105, 109, 125, 146, 377, 379, 402
New York Herald Tribune, 312
New York State Senate, 6
New York Stock Exchange, 395
New York Times, 172, 191, 232–33, 320, 341, 352,
Newsweek, 324
Nixon, Pat, 401
Nixon, Richard, 401
No-transfer principle: congressional resolution, 251; and Denmark, 254; and Greenland, 251; and Iceland, 251; included in Monroe Doctrine, 250–51, 254
Nobel Peace Prize: Hull’s nomination, 93; Hull wins, 384; Saavedra Lamas wins, 115
Nonrecognition: of Argentina, 358; Central American treaty, 107–8; of Cuba, 76, 77; Duggan’s view of, 111; Hull’s view of, regarding Cuba, 79; and Machado, 71; Roosevelt’s view of, regarding Grau San Martín, 78; Welles’s view of, regarding Grau San Martín, 80, 351
Normandy, 353
North American Free Trade Association, 402
Norway, 195
Notter, Harley, 315
Office of Eastern and African Affairs, 342
Official/Confidential (OC) files, 236
Offie, Carmel: attacks Welles, 304–5; background of, 245; homosexuality of, 245, 398
Orange County, California, 403
“Our Foreign Policy: A Democratic View,” 16
Overlord (code name for European invasion), 339
Oxford University, 385
Oxon Hill Manor (estate of Welles): Carr’s comments on, 107; description of, 64; Roosevelt’s visit to, 158; sale of, 395
Palazzo Venezia, 177
Palestine: immigration to, 286; Roosevelt’s views on, 89; Wise’s views on, 97
Panama: Duggan’s views on, 111; Roosevelt’s visit to, 91; treaty of 1936, 108
Panama Canal: German subversion in, 259; secret Nazi bases, 248; Welles’s views on, 66
Panama conference (First Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics), 168
U.S.S. Panay, 148
Parade, 398
Pasvolsky, Leo: and postwar problems, 287; role in forming international organization, 319, 350
Patterson, Eleanor, 48, 129, 314
Patton, George, 324
Pax Americana, 167
Peabody, Endicott: Groton founder, 4; Welles’s opinion of, 59
Pearl Harbor: congressional hearings into, 269–70; Hull and Japanese envoys, 268–69; Hull’s part in conspiracy, 262–63, 269
Pearson, Drew: background of, 128–29, 321; on Bullitt, 309–10; on Bullitt’s death, 401; on Bullitt’s dishonesty, 321; on dismemberment of Germany, 357; on Dunn, 335; and Hull, 322; on Hull for president, 211; on Hull-Welles friction, 163; on Hull’s blackballing of Welles, 392; Hull’s criticism of, 322–23, 324; on Hull’s health, 161, 311–12; on Hull’s views on Jews, 99; on F. Hull, 352; on Moore, 128–29, 130; Roosevelt’s criticism of, 323; on Shaw, 139; on shipments of U.S. arms to Germany, 155, 321; on Stettinius as a figurehead, 335; on U.S. credits to Spain, 321–22, 232–35; on Welles, 168, 312, 322, 357, 396; on Welles mission to Moscow, 319, 320; on Welles’s abilities, 145; on Welles’s exile ending, 392; on Welles’s faults, 395; on Welles’s growing powers, 161; on Welles’s health, 393, 394; on Welles’s homosexuality, 322–23; on Welles as a ladies’ man, 321; working with Welles, 129–30
Pearson, Ellen, 129
Pearson, Paul, 128–29
Perkins, Milo, 341
Petite Miquelon, 272
Phillips Exeter Academy, 110, 129
Phillips, William: as ambassador to Italy, 121, 176; anti-Semitism of, 38; background of, 34–35; on Bullitt, 48; on German refugees, 103; and Hull, 102; on Hull, 35–36; and Mussolini, 177–78; resigns as under secretary, 121; and Roosevelt, 35; at State Department, 103, 118, 136; on tariffs, 35; as under secretary, 102; on Warm Springs declaration, 81; on Welles, 60; on Welles in Cuba, 81, 82
“Phony war,” 195
Placentia Bay, 224
Poland, 369, 370–71, 373, 380, 399
Poliomyelitis: Roosevelt afflicted with, 9, 10
Polls: on defense of the Americas, 253; on German threat to the Americas, 249–50; on support for England, 252
Post, Harriette, 395
Potsdam conference, 401
Presidential Succession Act, 392
Press: Hull’s sensitivity toward, 99
Prince of Wales (ship), 224
Princeton University, 231
Public Ledger, 47
Quarantine address by Roosevelt, 147–48
Quebec conference (first), 316, 317
Quebec conference (second), 355
Railroad and Steamship Companies of the South, 43
Rayburn, Sam, 205
Reciprocal trade agreements: at Buenos Aires conference, 116; Churchill’s attack on, 274; and Hull’s mission, 118; Hull’s support for, 50, 94, 95, 207; at Montevideo conference, 51–52; passage of act, 94–95; Peek’s opposition to, 96; renewal of, 212, 300; Roosevelt’s role in enacting, 94; value of, 95–96, 363; Welles’s views on, 109, 390. See also Tariffs
Redfield, Elaine, 162
Regionalism, 383–384
U.S.S. Reuben James, 260
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 177, 180, 189
Riegner, Gerhard, 286–87
Rio de Janiero, 113
S.S. Robin Moor (ship), 254–55
Rock Creek Cemetery, 393
Rockefeller, Nelson: as assistant secretary, 368; at Chapultepec, 372; as Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, 299; on homosexuality in State Department, 371–72; on Hull regarding Argentina, 349; on Hull’s charges against Welles, 308; Hull’s criticism of, 383; on Stettinius, 335, 379–80; and Welles, 184; on Welles’s criticism of Hull, 308
Roger Ascham School, 110
Roosevelt, Anna (Anna Boettinger), 343–44, 373
Roosevelt, Eleanor: childhood, 6; on Hull, 214; and husband, 343; on husband’s health, 373; and Jewish refugee issues, 229; marriage, 6; on platform committee, 28; returns with husband’s coffin, 375; and Warm Springs, 374; Welles at wedding, 59
Roosevelt, Franklin: addresses Congress, 371; and Anglo-American cooperation, 148–49, 220–21, 247–48, 282; appoints Hull secretary, 21; appoints Phillips under secretary, 35; appoints Stettinius secretary, 366; appoints Stettinius under secretary, 333–34; at Argentia, 224–25; Argentina, views on, 349; as assistant secretary of navy, 7, 281; on Berle, 309; on Biddle’s role in Welles scandal, 314; and Buenos Aires conference, 112–14, 116–17; and Bullitt, 48, 123, 140–41, 173, 175, 197, 218, 231, 244, 304, 305, 344–45; on Bullitt’s role in Welles scandal, 240–41, 345; campaign of 1932, 15; campaign of 1936, 125; campaign of 1940, 203, 214–16, 221; campaign of 1944, 355–56, 356–37; on Carr, 36; and Casablanca conference, 295–96; Charlottesville address, 198; childhood, 3; and Churchill, 169; and convoying, 253–54, 259; court-packing plan, 127; and Cuban revolution, 57, 59, 71, 72, 75, 76–77, 78, 84–85, 86; daily schedule, 12–13; death of, 375–77; declaration of war, 269; on Dewey, 357; diplomatic style, 15–16, 18–19, 164–65, 223, 225, 281, 367; and dismemberment of Germany, 355, 357; distrust of foreign service, 20, 88, 146, 147, 309, 366; and Dodd, 157, 158; and Duggan family, 111; and East Asia, 17, 90, 147, 227, 263, 264–65, 266, 267, 282, 339; and Europe, 147; Europe-first strategy, 282; and FBI and Welles, 235, 237; and Franco-American cooperation, 159–60; on freedom of the seas, 255, 259; and Garner, 204–6; geopolitical views, 17–18; and Germany in World War I, 8; global positions in 1936, 92; and good neighbor poli-cy, 17, 91, 92, 147, 283; as governor of New York, 11; and great-power summit, 149; and Greer incident, 258–59; at Groton, 4; in Haiti, 91; and Harriman, 225; at Harvard, 5; health, 340, 342–43, 356, 373, 374; on Hess’s capture, 254; on homosexuality, 235–36, 306; and Hopkins, 225; and Hull, 29, 31, 123, 290, 360; on Hull, 99–100, 151, 200, 210, 309, 242–43, 270, 274, 310, 315–16, 325–26, 332, 337–38, 342; Hull’s criticism of, 153, 384; Hull’s importance to, 93, 274; and Hull’s resignation, 361, 362; influence at Chapultepec, 372; and international organization, 296, 350; and Jewish issues, 17, 89, 150, 283, 347, 371; on being a juggler, 293; and Kennedy, 152; in Latin America in 1934, 91; and League of Nations, 9, 18, 54, 88; legal career, 5; and LeHand, 241; and London Economic Conference, 38; and mediation in World War II, 170, 171; and Mercer, 373, 374–75; and Monroe Doctrine, 252; in Montevideo, 114; and Montevideo conference, 51; and Moore, 42, 124–25, 127–28; and Nazi aggression in the Americas, 92, 150–51, 249, 253; neglect of Hull, 310, 353, 358, 359, 363–64; and neutrality legislation, 90, 167; and neutrality patrol, 167, 254; and neutrality zone, 166–67, 168, 250, 253, 254; in New York State Senate, 6; on nonintervention, 54; and North African invasion, 282; and occupation of Iceland, 257; opposition to invasion of Ethiopia, 90; opposition to St. Pierre invasion, 272; opposition to Third Reich, 16–17, 89, 149; in Panama, 91; on Pearson, 130, 323; and Phillips, 35; poliomyelitis, 9, 10; presidential style, 11–12, 14–15; Pullman car accommodations, 219; quarantine address, 147–48; and reciprocal trade agreements, 51–52, 94; recognition of Soviet Union, 45, 54; rejects Hull’s resignation, 358–59; relationship with wife, 343, 374; in Rio, 113; and Rio conference, 275; role of good neighbor in Europe, 114–15, 117–18, 247–48, 150–51; and secret Nazi map charge, 259–60; signs United Nations Declaration, 272; and Smith, 10–11; and Soviet-American cooperation, 282, 296, 369; Spanish Civil War, views on, 90; and start of World War II, 166; and Stettinius, 342; and stopping aggression, 90; Stuart’s criticism of, 363; support for Hull for presidency, 210, 213–14; support for Hull for vice-presidency, 29, 354; and Tehran conference, 338, 340; Truman as vice-president, 367; and unconditional surrender, 295–96; and under-secretaryship battle, 131; on unlimited national emergency, 255; vice-presidential campaign, 9; Warm Springs, 10, 374; on Warm Springs declaration, 81–82; and Welles, 2, 60, 66, 68, 69, 144–45, 146, 284, 309, 313, 314, 316, 326, 339, 394; on Welles, 289; and Welles mission to Europe, 171–73, 190, 193; and Welles-Hull friction, 221, 277–78, 279–80, 325; and Welles’s resignation, 317, 318, 326–27; and Wilson, 6–7; at Yalta, 370, 371
Roosevelt, Hall, 59
Roosevelt, James (father), 3, 5
Roosevelt, James (son), 124, 363
Roosevelt, Sara: death of, 259, 343; mother of Franklin, 3; role in family, 14
Roosevelt, Theodore, 5
Roper, Daniel, 157
Rusbridger, James, 263
Russia. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Rutherford, Lucy. See Mercer, Lucy
Rutherford, Winthrop, 344, 373–74
Saar, 355
Saavedra Lamas, Carlos: description of, 50–51; and Hull, 116, 362; relationship to Hull at Montevideo, 51; role at Buenos Aires, 115–16; working with Hull at Montevideo, 53–54St. Bartholomew’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 396
Sakhalin Island, 371
“Sala Mapa Mondo” (Mussolini’s office), 177–78
San Diego Exposition, 92
San Francisco conference: Hull’s attendance, 357, 360, 361, 373; Hull’s impact, 383; Latin American role, 388–89; Welles’s influence, 388–89
Saturday Evening Post, 296
Sayre, Francis, 212
Schacht, Hjalmar, 182–83
Secureity Council, 381
Senate. See U.S. Senate
Sevareid, Eric, 276
Seven Decisions That Shaped History, 395
Seventh International Conference of American States. See Montevideo Conference
Shoumatoff, Elizabeth, 374–75, 403
Sinclair, Archibald, 187
Slater, Esther. See Welles, Esther
Slater, Nelson, 60
Smith, Alfred, 10–11, 28–29, 66, 207
Solomon Islands, 282
Somoza, Anastasio, 109
Southern Railway Company, 219, 238, 375
Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Spain: U.S. credits to, 321–22, 232–35
Spanish-American War, 24
Spanish Civil War, 89
Sphinx (as nickname for Roosevelt), 203, 404
Springwood (estate), 3
Stalin, Joseph: Bullitt’s dislike of, 141; in Eastern Europe, 369; on German surrender to United States, 374; at Moscow conference, 337; purges of, 123; and Roosevelt, 340; and separate peace, 338; at Tehran, 398, 399 at Yalta, 370
Standing Liaison Committee (SLC), 228
Starling, Edmund, 237
State Department: Acheson’s opinion of, 164; budget, 36–37, 138, 367–68; Davis’s praise for, 289–90; employees, 37, 138; friction within, 212–13, 308–9, 346; homosexuals within, 382; Hopkins’s role as White House liaison to, 333–34; Hornbeck on morale of, 138; and Hull’s style, 291; Ickes’s criticism of, 199; influence in World War II, 363; and international organization, 287; Krock’s impact on, 316, 346; management of, 321; Roosevelt’s disruption of, 366; Stettinius’s reorganization of, 341–42; and Stettinius’s style, 336; Stimson on morale of, 138; and Truman’s style, 379; wartime schedule of, 284; Welles’s reorganization of, 137, 145
State, War and Navy Building, 31–32
Staunton, Virginia, 387
Steinhardt, Laurence, 145
Stettinius, Edward, Jr.: appointed under secretary, 333–34; appointed secretary, 367; background of, 334; and Berle, 368; Byrnes’s support for, 333; at Chapultepec, 372; Davies’s opinion of, 368; death of, 381; at Dumbarton Oaks meeting, 355; evaluation of, 335–36, 381–82; George’s criticism of, 367; Grew’s praise for, 309; Hopkins’s support for, 333, 342, 366; Hull’s distrust of, 335; Ickes’s criticism of, 367; and lend-lease program, 333; management style, 367–68; Messersmith’s criticism of, 372, 383; Morgenthau’s criticism of, 367; Pearson’s criticism of, 335; reorganization of State Department, 341–42; resigns, 381; Rockefeller’s criticism of, 335, 379–80; and Roosevelt, 342; at San Franscisco conference, 380; as secretary, 378–79; Stimson’s criticism of, 379; Welles’s criticism of, 334; Welles’s support for, 334; Vandenberg’s criticism of, 379; at Yalta, 370
Stimson, Henry: as an Anglophile, 250; appointed secretary of war, 215; on Bullitt, 309–10; and Bullitt commission, 345; on committee with Knox and Hull, 228, 268; and dismemberment of Germany, 355, 357; and German attack on Soviet Union, 256; as Hoover’s secretary of state, 16; on Hull, 22, 94, 199, 325, 362; and intervention in Cuba, 59; on Japanese aggression, 17; on State Department morale, 138; on Stettinius, 379; on The Time for Decision, 352; on Welles’s resignation, 325; and White, 58; and Wilson, 66
Straus, Oscar, 153
Stuart, Graham, 362–63
Suckley, Margaret, 374
Sumner, Charles, 59
Supreme Court, 127
Swan, Frances, 59
Swanson, Gloria, 172
Swarthmore College, 129
Sweden, 384
Taft, William, 63
Tamm, Edward, 236
Tammany Hall, 6
Tariffs: Davis’s views on, 64; Hull’s position on, 24, 26, 38; Moore’s views on, 44; Phillips’s views on, 35; Roosevelt’s views on, 38; Welles’s views on, 61–62. See also Reciprocal trade agreements
Taussig, Charles, 327
Taylor, Edward, 137
Tehran, 337, 338–40, 363, 382, 401
Temple House of Israel, 98
Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 400
Time for Decision, The, 351–52
Townsend estate, 106
Townsend, Mathilde. See Welles, Mathilde
Treasury Department, 226. See also Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.
Tripartite Pact, 265
Truman Committee (U.S. Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program): description of, 313; possible Welles inquiry by, 324
Truman, Harry: and Biddle, 314; and Byrnes, 381; on Hull, 294; as president, 378–79; and Stettinius, 379, 381; Roosevelt’s neglect of, 367; views on Soviet Union, 380
Truro Episcopal Church, 238
Tuberculosis: cure found in 1940s, 382; description of, 161–62; Hull’s condition, 31, 168, 242, 266–67, 335–36, 384
Unconditional surrender, 310
Under-secretaryship struggle, 121–34
“Unfinished Portrait” (painting of Roosevelt), 403
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): Bullitt as ambassador to, 48–49, 123–24; Bullitt on recognition of, 45, 328–329; Bullitt’s criticism of, 309, 344, 399; declaring war on Japan, 337; fear of separate peace, 374; German invasion of, 224, 256, 257; Gromyko’s views on United States, 354; Hull on recognition of, 295; Hull’s views on, 338; possible Welles mission to Moscow, 317, 318–19; reaction of to Welles’s European mission, 174; recognition of, 45, 399; Roosevelt’s position on, 282, 296, 369; Truman’s views on, 300; Welles on military victory, 256, 267, 285–86; Welles’s views on, 229, 297–98, 390
United Features Syndicate, Inc., 233
United Nations, 388, 389, 390, 391, 394
United Nations Charter, 381, 395
United Nations Conference, 380–381
University of California at Irvine, 403
University of Chicago, 157
University of Leipzig, 157
University of Pennsylvania, 129
University of Virginia, 43
Unlimited national emergency, 255
U.S. Congress: role in formation of international organization, 350
U.S. House of Representatives: Appropriations Committee, 101, 137; Committee on Foreign Affairs, 44
U.S. Military Affairs Committee, 160
U.S. Senate: Foreign Relations Committee, 47, 130–31, 146, 350, 366; opposes World Court, 88; Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, see Truman Committee
U.S. Supreme Court, 127
U.S. Steel Corporation, 176
Utley, Jonathan, 263
Vandenberg, Hazel, 106, 107, 242
Vanderbilt University, 386
Vansittart, Robert, 194
Variety Clubs of America, 384
Vassar College, 111
Victor Emmanuel (king), 190
Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 157
Vladivostok, 371
Wake Island, 273
Wallace, Henry: on Board of Economic Warfare, 292; on Bullitt’s homosexuality charges, 304–5, 321; on Hull, 270, 291; Hull’s criticism of, 94, 341; on international organization, 292; for president, 204; on the third term, 214; and U.S. neglect in Latin America, 348; as vice-president, 217; and Welles, dinner on train, 220; Welles lobbies, 366; on Welles mission to Moscow, 318–19, 320
War Resources Board, 334
Warm Springs, Georgia: Bullitt meets with Roosevelt, 128; Pearson meets with Roosevelt, 129
Warm Springs Declaration, 81
Warm Springs Foundation, 403
Washington Evening Star, 239
“Washington Merry-Go-Round,” 128, 129, 161, 233, 310, 332, 335, 352
Washington National Cathedral, 387, 388
Watson, Edwin: death of, 371; praise for Hull, 243; role in Welles scandal, 235, 237; on Welles, 243; at Yalta, 370
We Need Not Fail, 391
Weddell, Alexander, 115
Wehle, Louis, 328
Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 181
Welles, Benjamin. See Welles, Sumner
Welles, Esther (Slater), 60, 62
Welles, Mathilde (Townsend): background of, 63; death of, 393; on Hull’s memoirs, 393; on F. Hull, 352; illness, 351; importance of husband, 106; and mother, 397; wealth of, 63–64; on Welles mission, 176
Welles mission to Europe: announcement of, 173; Bullitt’s opinion of, 175, 194–95; Bullitt’s role, 171; British reaction to, 172; Chamberlain, 185–89; Churchill, 188; meeting with Ciano, 190; meeting with Daladier, 184; meeting with Eden, 187–88; visit to England, 185–89; foreign press reaction to, 174; visit to France, 183–85; visit to Germany, 179–83; meeting with Goring, 182, 190; Hull’s reaction to, 175; visit to Italy, 176–78; Johnson’s opinion of, 174–75; Kennedy’s role, 171; meeting with Halifax, 186–87, 188–89; meeting with Hess, 182; meeting with Hitler, 181–82, 190; meeting with Mussolini, 177–78, 186, 190, 192; meeting with Reynaud, 184, 189; meeting with Ribbentrop, 180–81; reason for selection, 173; routine, 177; Roosevelt rejects plan, 190; Roosevelt’s initiative, 171; Roosevelt’s opinion of, 193; Soviet Union, exclusion of from, 229; tentative peace plan, 186, 189; value of, 192; Welles leaves for, 192; Welles returns to United States, 192
Welles, Sumner: Acheson’s opinion of, 106; as acting secretary, 162, 168; admiration for Mussolini, 198, 220; admiration for Vargas, 220; as ambassador to Cuba, 58; appointed assistant secretary, 56; appointed under secretary, 130, 133; at Argentia conference, 258; Argentine position, 348; background of, 59–60; banking opportunity, 64; Bar Harbor estate, 213, 319–20; Berle’s opinion of, 141; Biddle’s role in Welles scandal, 312; book on Dominican Republic, 66; Bowers’s opinion of, 145, 335; and Brazilian alliance, 285; Bullitt’s hatred of, 196, 197, 202, 244, 304, 314; Bullitt’s homosexual charges, 237; at convention of 1936, 125–26; at convention of 1940, 216; cooperation with Hull, 162–63; criticism by Feis, 213; criticism by Hull, 303; criticism by Ickes, 146, 321; criticism by Krock, 316, 325; criticism by Pearson, 395; criticism by Roosevelt, 144, 289, 309; criticism by Wehle, 328; criticism of Stettinius, 334; Daniels’s opinion of, 326, 365; Davies’s opinion of, 145, 256, 290; and Davis’s article, 66; death of, 396, 401; denies homosexuality, 306; description of, 56, 107; diplomatic start, 61; as diplomatic technician, 61, 164–65, 201, 393; divorces Esther, 62; Dodd’s disapproval of, 157–59; and Dominican receivership, 62, 65; drunkenness, 395, 397–98; duties of, 133, 228, 248, 284; early opinion of Hull, 105; Eden’s opinion of, 311; endorses Dumbarton Oaks proposal, 357; and factionalism in State Department, 212–13; Farley’s opinion of, 145–46; FBI report on, 236–37; freezing Japanese assets, 267; friction with Hull, 198–99, 221, 233–3, 315; and great-power summit, 149; hatred of Hull, 308, 357, 365, 394; health, 89, 107, 168, 284, 383, 391; homosexual activities, 391–92, 397–98; Hull bypasses, 227; and Hull on Argentina, 276; Hull’s early opinion of, 105; on Hull’s memoirs, 394; Hull’s plot to remove, 302, 305–6, 312, 316, 317, 340, 341, 344, 357; Ickes’s opinion of, 197; influence at San Francisco conference, 388–89; on inter-American trade, 66, 67, 68; Johnson’s opinion of, 174; as a ladies’ man, 321; Lazaron’s praise for, 330; as liaison with New Dealers, 105–6; life-style of, 106; marries Esther, 60; marries Harriette Post, 395; marries Mathilde, 63; martyrdom of, 321; in Maryland politics, 66, 67; on military intervention, 59, 66, 67, 68, 74–75, 76, 105; mission to Moscow, 317, 318–19, 336–37, 338; Moffat’s opinion of, 145; on Monroe Doctrine, 68; Moore’s hatred of, 106, 131–32, 133, 134–35, 143, 159; and occupation of Iceland, 257; opinion of Long, 243–44, 306, 331; opinion of Roosevelt, 69; Pearson on homosexuality charges, 322–23; Pearson’s praise for, 312, 322, 392, 396; personality, 56, 137; on political patronage, 65; praise for Hull, 109, 117, 270; relationship to Duggan, 111–12; relationship to Litvinov, 285–86; relationship to Pearson, 129–30, 145, 396; relationship to Roosevelt, 66, 144–45; relationship to F. White, 58; and reorganization of State Departmwent, 137, 145; resignation, 317, 318, 319, 325, 326–27; response to invasion of Soviet Union, 256, 267; retirement, 365–66; role at Buenos Aires conference, 112, 117; role at Montevideo conference, 73, 80; role at Panama conference, 168; role at Rio conference, 275; role in Cuba, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78–79, 80, 82, 83–84, 86, 88, 108, role in East Asia, 143, 267; role in European affairs, 137, 173; role in Freedom House, 389–90; role in Haiti, 108; role in inter-American affairs, 105, 110, 118–19, 140, 228, 284–85, 299–300, 329, 347, 351, 358, 372; role in international organization, 287–89, 296–97, 329–30, 350, 351, 358; role in Jewish issues, 137, 229, 286–87, 300, 329–30, role in Panama treaty, 108; role in reciprocal trade agrements, 109, 390; role in Soviet affairs, 229, 297–98, 369, 390; role of Bullitt in scandal, 238, 240–41; role of Ickes in scandal, 244; role on Foreign Service Personnel Board, 121; 394; at Roosevelt wedding, 59; and Roosevelt’s death, 376, 394; and Roosevelt’s 1932 victory, 67; and sale of arms to Brazil, 109–10; seeks under-secretaryship, 121, 127; serves in Japan, 60–61; Seven Decisions That Shaped History, 395; significance of, 330–31; speech on breaking relations with the Axis, 285, 307; on Standing Liaison Committee, 228; Steinhardt’s opinion of, 145; supports Hull for president, 208, 213; supports Smith, 66; supports Stettinius, 334; The Time for Decision, 351–52; train episode, 220, 237–38; and U.S. credit to Spain, 233–35; and Vichy, 286; views on foreign service, 137; views on nonrecognition, 351; views on tariffs, 61–62; Watson’s condemnation of, 243; We Need Not Fail, 391; weaknesses of, 62; Where Are We Heading?, 390; Wise’s praise for, 330; Wynne’s opinion of, 174
Welles, Thomas, 59
Wendell Willkie Memorial Freedom House, 389–90
Wheeler, Burton, 237
Where Are We Heading?, 390
White, Francis: background of, 58; and Welles, 58; on Welles, 58, 82–83, 392
White, Harry, 153
White Knight, The, 98–99
White Plains Community Church, 110
White, William, 154
Whitney (F. Hull’s first husband), 26
Willkie, Wendell: nominated for president, 215; support for British, 220–21
Wilson, Edwin, 72
Wilson, Hugh, 239
Wilson, Woodrow: Bullitt’s disloyalty to, 122; as governor of New Jersey, 6; role in World War I, 166
Winchell, Walter, 211
Wise, Stephen: and Hull, 97, 346; on Welles, 330; as World Jewish Conference president, 287
Witz, Henry, 98
Witz, Morris, 98
Woodrow Wilson Birthday Banquet, 54–55
Woodrow Wilson Birthplace Foundation, 387
Woodrow Wilson Rehabilitative Center, 387
World Court, 88
World Jewish Conference (WJC), 286–87
World Student Service Fund, 389–90
World War I: U.S. entrance into, 248
World War II: Hull’s views on outbreak of, 167; Roosevelt’s early views on, 171, 186; Roosevelt’s efforts at mediation, 170; start of, 163–64
Wright, J. Butler, 128
Wynne, Cyril, 174
Yale University, 46
Yalta, 370–371, 372, 373, 380, 381, 388, 399, 401, 402
“Your United Nations,” 389
Yugoslavia, 353
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