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Abbau (Husserl), 39
absolute, ab-solute, 89, 104, 122, 139, 147, 156, 215, 305, 357, 580; as absence, 50; in Adorno, 7, 39–41, 43, 67, 251, 292, 328; and atheism, 54, 470; as concretion, 242; as constitutive of human life, 39; defined, 5, 51; and dialectics, 286, 329; dual nature of, 6–7; and ethical appeal, 589; experience of, 43–56; as God, 50–52, 103; in Habermas, 8–9, 21, 24, 572; in history, 8, 10, 277; as intentionless, 95–96, 101; as interference, 315; and intersubjectivity, 101; and language, 21, 24, 121, 130, 225, 310, 357; in Levinas, 5–7, 32, 39–41, 43, 101, 328, 478; minimal realism of, 108–9; and music, 562; as nonbeing, 5; nonsynonymous substitutes for, 121, 147; nonteleological concept of, 96; and the other, 569; phenomenological concretization of, 6; and philosophy, 10–11, 40–41, 67, 122, 163, 287, 300–301, 308, 325; and rationality, 89, 95, 110, 156, 159, 311; and religion, 104; remnants of, 312; and science, 63; and spiritual exercises, 56; trace of, 17, 32, 103, 496, 559; and unconditionality and conditionality, 71, 291; unending decipherment of, 592; virtual, 382; worst and best as manifestations of, 43
abstraction: in Adorno, 149; vs. concretion, 109
adieu, 623
administered world (Adorno), xviii, 82, 173, 297, 322
Adorno, Theodor, 1, 7, 10, 28, 31–33, 64, 70, 177n31, 255, 350, 356, 463, 480, 492, 512, 555–57; and allegory, 183; as anti-Hegelian, 235, 243–52; atheism of, 220; and Celan, 565–67; and classical theology, 144; on demythologization, 76n49; as devil in Doctor Faustus, 330–31; and Heidegger, distrust of, 183–84; and Horkheimer, 15–16, 30–31, 173–75; and individual autonomy, 244; influences on, 177n31; and interpretation, 65, 67–68; and irrationality, 56–57; Kierkegaard, critique of, 183; and Lyotard, 329–33; and Marxism, 13; nonidentity, philosophy of, 38, 90, 147–48, 167–90, 192; phenomenological strength of, 212; philosophy, antisystematic character of, 167; quasi-theological motives in, 146, 220; relationship between philosophy and metaphysical experience om, 64; and romanticism, 238n4. Works of: “Actuality of Philosophy, The,” 67–73, 316, 264; Aesthetic Theory, 90, 188, 223, 303, 314, 316, 337, 358, 561; Against Epistemology (Adorno), 29, 221, 243; Dialectic of Enlightenment (and Max Horkheimer), 85, 93, 167–68, 227, 191–94, 197–210, 212, 227, 230, 231n89, 271, 286, 298, 316, 326, 348, 358, 492–93, 584; “Idea of Natural History, The,” 264, 266; Metaphysics, 612–13, 618–19, 624; Minima Moralia, 22, 110, 200, 202, 209, 339, 379, 474, 533, 555, 590; Negative Dialectics, 21, 35, 42, 57, 62, 65, 73n41, 143, 168, 179, 238–45, 252, 259, 266, 275, 278, 280, 286, 294–95, 297, 298, 306, 311, 315–17, 333, 336, 348, 358, 474; Philosophy of Modern Music, 329, 431; “Progress,” 17, 271–78; “Reason and Revelation,” 31; Three Studies on Hegel, 252
Adriaanse, Hendrik Johan, xxviii, 53n9, 157n121, 485n72
“aesthetic ideology” (de Man), 433
aestheticization, 89–90
aesthetic mimesis, 315–22
aesthetics: affirmative, 332–33; Levinas on, xxiii–iv, xxvii, 401, 414–24; and negative dialectics in, 146; and nonidentical, 561; Seel on, 123n31. See also art
affect, 183
affirmation, 82, 260, 588, 614; deconstructive, 188, 656–57; of what is anyway, 193, 267
Agamben, Giorgio, 625
alienation, 211, 261, 263, 314
allegory, 183, 187–88, 269–70, 421
alter ego, 186
alterity, 26, 129, 163, 535; absolute, 104, 305, 348, 372, 494, 586; and difference, 25; dual meaning of, 236; of ethics, 414, 428; and identity, 456; of the other, 366–76; in reason, 574–75; relational structure of, 26; in sociality and temporality, 451; trace of nature’s, 225, 357. See also other; other of reason
alternation (Levinas), 360, 376, 452, 574; of Said and Saying, 495, 503, 530
Altizer, Thomas, 103n132
ambivalence: of life, 27; in philosophies of Adorno and Levinas, 35
American pragmatism, 4, 41, 55n11
anamnesis (Eingedenken), 15–16, 22, 69, 122, 161, 198, 273–74, 366, 369, 540–50, 554
Anaximander, 394
animals and animality, 86, 119, 129; morality and, 551
Anselm, 53, 575n137
anthropology, dialectical, 211, 216
antihistoricism, 537–39
antilogocentrism, 540–42
antiprolegomena, defined, 52
anti-Semitism, 215, 224, 341–42, 355
Apel, Karl-Otto, 11, 41n68, 67n25, 75, 115, 117n19, 140, 488
apocalyptic: as condition of discourse, 588
apophasis, 655
apophatics, 160
aporia, 167–90, 347–408, 610–12. See also performative contradiction
Aristotle, 453
Armengaud, Françoise, 411n5
Aron, Raymond, 409
ars inveniendi, 298
art: in Adorno, 318–22, 561–62, 568; autonomy of, 80, 83, 626n37; Blanchot on, 402–8; Celan on, 563, 571; as chaos within order, 239; as complaint, 202; criticism, 88–89; as foil of philosophy, 442; in Habermas, 120, 218; Hegel on, 402, 404; Levinas on, 393, 398–442; and memory, 313; nonconceptual, 168; in post-modernity, 135, 331; and religion, 81n62; Rosenzweig on, 418; and salvation, 331, 531; Sartre on, 415–16; and spiritual experience, 314–22; and truth, 411, 424–29, 432–35, 440; as uncanniness, 569
ascesis, 607, 612–14, 616–17, 620, 627, 630
“as if,” 209, 223–24, 308, 366
asymmetry: in conceptuality, 285, 313; between critical thought and action, 326; in divine relationship, 121; in human relations, 119–21, 348, 451, 554; of responsibility, 489
atheism: methodological, 52–53, 146, 158; natural (Levinas), 450
au-delà, 32–33, 381, 411, 436, 461, 581, 585
Auschwitz, 35, 42–44, 143, 182, 333, 337, 340–41, 403, 484n70, 529, 624; as cipher, 334; influence of, on theology, 43, 355; and new categorical imperative, 295
Authoritarian character, 341
autonomy, 27, 78, 80, 119, 217, 219–20
Autrui (other human being), 37, 40, 347, 386, 409, 411, 435, 470, 495, 556. See also other avant-garde: and culture industry, 232
Avenarius, Richard, 176
Bachelard, Gaston, 377
Bacon, Sir Francis, 298
Ban on graven images. See prohibition of images
Barth, Karl, dialectical theology of, 52–53, 180, 354
Bataille, Georges, 399–400, 444, 477
Batnitzky, Leonora, 418n14
Baudelaire, Charles, 379, 407, 436, 451, 568
Baudrillard, Jean, 137n78
Baumeister, Thomas, 239n5
Beauvoir, Simone de, 409
Beckett, Samuel, 306, 330, 336–38, 340–41, 532, 608, 621–24. Works of: Endgame, 337, 406; The Unnamable, 406; Waiting for Godot, 312
bedazzlement, 369
Being (and beings), 118, 378–85, 388, 469, 477, 481, 564; belatedness of, 391–92; burden of, 444, 456; fate of, 393–94; idea of, 184; and language, 118, 443–93; positivity of, 396–97; strife within, 349; weight of, 459, 579
Benhabib, Seyla, xxvii, 16n28, 169n2, 546, 547n27
Benjamin, Walter, 15–16, 25, 61, 68, 217, 236–37, 243, 260, 265, 268–69, 298, 310, 312, 330, 377, 426, 532, 563; and Adorno, 29, 551; interpretation in, 68; and profane illumination, 30, 69. Works of: Arcades Project, 68–69, 148, 178, 271, 550; “One-Way Street,” 68–69; Origin of the German Tragic Drama, The, 68, 268, 273, 283; “Theological-Political Fragment,” 272; “Theses on the Philosophy of History” (Benjamin), 271
Berg, Alban: Lulu, 312; Wozzeck, 312
Bergson, Henri, 361–64, 425–27, 441n33; Creative Evolution, 362–63; The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, 363
Berkhof, Hendrikus, 51n6
Bernasconi, Robert, 479–80, 480n63, 483n69, 530n1
Berns, Egide, 634n6
Bernstein, J. M.: The Fate of Art: Aesthetic Alienation from Kant to Derrida and Adorno, 552n57
Besançon, Alain, 604n5
Bible: influence on Levinas, 352–53, 360
Blanchot, Maurice, 356–57, 392, 394, 398–99, 401, 418–19, 495, 560, 577–78, 637; influence on Levinas’s view of art, 398–408. Works of: Aminidab, 394; Instant of My Death, The, 436; “Our Clandestine Companion,” 392; Thomas the Obscure, 357, 394, 400–401
blasphemy, 27, 45, 54, 57, 411, 540, 601–3, 616–17, 621, 628, 655
Bloch, Ernst, 177, 237, 260; Spirit of Utopia, 272
Blondel, Charles, 361
Boas, George, 431n25
body and corporeality, 454, 501
Boer, Theodore de, 393, 475–78, 498n7, 502n15
Böhme, Gernot, 258n35
Böhme, Hartmut, 258n35
Brandom, Robert, xxvi, 71n37, 84, 97n108; Making It Explicit, 84
Brunschvicg, Léon, 364
Bubner, Rüdiger, 319
Buck-Morss, Susan, xvii, 271n60
Buddhism, 627n37
Burggraeve, Roger, 394, 397n108
Burms, Arnold, 65n22
Butler, Judith, xvii, xxi, xxin11, xxvii, 33n61, 349n2
Buuren, Paul van, 103n132
Cabentous, Alain, 603n5
Carteron, Henri, 361
Casanova, Jose: Public Religions in the Modern World, 10n18
categorical imperative: new, 35, 43, 294–95, 627
Cavell, Stanley, xxvi, 210, 443, 584, 609n15
Caygill, Howard, xx, 362n34
Celan, Paul, 408n121, 451, 524n42, 532, 563–72, 646; “Conversation in the Mountains,” 565–68; “The Meridian,” 570–71
Céline, Louis Ferdinand, 377–78, 401; Journey to the End of Night, 378
Chalier, Catherine, xix, 560n67
Chanter, Tina, xix, 560n67
Chatter (das Gerede), 112
Chomsky, Noam, 87
Christianity, 49, 366; and freedom, 244; Nancy’s “deconstruction” of, 616n20; primitive (Tolstoy), 623. See also Judeo-Christianity
Ciaramelli, Fabio, xxi, 377n70, 413n9
Circe, 224
circus, 228
citation: as philosophical method, 148, 178
civilization, 226–27
claims of legitimacy, 83–84; and modes of rationality, 84, 89. See also validity claims
Clausen, Detlev, xvin5
closure (Derrida), 583
cognitivism, 77
Cohen, Hermann, 352
Cohen-Solal, Annie, 409n2
Colin, Françoise, 404n119
“come” (viens): in Derrida, 588
communication: absolute, 162; agreement in, 118; exclusions from (in Habermas), 119; ideal community of, 115–16; intersubjective, 226; in Kierkegaard, 112; as paradigm, 133; practice of, 126; structures of, 8–9, 96; as theory of saving Adorno’s thought, 218. See also communicative action
communicative action, 75, 97, 115; ambiguity in, 99; described metaphorically, 94; Habermas’s theory of, 3–4, 14, 16, 20, 23, 57, 73, 85–86, 91–92, 94, 99, 140–41, 160n131, 188, 230–31, 322–27, 546–47, 554, 572–73, 576–77; and history, 236; limits of, 16–17, 20–23n44, 230; supplement to, 143; theological dimensions of, 161. See also discourse ethics
communicative rationality, 94; historically situated, 27; and subjectivism, 3–4; theory of, 3, 17, 20, 124. See also under rationality and reason
communitarianism, 237
compassion, 247
conatus essendi (Spinoza), 196, 349, 421, 455–56, 481, 486, 570
concept and conceptuality, 236, 240; concept of, 603; critiqued in Adorno, 31, 180, 316; in dialectics, 610; and domination, 323; fluidity of, 629; and history, 473; as idol, 439, 606; and image, 414, 424–33; and proper name, 626n37; and religion, 611; secularization of the theological in, 32, 57, 144; violence of, 607; work of, 284–85
concretion, 313; of the ethical dimension, 385; and negative dialectics, 38, 109; phenomenological, 34, 200–201, 233, 324, 342, 497–98
concretissimum, 65–66, 150, 373, 456–57, 476, 483, 524, 543, 586, 589, 599
concretization: and judgment, 110; as philosophical procedure, 175. See also matter and materialization
configuration. See constellation
conformity, 197
conscience, 27, 529, 531–35, 534
consciousness, 407–8, 529; as consciousness of something, 367; cosmic, 484n70; false, 27; historical, 12; as obsession, 407; reified, 248; transcendental, 195, 388; unhappy, 173, 292–93, 311, 534, 562; from, to wakefulness, 531–35
consensus: and ethics, 117–18, 120; and justice, 131–32; linguistic, 28, 66n25, 85, 88, 123, 134–35, 141; origenary, 121–22; as telos of understanding, 141. See also discourse ethics
consolation, 220
constellation (Adorno), 236–37, 269; of historical facts, 273; language as model for, 541; metaphysics as, 303; as method, 265, 319, 321, 333, 487, 532, 585; and negative dialectics, 541; and predication, 285; as task of philosophy, 187; and texts, 298; and utopia, 294
contextualism, 23n44; aesthetic, 125
contamination, 656
contradiction: in Adorno, 240–41, 248–49
convalescence (Verwindung), 583
conversion (conversio), 153
Cornelius, Hans, 176–77
Cox, Harvey, 103n132
creatio ex nihilo, 470
Critical Theory, 4, 173–75, 188, 205, 208. See also Frankfurt School
critique: Adorno as endpoint of, 332–33; aesthetic, 124; dialectical, of dialectics (Adorno), xvi, xxii, 18, 34, 234, 238–43, 358, 529–30, 562, 654; dialectical, of ontology and idealism, 190; of dialectics, by Levinas, 556–57; of ideology, 136, 170–71, 178, 181, 207, 211, 236, 434, 466; immanent, 44, 199, 229, 287, 289, 300, 327, 353, 376; of ontology, 391; phenomenological, of phenomenology (Levinas), xxii, 34, 375, 358, 529, 543, 562, 654; of phenomenology, by Adorno, 556–57; of reason, 169–75, 230, 544; of relativism, 292; of thinking by thinking, 300; trivialization of, 171
cult, 52, 56n12
cultural relativism, 79
culture, 52, 56, 78, 92, 211, 227, 334–35
“curvature of social space” (Levinas), 40, 120, 134, 151, 466, 556, 560; as presence of God, 120
Dahms, Hans-Joachim, xvi, 55n11
Dalimayr, Fred R., xxiin14
Darwinism, social, 12
Dasein, 197, 366, 371, 377–78, 396, 432, 445–46
Davidson, Donald, xxvi, 79, 130
death, 220, 227, 267, 339, 403n15; in Levinas, 349; modern experience of, 335–36
Debray, Régis, 56n12
decisionism, 122; in ethics, 140, 181
deconstruction, 436, 580–81, 648; and Adorno and Levinas, 45, 327–28; and Habermas, 10; and judgment, 30; as mode of reading, 228; and negative dialectics, 585; and negative theology, 631–32, 648–57; and the other, 57; post-Heideggerian, 104; process of, 642; and rationality, 322–29; of speech-act theory, 112, 116; and spiritual experience, 56; and theory of rationality, 37–38; and structuralism, 632; of theology, 652–53; and trace, 36
Deleuze, Gilles, 430
demythologization, 76n49, 77–78, 82, 192
Derrida, Jacques, 11, 20, 24, 31, 33–37, 41–42, 53n8, 96, 112, 116, 350n5, 369n54, 380, 395–96, 436, 457–58, 474–75, 489, 501, 529–31, 537, 574, 581–88; on Adorno and Levinas, 36–38, 228–29, 329, 519–25; on Blanchot, 436; on description and performance, 489–90; on Habermas, 14, 643–48; on Hegel, 14; on Husserl, 497; and Jewish tradition, 643–48; on Levinas, 399, 461–62, 521–25; and logocentrism, 519–25; and Marx, 13; and metaphysical tradition, 229; and negative theology, 648–57; on nostalgia, 340n72; on Rousseau, 222n63; on speech-act theory, 92, 112, 116; on the trace, 581–84; writing of, as adopting the contours of what it describes, 654. Works of: Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas, 587; Aporias, 34; “At This Very Moment in This Work Here I Am,” 593; “Che cos’è la posia?” 436; “Circumfession,” 614; Demeure, 436; “Difference,” 37, 649; Dissemination, 431; Fichus, 587, 614; “Force of Law,” 587; Given Time, 436; “How to Avoid Speaking: Denials,” 614–15, 637, 649–57; Margins of Philosophy (Derrida), 586; Negotiations: Interventions and Interviews, 1971–2001, 20n39; Of Grammatology, 31, 36, 523, 543, 586; Of Spirit, 614; “On a Newly Arisen Apocalyptic Tone in Philosophy,” 588; Politics of Friendship, 436; “The Retreat of Metaphor,” 431; Specters of Marx, 13; “Theology of Translation,” 592; The Truth in Painting, 436; “Violence and Metaphysics,” 24–25, 380–82, 395n100, 434, 457, 519–21, 587, 593; Writing and Difference (Derrida), 53n8, 395n100, 395n103, 473. See also différance
Descartes, René, 41, 75, 348, 367, 389–90, 500; and Husserl, 369, 387; idea of the infinite in, 369–70, 483; Meditations, 446–47; ontological proof of God, 554
desire, 182, 199, 213, 220, 232, 453; metaphysical ethical, 383–85; violence of, 314
Destruktion (Heidegger), 39
determinate negation, 21–22, 25, 207, 210, 211n15, 290, 292, 510, 620
detranscendentalization, 74n45, 77
Dews, Peter, xvii, 581n147, 582n151
dialectic: of Adorno, 82; of Enlightenment, 79, 82, 469; of nonidentical, 610–12
dialectical materialism, 18. See also under materialism
dialectics, 68, 189, 535; cardinal sin of, 17; concept and thing in, 242; defined by Adorno, 238, 241–43, 258, 284–85, 286–87, 290–91, 297, 301–2, 480; of discourse, 495; existential, 184; goal of, 280; Hegelian, 29–30, 145, 283, 286, 290–91, 541; and history, 12, 323; idealist, 30; Kierkegaard’s concept of, 183; in Levinas, xxi, 33, 402, 474, 506; logical, 259; Marxist, 261n40; materialist, 30, 181, 257n53, 271, 275; and metaphysics, 612–13; as modality of experience, 242; as mode of revealing singularity, xxv; and mysticism, 306; open-ended, 189–90, 350; as a passion, 241; and phenomenology, 555–57; Platonic, 495; post-Hegelian, 104; and rhetoric, 202; speculative, 243, 251; and spiritual experience, 56; at a stand-still (Benjamin), 288, 403, 426, 556; of subjectivity, 248–49, 443–93; without synthesis, 460; and totality, 200; of Western rationalization, 82. See also negative dialectics
Dialektik im Stillstand (“dialectics at a stand-still,” Benjamin). See under dialectics
dialogic, of history, 611
dialogue, 358
dianoetics, 149–50, 195, 587–88
différance, 37, 520, 543, 574, 581–82, 586–87, 590–91, 638–40; as inexpressible, 650; and negative theology, 649, 655
difference, 26, 28, 202, 233, 575, 628, 640; living in, 589; ontological, 387–97; philosophy of, 36–37, 125, 139, 156, 161, 164, 232, 561, 585; trace of, 160, 163, 221–29, 310. See also différance
Dijksterhuis, E. J., 196n3
Dijn, Herman de, 65n22
Dire, le (Saying, Levinas), 36, 42, 439, 452, 495
disagreement (mésentente), 102
discourse. See language; discourse ethics; discourse theory
discourse ethics, 11–12, 140–41, 325, 327, 545–55; anamnesis in, 550; attempts to ground, 117; and communicative action, 140–42; and consensus, 549; and the good life, 105n136, 237; and language, 11, 14; rationality of, 142. See also discourse theory; communicative action
discourse theory, xxii, 135, 142
disgust, 382
Dit, le (Said, Levinas), 36, 42, 439, 452, 495
“divine comedy,” 40, 440, 459, 461, 578, 594
dogmatics, 51n4, 53, 152–54, 156; and fundamental theology, 161; rationality of, 156–57
donation, origenary, 36
doubt, universal, 388
dream theory, 69
Dubiel, Helmut, xvi, 169ff.
Dufrenne, Mikel, 649
Duintjer, Otto, 543n15
Dumézil, Georges, 58n13
duration: temporal, 362–63
Dürer, Albrecht: Melancholia, 430
Durkheim, Émile, 4, 87, 361, 371, 427, 464
Eckhart, Meister, 637, 650–51, 654
ego cogito, 195, 369, 387, 389–90
election, 534–33
ellipsis: as figure or fashion of thinking, xxiv, 19, 29
emancipation, 3, 90, 101, 104, 133, 198, 203, 217, 322
empiricism (Derrida’s accusation of Levinas), 520–22, 543
en-deça, 32–33, 381, 411, 436, 445, 446, 454, 461, 581, 585
Engels, Friedrich, 216, 237, 260–63
enlightenment, 17, 49–51, 133, 203; in Adorno’s dissertation and habilitation, 177n31; and Auschwitz, 334; critique of, 32, 49; in Derrida, 588; dialectic of, 50, 78n52, 79, 82, 191–233, 246–47, 278, 583–84; as leaving nothing of truth and substance, 30; as nature made audible in its estrangement, 206, 217; political delusion and, 196; positive conception of, 168, 198, 205–7, 214, 220, 239, 492, 519, 584; violence in, 234
epistemology, 66n25, 76; quasi-messianic, in Benjamin, 265
epochē, 391, 393, 532; logical, 308; phenomenological, 31, 53, 153
eros and eroticism, xxvi, 214, 218, 281, 413, 451, 535–36, 560–61; as model of transcendence, 384. See also love
escape: in Adorno, 2, 305; laughter as echo of, 228; in Levinas, 377n70, 378–86, 398–99, 408, 416, 482; ontological, 181, 194; utopian-eschatological, 493
e silentio, 17
essence, 480–81
ethical dimension (Levinas), 367, 397, 461
ethical life (Sittlichkeit, Hegel), 105n136, 120, 237, 243, 246–52, 295, 555–56
“ethical modernism” (J. M. Bernstein), 552n57
ethical relation, 129, 373–74, 387, 389, 440, 459, 474, 478, 486–87, 491, 494; and art, 435–36; asymmetry in, 554; as prior to negativity or positivity, 599
ethical-religious order: paradox and aporia in, 347–408
ethics: as First Philosophy, 358; Habermas on, 117; and intersubjectivity, 129; language as, 134n65 (see also discourse ethics); in Levinas, 377n70, 491, 530, 535; Levinas’s fixation on, xx, 560–61; and morality, 294–96; as not all there is, 439; as before ontology, 501, 508; as an optics, 374; and the other, 350. See also morality
Eucharist, 430
everyday life and practice, 88–90
evolutionary materialism, 218
“exact fantasy” (Adorno), 188, 298
exaggeration: in Adorno, 259, 617; as argumentative strategy, 38, 41, 175, 200, 202, 241, 519, 573; in Levinas, 348, 493; logic and rhetoric of, xvii, 27, 321, 478; and psychoanalysis, 214
excess, xvii, 27, 120, 200, 241, 321, 508. See also exaggeration; hyperbole
excluded middle, 36, 40–41, 399, 443, 458, 460, 514
exegesis. See interpretation
existence, 445
existentialism, 21, 66, 96, 179n35, 365
experience, 429, 491; of the absolute, 43; Adorno’s concept of, xxiii; aesthetic, 438–42; “after Auschwitz,” 42, 333, 340; dialectics as a modality of, 242; everyday, 109; of good and bad, 42; historical, 170, 235; Kantian conditions of possibility for, 4, 491; in Levinas, 374; limits of, 322; and philosophy, 67; spiritual or metaphysical, 32, 39, 42, 56–57, 64, 120, 143, 168, 182, 199, 221, 263, 287, 297–343, 519, 531–33, 538, 554, 559, 561, 612, 621, 624
expert cultures, 88–89
exteriority, 576; Derrida on, 501; and dialectics, 301; and ethics, 373–74, 554; experience of, 576; face as origen of, 485; as human nakedness, 348–49; idea of, 458; and immanent critique, 454; of the infinite, 455; in Levinas, 192, 386, 483, 540; as preceding totality, 483; as reason’s origen and condition, 33; of thinking, 311; as wholly other, 128; as wonder, 506
fable, 402
face (Levinas), 373, 384, 456, 475, 494, 521–22; defined, 370; epiphany of, 485; history of, 484; as other of argumentative discourse, xvi; phenomenology of, 598; as primum intelligibile, 538; trace of God in, 37
face to face (Levinas), 350
Faessler, Marc, 480n64
faith, 610–12, 614–15, 627, 630
fallacy of constitutive subjectivity, 231n89
fallibility, principle of, 110
fascism, 205
fatigue (Levinas), 394
fecundity (Levinas), xxvii, 451, 478
femininity (Levinas), xxvii
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 75
First Philosophy, 140, 247, 326, 358–60, 414, 584, 594
Fisher, Philip, 312n14
Flew, Anthony, 501n10
formal indication, xxv, xviii, 2, 543
Frank, Manfred, 112n5, 213n32, 231n88, 465, 631–33
Frankfurt School, 189, 219; Adorno and, 169; and aesthetics, 123n31; development of, 160n2; Habermas’s critique of, 24; Hegel’s influence on, 235n2; after linguistic turn, 185; materialist phase, 169; and neo-Marxism, 169n2; and phenomenology, xxii–xxiii; and positivism, 55n11; and reason, 1–2, 55n11; recent studies of, xvi–xvii; reorientation of, in 1940s, 174–75; research of, 341; third generation of, 185
freedom, 193, 244–46, 250, 262–63; in Adorno, 276; art as placeholder for, 317; in Christianity, 366; and communicative rationality, 231; as destiny of matter, 214; Kantian doctrine of, 295; in Levinas, 470, 472; localized within history, 274
Freud, Sigmund, 87, 215, 332; Civilization and Its Discontents, 224–26; Totem and Taboo, 626n37
Früchtl, Josef, xvin5, 192n1
funnel of rationality, 95n98
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 102n126, 110, 118, 162, 241–42, 289, 292–94, 326n44, 329, 352, 439, 462, 467, 472n45, 505n18, 583; Truth and Method, 161, 352–53, 439
Gasché, Rodolphe, xviiin7, 433n27, 539n12
Gehalt, 3
Genesis, 191
ghosts, 552n57
global religion, 17
God, 1, 21, 43, 54, 58, 94, 119, 149, 204; of Abraham, vs. god of philosophers, 597; as abstract and indeterminate, 622; “after Auschwitz,” 333; aporetic nature of belief in, 610; in Bergson, 363; city of, 605; in classical theology, 156; contraction of, 260, 273–74, 403–4, 448, 470, 537; as “curvature of social space,” 120; and différance, 650; and everyday experience, 64; in face of the other person, 37; infinity of, 594; intelligibility of, 51–52, 54, 73–107, 156, 159, 598; and language, 656; in Levinas, 349; metaphysical conception of, 604; in modernity and after, 1, 50; name of, 51, 606, 614–15, 649, 655; not contaminated by Being, 599; as object of culture, 62; ontological proof of, 308, 336, 554; question concerning the existence of, 49–50, 382; reduction of, 50–52; as total of all experience, 72; transcendence of, 50; as word, 590, 600. See also absolute; other
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 49, 255, 279, 311; Faust, 595
Good, the, 238, 243, 443; ambiguity of, 578–79; beyond being (epekeina tes ousias), 354, 447, 483; highest (Kant), 143; idea of, 594; poetics of, 360; proximity of, 459; trace of, 555; as worth of the other person, 589
good life, the, 24, 35, 75, 231, 547; absurdity of, 172; concrete conceptions of, 1; and damaged life, 296; and discourse ethics, 105n136; and Habermas, 24, 75, 548; and judgment, 109–10; and Levinas’s perspective, 555; and new categorical imperative, 35; possibility of, questioned, 105n136, 172, 325; and practice of philosophy, 231; and prohibition on images, 566; and theory of communicative rationality, 3, 26; traces and remnants of, 5, 42, 151, 310, 322–23, 570
Goud, Johan F., 65n23, 373n63, 448n4, 486n73
Granger, Gilles Gaston, 150n105
Greek myths: enlightenment in, 191
Greisch, Jean, 511n26, 557n63
Grenz, Friedemann, 199n5, 266n50
Grossman, Vassily, 347, 370, 443, 447
guilt, 253, 273, 338–39, 553n57, 592, 612
Guzzoni, Ute, 279n90
Habermas, Jürgen, 1–2, 6–15, 23, 33, 44, 49, 74–76, 96–107, 117, 488, 520, 537; on the absolute, 10–11; on Adorno (and Horkheimer), 207, 228–30, 323–28; on ambivalences, 26–27; bisection of rationality in, 55n11; communication, theories of, 3, 9; compares negative dialectics and deconstruction, 328; contemporary thought, integration of, 4; critique of, 90–94; culture, theory of, 92; Derrida’s deconstruction of, 37; devaluation of performative contraction by, 326; on epistemology, 66n25; and Foucault, 2; on Hegel, 12–13, 18; and hermeneutics, 66n25; on historical continuity and discontinuity, 277; on individual autonomy, 217; on interaction, 87, 94; on linguistic competence, 217; on nihilism, 82–88; and Piaget, 78–79; on progression of Western modernity, 77; rationality, theory of, 15, 18, 90; on reconciliation, 281; on reification, 262; theological influence on, 8, 10–11, 14–15, 20–21. Works of: “Absolute in History, The,” 8; Between Facts and Norms, 13, 90, 116; Inclusion of the Other, The, 17n29, 25; Inclusion of the Other, The, 17n29, 25–26; Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, The, 2, 10, 13, 37, 89–90; Postmetaphysical Thinking, 572–73; Religion and Rationality: Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity, 17n29; Technology and Science as “Ideology,” 87; Texte und Kontexte, 22n43, 23; Theory and Practice: Studies in Social Philosophy 12–13; Theory of Communicative Action, 73, 92, 95–97, 231n89, 548; “Transcendence from Within, Transcendence in this World,” 17n29. See also under communicative action
Hadot, Pierre, 153, 484n70
Halbertal, Moshe, 430, 601–5, 628–29
Halbwachs, Maurice, 361
Hamacher, Werner, 566n94
Handelman, Susan, 591n177
happiness, 105n136, 109–10, 224–26, 260, 312–14, 339, 535, 550, 570
Harnack, Adolph von, 60
Heering, Herman J., 164n144, 418n14
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 12, 29, 41, 104, 210, 237–97 passim, 364, 367, 373, 397n107, 453–54, 467, 479; concrete philosophical thinking of, 201, 541; dialectical materialism of, 18; on the ethical life, 468; influence of, on Frankfurt School, 235n2; philosophy, decline of, 12–14; philosophy of history, 179–80; philosophy of spirit, 18, 472; system of, 90. Works of: Lectures on Aesthetics, 356; Logic, 7; Phenomenology of Spirit, 12, 18, 210n25, 210–11, 248, 250, 256, 282, 288, 311, 402
Heidegger, Martin, 30, 39, 41, 104, 114, 221, 266–67, 359, 366–67, 377–78, 380, 387–88, 395–97, 422, 449, 462, 471, 481, 540; and art, 429–32; and Bergson, 362; and Dasein, 445–46; and Levinas, 365; renewal of phenomenology by, 370–71; Sartre’s study of, 409–10; and Young Hegelians, 293; works of: Being and Time, 362, 83, 429, 432; What Is Metaphysics? 378
Henrich, Dieter, 275n83
hermeneutica sacra sive profana, 56, 64, 527, 594, 600; defined, 592
hermeneutics, 66n25; in Adorno and Horkheimer, 230; broken, 303; critical, 175, 250; of the divine, 592; and epistemology, 66n25; of everyday life, 90; formally indicative, 543; of Gadamer, 161–62; historical, 133; and judgment, 30; philosophical, 118, 161; as reply to human finitude, 593n184; of the riddle, 184; skepticism as core of, 162–63; as study of abnormal discourse, 67n25; of the trace, 512–25; understanding as central category of, 320
heroic societies, 78
Hess, Moses, 280
historical a priori: Foucault’s archaeology of, 2
historicism: post-Hegelian, 141
historicity, 2, 266, 306n17, 593n184
history: absolute in, 8, 10; Adorno’s philosophy of, 167; of Being, 459; Benjamin on, 269, 271–74; continuity and discontinuity in, 271–78; dialectical method of, 69–70; as judgment, 472–73; in Levinas, 467–68, 475, 478–80; negativity of, 179n35, 204, 356; and “now,” 475; other of, 308; philosophy of, 12, 19, 179–81, 185, 232, 234–99; teleology of, 472–73; universal, 170–72, 201; as violence, 472–73
Hitler, Adolph, 35
Hitlerism, 377
Hölderlin, Friedrich, 222n64, 343, 353, 406, 646
hope, 193–94, 198–99, 205, 209, 219, 307, 339, 612, 624
Honneth, Axel, xvn4, xvii, 87n78, 170n5, 207, 227n75, 258n35, 546
Horkheimer, Max, 4–5, 13, 15–16, 22, 24, 30–31, 236, 238. See also under Adorno: Dialectic of Enlightenment
Hornsby, Jennifer, 2n1
horror, 238, 374, 377–78, 383, 393, 396, 398–400, 456, 459, 556, 567, 576, 579, 608, 623
horror religiosus, 21, 459, 623–24
Hubert, Henri, 58n13, 626n38
humanism, 21, 27, 560; of the other human being (Levinas), 348, 410, 535, 560
humanity, emancipation of: in Enlightenment, 133
Hume, David, 75, 139, 390, 596
Husserl, Edmund, 30–31, 39, 41, 53n8, 75, 104, 362, 364–65, 368, 380, 389–90, 454, 479; and Descartes, 369; and historicity, 306n7; and idealism, 387; Levinas introduced to, 364–66; Sartre’s study of, 409–10; spontaneous receptivity in, 288. Works of: Cartesian Meditations, 186, 365, 368–69; Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, The, 154, 368; Logical Investigations, 502
hyperbole, xvii, 375, 508, 650. See also Via eminentiae
“I”: structure of, 461–63
icon, 430
Id, 213n32
ideal community of communication, 115–16, 140
idealism: absolute, 288–89, 311; and emancipation, 133; fundamental error of, 286; keys of, too large, 257–58; Levinas on, 367, 379; objective, 249; speculative, 33, 234, 282; subjective, 248; transcendental, 177
ideal speech situation, 6, 113–16, 141
identity, 40, 231n89, 234–35, 239–41, 252–65, 266, 283, 285, 287, 290–91, 366–76, 456
ideology, 237, 261, 276, 435. See also under critique
idolatry, xxvii, 27, 45, 54, 57, 411, 434, 442, 540, 601–6, 609n15, 612, 616, 628–30, 655
IJsseling, Samuel, 544n18
il y a, 381, 387, 389, 393–401, 395n100, 437, 443–93, 556–57, 577–78; and tertium datur, 451, 460, 506
image, 414–15, 418, 421, 423–33, 438, 441, 626n37
infinite, 6–7, 24, 33, 39–41, 89, 147, 455; in Adorno, 293–94; appeal of, 55; in Bergson, 363; in Descartes, 369–70, 447; ethical relationship as, 129; as exteriority, 455; and finite, 382; and impossibility of exclusive characterization, 121; in Levinas, 6–7, 37, 160, 350, 354, 456, 475–78, 483, 485, 496, 513, 554, 569, 585, 593–94; and the other, 384; as other of argumentative discourse, xvi; philosophies of, 593–600; philosophy of origen, opposed to, 40; and reason, 33, 89, 110; reduction and recession of, 51–52; as refuge for metaphyics and ethics, 24; as source of Western philosophy, 39; trace of, 32; trace of, in the face of the other person, 494
infinity: time as, 363
Institute for Social Research, 169. See also Frankfurt School
intentional analysis, 55, 59, 497–98
intentionality, 59, 101, 112–13, 115, 117, 367–68, 425
interiority, 449, 455, 458, 472
interpretation, 65, 67–68; dialectical, of Adorno, 68; infinite, 310, 517, 572, 591–92; as mode of doing philosophy, 65, 186–87; model of, 324; and second-order reflection, 67; sorrow of, 596; and revelation, 590–92; as undecidable, 318. See also hermeneutics
intersubjectivity, 8–9, 11, 28, 77, 129, 186, 187, 231, 236, 348, 350
intrigue: of the other in the same (Levinas), 327, 361, 384, 437, 453, 485, 524, 598
ipseity, 35–36, 445, 455, 482, 510, 537
Irigaray, Luce, 560n67
irrational, the: in philosophy, 56–57, 65
“jargon of authenticity” (Adorno), 293
Jauss, Hans Robert, 221
Jay, Martin, xvi, xvii, xxvn20, 169n2, 171, 172n10, 177n29, 328n48, 342n78, 413n9
Judaism: in Celan, 563, 570; in Derrida, 590–91, 643–48, 654; in Levinas, 351–52, 360, 363, 377n70, 532, 534; and life according to the law, 623; Mithnague, 360–61
Judeo-Christianity, xix–xx, 7, 51, 194, 351
judgment: and concrete application, 109–11, 124, 127–40, 150–51, 226, 277; condition of possibility for, 33; and dialectics, 285; and experience, 388; and ideal speech situation, 113; intra- and inter-discursive, 93, 128–32; and rationality, 557; reflective, 28–30, 315, 548; snuggling up to nature in reconciliation, 278; as supplement to rationality, 91, 150
justice, 14, 42, 105n136, 131–32, 139, 151, 254, 267, 275, 278, 304, 474, 549, 551, 553n57; and third person, 464, 516
just life (Levinas), 570
Kabbalah, 260, 306n7, 590, 613, 647
Kafka, Franz, 306, 310, 330, 336, 374, 403, 406, 532, 571, 590, 597, 608, 621–23; The Castle, 336–37
Kant, Immanuel, 3, 10, 17, 20, 28n52, 41, 100–101, 113, 119, 133, 140, 234, 243–44, 307, 367, 387, 389, 427, 441, 483, 489, 551, 588; and category of necessity, 275; cognitivism of, 26; Copernican turn of, 1; on epistemology, 1; on formal structures of reason, 490; on morality, 244, 468, 551; and principle, 304; reason, formal and self-differentiated, 85–86; as recognizing the nonidentical, 307–9; and reflective faith, 54; republicanism of, 26; truth in, 306; as unifying reason and judgment, 278; works of: Conflict of the Faculties, The, 61, 87; Critique of Pure Reason, 28n52–29, 60n17; Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, 54
Kayser, Paulette, xix, 560n67
Kenosis, 613
Kierkegaard, Søren, 7, 21, 41, 96, 104, 159, 178–80, 354, 364, 398, 432, 444, 457; and horror religiosus, 459
Koch, Gertrud, 607n14
Kodalle, Klaus-M., 73, 92, 95–97, 104–6, 111–12, 179n35
Kojève, Alexandre, 364
Kolakowski, L., 194n2
Korsgaard, Christine, xxvi, 121n26
Koyré, Alexandre, 365, 377; Linguistic Turn in Hermeneutic Philosophy, The (Lafont), 19n38
Krop, Henri A., 373n64
Kuitert, Harry M., 51n5
Kundera, Milan, Unbearable Lightness of Being, The, 82n64
Kunneman, Harry, 120; The Funnel of Truth, 73
labor: metaphorics of, 256
Lacan, Jacques, 213n32, 314n15
Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe, Art and Politics, 435
Lafont, Cristina, The Linguistic Turn in Hermeneutic Philosophy, 19n38
language: as address, 496, 517; “after Auschwitz,” 340; at Babel, 592; as basis for moral intuitions, 11; as being, 118; beneath language (Adorno), 568; Benjamin on, 328; and the body, 536; and consensus, 28, 85, 118; and constellation, 541; creative use of, 123; Derrida’s critique of, 14; and determinate negation, 25; determinism in, 14; ethical, 134n65, 511; and formal pragmatics, 13–14; as a fundamental of the universe, 149; and God, 590, 597; as impure reason, 142; instability of, 14; in Levinas, 495, 504–5, 508, 510–12, 515–19, 523–24; nature deprived of, 217; overestimation of, 219; and the other, 240, 467, 509, 598, 657; passage beyond, 593; and philosophy, 33, 376; philosophy of, 4, 92, 113; poetic, 401, 510; privileging of, 594; and rationality, 324; religious, 612; remembrance of, in the subject, 231; replaces reconciliation, 217; rhetorical capabilities of, 321; in sacred texts, 592; and science, 134n65; and skepticism, 494–97; as social bond, 134; strategic privileging of, 13, 134; structure of, 494, 639. See also ideal speech situation, poetry, speech acts, speech-act theory, Saussure
language games, 114, 124n32, 131–36, 139, 481
Laocoon, 426
Laruelle, François, 644n45
laughter, 228, 412, 416, 509; as inverse of language, 495
l’Autre, 37, 40, 347, 409, 437, 454, 534. See also other
lectio difficilior, 34, 44, 195, 199–210, 216, 252, 265, 358, 572–73; defined, 210
Legendre, Pierre, 51n4
Leibniz, Gottfried, Wilhelm, 298, 304, 341
Leiris, Michel, 413n9
Lenin, W. I., 176
Lescourret, Marie-Anne, xixn8
Levinas, Emmanuel, 7, 33, 96, 101, 120; absolute in, 6, 32; Adorno, similarities with, 33, 34, 38; aesthetics of, 414–24; alternative interpretations of, 429–38; on art, 409–42; co-translator of Cartesian Meditations, 365; and deconstruction, 33, 36–38, 41–42, 429–38; Derrida on, 572–90; dissertation of, 365; early influences on, 6, 7n12, 35, 351n6, 360–66; Habermas on, 572–90; and Heidegger, 395–97; infinite in, 6n11, 6–7, 24, 33, 39–40; and metaphysics, 350–60; middle period of, 463; phenomenological critique of phenomenology, 18, 34, 375, 529–30; and Rosenzweig, 8; Sartre, influence on, 409; Schelling, influence on, 8; stages in work of, 357n22; on truth, 409–42; and Urzelle, 376–86; and Western philosophy, 347–50. Works of: Difficult Freedom, 352, 450; Discovering Existence with Husserl, 367n50, 387–88; “Everyday Language and Rhetoric without Eloquence,” 511; Existence and Existents, 391, 398, 411–12, 417, 444, 446; “God and Philosophy,” 352, 476; Humanism of the Other, 486; Is It Righteous to Be? 363, 484n70; Of God Who Comes to Mind, 354, 358, 368, 486; On Escape, 377–78, 384–86, 391, 409–13, 417; “On Maurice Blanchot,” 560; “Reality and Its Shadow,” 391, 409, 412–24, 439–41, 500, 560, 602n3; Otherwise than Being, 33, 196–97, 355, 358, 368, 386, 391, 439, 455, 460, 476, 508, 523, 563; “Philosophy and the Idea of the Infinite,” 358; Proper Names, 36; “Reflections on Phenomenological Technique,” 387; Theory of Intuition in Husserl’s Phenomenology, 365, 409; Time and the Other, 349–50, 377–78, 385, 391, 396, 398, 412, 417; Totality and Infinity, 33, 358, 362, 378, 380, 386, 419, 437, 451, 460, 469, 476, 483–85, 492, 505, 515, 542; Totality and Infinity, preface to the German translation, 362; “Trace of the Other, The,” 358, 378; “Wholly Otherwise,” 523
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 56n12, 58n13, 383–84, 427; The Savage Mind, 138n78
Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien, 138n78, 361, 392, 394n98, 427, 626n38
Lewis, C. L, 55n11
linguistic agonistics, 137
linguistic turn, 11–12, 16, 73–74, 118, 161, 175, 185, 231, 542
“linguistification of the sacred” (Kodalle), 92–93, 95–102, 159, 175–76
littérature engagée (Sartre), 413, 416
logical positivism: criticized by Adorno, xxv, 185–86
logocentrism, 373, 514; loosening of, 494–525
love, 129, 155, 224, 226, 288, 313, 384, 399. See also eros and eroticism
Lovejoy, Arthur O., 431n25
Löwenthal, Leo, 173n14
Löwith, Karl, 267n51, 278–80, 453; From Hegel to Nietzsche, 12, 49n1
Lukács, Georg, 13, 170, 177, 237, 254n28, 255–56, 261–62, 268, 311; History and Class Consciousness, 13, 170, 208, 255, 262; Theory of the Novel, 268
Lyotard, Jean-François, 13–14, 131–33, 340–41, 434, 465, 488–89; “Adorno come diavolo,” 330–31; The Differend, 13, 84, 137–38, 349, 639; The Postmodern Condition, 102, 123n32, 132–33
lyric: modern, 571
Mach, Ernst, 176
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 78n53; After Virtue, 82
Macksey, Richard, 632n3
magic, 147, 626n37
Maimonides, 604n5, 609n15
Malka, Salomon, xixn8
Mallarmé, Stéphane, 568
Man, Paul de, 222n63, 229n78, 403n116
Mann, Thomas, 271n63; Doctor Faustus, 329–33, 354–55
Marcuse, Herbert, 255n31; Eros and Civilization, 214
Margalit, Avishai, 430, 601–5, 628–29
Marion, Jean-Luc, 430, 438–39, 446n1, 560n67; God without Being, 439; Idol and Distance, 439
Marquard, Odo, 49–50, 78n52, 227n74, 252n25, 253n27, 256n32, 470, 593n184
Marrati, Paola, xxi, 431n24
Marx, Karl, 4, 41, 49, 234, 237, 255–56, 260–63, 289, 332, 341, 470. Works of: Capital, 262; Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, 255; On the Jewish Question, 341
Marxism, 12–13, 133, 148, 170–71, 258, 365, 404, 449; Adorno and, 277; and Frankfurt School, 131, 174; and French phenomenology, xxii; Habermas’s reception of, 4; Hegelian legacy of, 12; Levinas and, 365; obsolescence of, 13; and praxis, 148
materialism, 12, 218; in Adorno, 144n95, 177, 257n33; dialectical, 18, 263, 306; and eros, xxvi–xxvii; in Hegel, 256; historical, 25, 69, 171, 270–71; interdisciplinary, 170; and Marxism, 256; in Marxism, 170; meaning of, 144n95; and positivism in Horkheimer, 185; and the riddle, 189; scientific, 146; and social-Darwinian, 12
matter and materialization: in Adorno, 257n33; avoided by Derrida, 457, 586; deformalization as, 591; freedom as destiny of, 214; in Levinas, 349, 560; and morality, 295–96; as the nonidentical, 307; and philosophy, 43, 68–70; and self-made responsible, 508; and theology, 65; and transcendence in minimal theology, 109. See also concretization
Mauss, Marcel, 58n13, 427, 626n38
McDowell, John, xxvi, 36, 97n108
Mead, George Herbert, 87
Mead, Margaret, 4
mediation: in Adorno, 235; dialectical, 138, 148, 285; Habermas on, 89–90; Hegelian, 252, 279–80; rejected by Levinas, 373; non-Hegelian, 136; rational or reasonable, 89; social, 258
Menke, Christoph, xvn4, xvii, 16n28, 328n48
Mensching, Günther, 273n72
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 371, 410–13, 415–16, 424–25; The Visible and the Invisible, 368
messianism, 20, 147, 209, 493; in Adorno and Levinas, 38, 296, 323, 535, 625; in Benjamin, 274, 277; “messianicity without” (Derrida), 602
metaphor, 17, 125, 126, 130, 309
metaphysics, 57, 459; “after Auschwitz,” 333–34; as a broken hermeneutic process, 303; and difference, 640; in its downfall, xviii, xxv, 32, 39, 62, 107, 111, 143–46, 160–61, 176, 194, 530, 594, 601, 609, 616–17; in Levinas, 350–60; minimal, xviii; as no-man’s-land, 625; “peephole,” 195; post-metaphysical, 103, 297; of presence, 328; and science, 627; as unavoidable, 163; as unrealizable, 312
metaphysics, negative. See negative metaphysics
methodological linguisticism, 134
Michaud, Éric, 435n29
micrology, xviii, 55, 70, 136, 147, 187, 303, 321, 327, 556, 585, 617
middle, excluded. See excluded middle
Milbank, John, 103n132
mimesis, 1, 80, 191–92, 226–27, 230, 315–22, 431, 559, 626n37
minimal theology, 39, 51–67; and Adorno, 168, 210; and aesthetics, 123n31; and concrete motifs, 148–49; conditions of possibility for, 66; and Derrida, 574, 586; and difference, 156; and the discourse on God, 103; and “global religion,” 17, 100–101; and Habermas, 87, 96, 104; and indistinguishability of religious and non-religious, 104; and language, 72, 590; and Levinas, 351, 354, 376; and Lyotard, 340; as a middle road, 62–67; and negative metaphysics, 28, 146; in pianissimo, 72, 146, 158; as postmodern theology, 121–22, 151–64; and rationality, 44, 55, 70, 72, 146, 158–60, 210, 594, 616; as refuge for metaphyics and ethics, 24, 164; and responsibility, 550; and singularity, 65; between theology and scholarly study of religion, 62–63; between theory of rationality and deconstruction, 38–39; and time, 363; and transcendence, 109
“mirror of nature” (Rorty), 1
Mitchell, W. J. T.: Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology, 430; Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation, 430
modernity and modernization, 10, 135; of Adorno’s writings, 283; alternative, 15; conditions for thinking, acting, and judging in, 16; as continual enlightenment, 79–80; Habermas’s theory of, xviii, xxvii, 77; and historical dialectics, 323; and individual identity, 78–79; in Levinas, 352, 376–86, 467; philosophical discourse of, 2–3, 12, 15–16, 23, 86, 103, 106; as premature adulthood, 381; reconciliation in, 8; and secularization of theology, 79–80
monad, 377
Mona Lisa, 426
Mondzain, Marie-José: Image, Icon, Economy: The Byzantine Sources of the Contemporary Imaginary, 430
morality, 294–96; Adorno on, 243–52, 341; Adorno’s and Levinas’s constructions of, contrasted, 546; and death penalty, 551–52; and dialogue, 131; as First Philosophy, 485; formalization of, 172; in Habermas, 117–20; impossibility of grounding, 294; as indeterminate, 350; as kernel of religion, 100; in Levinas, 555; as materialistic moment, 295–96; and nature or ecology, 551; as singular instances, 537; universalistic, 105, 548–49, 551–53. See also ethical dimension, ethical relation, ethics
morality (Moralität): in Hegel, 105n136, 237, 246–52. See also ethical life
Mörchen, Hermann, 184
Moses, Stéphane, xix, 246n14, 260n39, 272, 418, 565n82
Müller-Doohm, Stefan, xvin5
music, 146, 176, 312, 317n27, 401, 428, 433, 562; as “ambiguity as system,” 330; as most rigorous version of the aesthetic, 330
musical thinking (Hegel), 293, 545, 562
Musil, Robert, 204, 208, 239n5, 289
mysticism, 306, 606. See also Judaism; Kabbalah
myth: and absorption, 573; anthropomorphism as basis of, 204; and anxiety, 192–93; as contrast to modern consciousness, 77; dialectic of, 469; and horror, 377; illusory unity of, 158; and nature, 78, 181; and redemption, 270; “semantic energy” of, 99, 101; and value claims, 137; and violence, 234
Nancy, Jean-Luc, xxi, 616n20; Retreat of the Political, The (and Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe), 435
Narcissus, 438
narcotics: as an introduction to religious illumination, 69
narration and narrative, 229, 426
natural history (Naturgeschichte): in Adorno, 25, 32, 37, 143, 198–99, 222; in Benjamin, 273; as critical hermeneutics, 266–71
natural law, 172
natural philosophy, 80
nature: in Adorno, 266; in Adorno and Levinas, contrasted, 535–36; as absolute difference, 215–16; and anti-Semitism, 342; in Benjamin’s Trauerspiel, 268; in Emerson and Cavell, xxvi; as entangled with humanity, 171; Goethe on, 279; in Habermas, 217–18; in Kierkegaard, 179–81; in Levinas, 349; mastery of, 78, 83, 191–233, 276; as metaphor, 198; moral access to, 551; as other of argumentative discourse, xvi; objectification of, in modern science, 80; in primitive psyche, 626n37; and rationality, 85; reconciliation with, 199; relation to, 552n57; second, 212–13, 268, 270, 275, 407, 568; and subjectivity, 198, 210–21; as trace, 198, 222–26, 229. See also natural history
Naturgeschichte. See natural history
negation, determinate. See determinate negation
negative dialectics, 7, 90, 143, 232–33, 236–37, 402, 499; accused of aestheticization, 90; Adorno’s determinations of, 507; and aesthetics, 319; and analytic thought, xxv; categories of, 301; as circling around absolute, 329; and constellations, 541; core concept a “cipher,” 305; as critical hermeneutic, 243; as criticizing Hegel by Hegelian means, 234; and deconstruction, 574, 585; and Hegel, 277, 290; as ideology critique and self-critique, 538; as infinite movement, 297; and Levinas, 7, 376; Lyotard on, 340; and materialism, 257, 306; and metaphysics, 107, 143–46, 297–99; and phenomenology, 30–31, 38; and philosophy of ought, 296; and pluralism, 350; and rehabilitation of reason, 234, 286; and the singular, 251; systematic and analytical force of, xvi–xvii; as systematization of Benjamin, 237; and theology, 30–33; and theory of communication, 326–27; and tradition of dialectics, 30, 34; and transdiscursive philosophy, 232. See also dialectics
negative metaphysics, 101, 109–11, 130, 140–51, 195; and the absolute, 109, 121; in Adorno, 21–22, 23n44; and contemporary philosophical debates, xviii; contrast with judgment, 150–51, 226; eschewed by Levinas, xxi; extradiscursive elements of, 142–47, 150–51; and the good life, 110; and Habermas, 21–22, 101, 106; and minimal theology, 28–29; and negative theology, 612–17; and the noetic, 195; and phenomenology, 30–31; and radical contextualism, 23n44; and rationality, 145, 159; shortcomings of, 29; and theology, 28–30, 144–45, 617; and unconditionality, 130
neostructuralism, xvii, 10, 631–33
neuter (Blanchot), 405, 407–8, 451, 467, 471, 564, 571
Newton, Adam Zachary, 456n21
Newton, Sir Isaac, 551
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 41, 49, 125, 170, 246–47, 300, 508, 536
nihilism, 82–88; of WWI generation, 82
noema, 367
noesis, 39, 149–50, 159, 367, 369, 587, 589
nominalism, 257
nonidentical: Adorno’s articulation of, 167, 192, 220–21, 280, 282, 304–5, 313–14, 316, 586, 620; aesthetic experience as paradigm for, 561; aporetics of, 609–12; dialectic of, 606; in emphatic sense, 287–88; and Kant, 307–9; and minimal theology, 38; and nature, 37, 219; as other of argumentative discourse, xvi, 129; reduced to self-same, 234; routes toward, 236; and science, 304; traces of, 208
normativity, 75, 80, 106, 111, 121
“Nothing can stand against God but God Himself” (Nihil contra Deum nisi Deus ipse), 20–21
“Now” (Jetztheit), 271–73, 336n64, 474
nunc stans, 432
objectivism: critique of, 449–93
obligation, 244, 295–96, 298, 340, 489, 551, 553, 656
observation, pure, 288
observer position, 138
occidental subjectivism, 191–233
ontology, 388, 458; existential, 179, 183–84; fundamental, 266–67; phenomenological reduction of, 497–507
onto-theology, 28, 33, 52–53, 62, 108, 366
ordinary: experience of, 9; philosophy of (Cavell), xxvi
origen, 466, 649; ethical philosophy of, 485, 492
other, the, 28, 40, 106–7, 108, 124, 463, 490; absolute, 50, 406–7, 457; ambiguity of, 220, 222; appeal to, 657; approach to, 452; of argumentative discourse, xvi; and art, 316; and the concept, 284, 353; as “curvature of social space,” 40; and deconstruction, 57; desire for, 95–96, 173, 220, 232, 307, 482, 534; dialectical encirclement of, 286; and difference, 28; disruption of ego by, 179n35; as emphatic idea of reason, 110; epiphany of, 490; as figure of hope, 621–22; as given incognito, 513; as God, 50, 103–4, 119; and the good life, 310; in Habermas, 25–26; as height, 474; and hermeneutica sacra sive profana, 56; of history, 235, 267, 272, 308; hostage to, I as, 452, 455, 463; as human being, 470; ideas of, 35–38; and idealism, 249; identification with, 197; and idolatry, 628–29; inclusion of, 26–27; and the infinite, 384; instantiation of, 110; interpretive concern with, 56; and intersubjectivity, 350; and language, 357, 509, 519, 641; in Levinas, 37–39, 90, 124, 159, 347–51, 366–76, 409, 517; of metaphysics, 163; minimal traits of, 43; nonavailability of, 584; and philosophy, xxiii–xxv, 359; poetry as speaking on behalf of, 569; potential of, 297; as primum intelligibile, 390, 487; as principle of phenomena, 389; promises of, 260; and reconciliation, 280; relation to, 104, 129, 398–99, 408, 411, 443, 453, 481, 486, 494; in religious tradition, 56; resistance of, to identity, 291; respect for, 26; and responsibility, 354, 474n70; revelation of, 401, 598; scene of, 600; and self, 226, 359; sign of, 309; and subject, 464; than whatever exists, 617; than what is, 201, 623–28; and theological archive, 51; as theology in pianissimo, 529–30; theology of, 601–30; trace of, 5–6, 24, 31–33, 36, 57, 103–4, 124, 200, 208, 222, 235, 303, 315, 356, 358, 385, 479, 506, 554, 559, 561, 575, 579, 594, 597, 599; transcendence of, 506; welcome of, 467, 521. See also other of reason
other minds, 186
other of reason, 5, 108, 163, 209, 232; absolute and infinite as, 32; in Adorno, 35, 40; affirmative discourse concerning, 193; in Derrida, 232, 586; and dialectics, 358; as genitivus objectivus and subjectivus, 579; in Horkheimer, 22; as incommensurable with thought, 300, 304; and judgment, 128; leap into, 322; in Levinas, 6, 32–33, 35, 40, 572–90; in minimal theology, 595; and philosophy, 316; reconciliation as, 323; in Theunissen, 7–8; trace of, 28, 35, 40, 106, 108, 259, 296, 318
Oudemans, T.C.W., 543n16
paradox. See aporia; performative contradiction
parergon, 15n24, 434
Pareysson, Luigi, 616n20
Parfitt, Derek, 484n70, 536; Reasons and Persons, 484n70
Parmenides, 252, 350, 392, 428, 479, 507
passive synthesis (Husserl), 556
passivity, 148, 200, 287, 368, 437, 440, 452, 455, 460, 482, 484n70, 537
patience, 454
Peperzak, Adriaan T., xix, 374n65, 448n5
perfectionism, moral, 489
performative contradiction, 27–30, 93, 112, 172, 193, 399, 529; Adorno accused of, 147; attempt to think alterity as, 494; condemnation of, 57; Derrida on, 112; emancipatory aim of, 214; faith as, 596; as inherent in all thinking, 27, 29–30; in Kant, 87n79; metaphysics negating itself in, 24; of philosophy, xxv; as a style of philosophizing, xvi–xvii, 34, 36, 38, 41, 175, 209, 545, 573, 581; in theory of communicative action, 141
performativity, xxiv, xxvi, 488, 610
perspectivism, 140, 162, 230, 270, 533
Petrosino, Silvano, xxi, 359n26
Peukert, Helmut, 102n125, 114, 160–61
Pfeiffer, Gabrielle, 365
phenomenology, 18, 34; Adorno’s interrogation of, xxii; of anti-spirit, 262; concretion in, 200; and dialectics, 555–57; existential, 409; in France, 362, 364–65; of Hegel, 210, 244; of Heidegger, 30–31; of Husserl, 30–31, 491; Levinas and, xxi, 90, 387–88, 491; as mode of revealing singularity, xxv; post-Husserlian, 104; and spiritual experience, 56; of trace of the other, 57; transcendental, 500, 582
Philipse, Herman, 59n14, 500n9
philology, 69
philosophia narrativa, 229
philosophy, 11, 74; and the absolute, 43; actuality of, in Adorno, 67–73; analytic, xxv–xxvi; Apel’s transformation of, 11; and aporia, 147; Aristotelian, 231, 249; and art, 438–42, 561–62, 602n3; concrete thinking in, 29, 175; as constellation, 88, 298; and culture, 88; as demand to be both within things and outside them, 289, 321; dialectical, 144, 247, 286–87; of difference, 111–27, 139; of the differend, 139; discourse of, 315–22; end of, 209, 221; ethical transcendental, 347–408, 485, 487; as exaltation of language, 33; as guardian of rationality, 74; Habermas’s formulation of the task of, 87–90; of history, 12, 18–19, 179–81, 185, 232, 234–99; as indiscretion with regard to the other, 159, 375, 502; of infinity, 593–600; interdisciplinary activity of, 186; as interpretation, 68, 89, 187; Jewish, xix–xx (see also Judaism); as justice to reality, 164n144; as lament, 201–20; of language, 92; of law, 127–28; Marxist, 449; matter as model for, 43, 264–65; as a message in a bottle, 173; in modernity, 76, 87; as moral-political practice, 296; natural, 80; of the neuter, 471; non-affirmative, 245; and the nonidentical, 168; obliged to criticize itself, 280; “of ought,” 244, 251; overdetermined styles of writing in, 509, 544–45, 654 (see also aporia; exaggeration; excess; hyperbole; performative contradiction); paradoxical task of, 236; as placeholder, 87–88, 90; postmodern, 95; practical, xx, 77, 145, 150, 231, 249; of religion, 73; as riddle solving, 184–89; as “saving of phenomena,” 186; between science and experience, 67; as spiritual exercise, 39, 44, 153; and the sciences, 67, 87–88, 122, 185–86, 287; and the situation in which we find ourselves, 27; of the subject, 195; tension between expression and rigor in, 176; as testimony, 488; between theology and science, 63–64; as topology or topography, 231; between transcendence and the particular, 65; “transdiscursive,” 232; as unsealing the nonconceptual with concepts, 236
Pickstock, Catherine, 103n132
Plato, 242, 267, 277, 306, 347, 350, 447, 483, 612, 654; and prescription of images, 626n37. Works of: Phaedo, 392; Phaedrus, 523; Republic, 447
“Platonism of the singular,” 282–90, 296, 305
play, 202, 227–28, 233, 321, 416, 255, 332
pleasure, 385
Plotinus, 483
Poe, Edgar Allan, 403n115; “The Purloined Letter,” 314
poetry, 330, 408, 563–64, 567–71; “After Auschwitz,” 567
Poirié, François, 363, 377n70
political theology, xxn10, 602
positivism, 55, 57, 83, 185n42; logical, 186
positivist dispute, 55n11
Post, Werner, 309n13
Poster, Mark, 410n3
postmodernism, 135, 227–28; defined, 132
poststructuralism, 10, 45, 631; as term, xvii
practice: Adorno’s notion of, 189
Pradines, Maurice, 361
pragmatics: linguistic, 132; universal, 112–13
pragmatic turn, 488–89
Pranger, M. B., 575n137
prayer, 656–57; “attention is the natural, of the soul” (Benjamin), 568
prima dialectica, 240
prima philosophia, 259, 267, 315
primum intelligibile, 589
profane illumination, 69
prohibition on images, 31, 168, 207, 231, 236, 280, 94, 337, 357, 411, 418, 566–67, 601, 602, 603n5, 607–8, 610–14, 616, 620, 625n37, 627, 629, 226
promise, 654, 552n57
Proust, Marcel, 306, 308n11, 312–13, 336, 507
Pseudo-Dionysius the Aereopagite, 604n5, 650, 652, 654
psychoanalysis, 4, 178n31, 210–21, 236, 265, 361, 466, 615
psychology, development of, 78–79
purposiveness without purpose, 247
Putnam, Hilary, 10, 18; Collapse of the Act/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays, The, 19n38; Renewing Philosophy, 18; “Why Reasons Can’t Be Naturalized,” 18
quasi-transcendentalism, 33, 63, 74–76, 114, 542–45
Quine, W. V. O., 79
Rabinbach, Anson, xvii, 175n24
Rancière, Jacques, 102n128
rationality and reason: and absolute or infinite, 33, 54; in Adorno, 149–50, 170–72, 220, 237, 264, 319–21, 518, 545; aesthetic aspects of, 84n69, 86, 123n31; Benjamin on, 283; bisection of, 55, 159, 573; communicative, 22, 23n44, 27, 105, 124, 207–8, 231, 323; conditions of possibility for, 544; in deconstructive analysis, 37, 322–29, 572–90; in Derrida, 586–87, 589; and de-mythologization, 82; Dialectic of Enlightenment as a construction of, 227; differentiations of, 152–53; discursive forms of, 124n32; and domination, 323; elliptical construction of, 558; and emancipation, 101, 104; epistemological claims of, 76; and excluded third, 40; external figure of, 89; and face, 494; global, and globalization, 17, 100; and God, 50; groundlessness of, 310; in Habermas, 11–12, 14–15, 28–29, 44, 75–94, 96, 107–64; Hegel’s concept of, 248; historicity of, 140; hyperbolic, 44; as immanent and transcendent, 18–19; instrumental, 229–30; internal grounds for, 92; intradiscursive, 152–53; and Kantian moral law, 295; and legitimacy claims, 84; in Levinas, 399–401, 496, 518, 545; limits of, 21, 544; and mimesis, 226–27; minimal, 155; in modernity, 2–5, 26, 76–77; and negative metaphysics, 29, 106, 150, 158; nonbisected, 63, 72, 109–10, 139–40, 149, 158, 542; and normativity, 75; as not finding its raison d’être in itself, 574; one-dimensional, 239; as open concept, 140, 145; onto-theological determination of, 1; organizational, 228; other as constitutive of, 129; postmetaphysical, 587; procedural, 128, 131; and quasi-transcendental conditions for cognition, 76; before reason, 490, 525; in relation to revelation, xxiv; religious, 137; Rorty on, 127n41; and singularity, 65; skepticism regarding, 209–10, 228–32; as stifling its own realization, 205; and subjectivity, 231; systemic, 136; and theology, 17, 52, 56, 71; theoretical, 278; and totality, 192, 619; “transverse,” 139; twilight of, 162; unity of, 134n65, 218, 225; and worldviews, 78. See also other of reason; reason
realism: nonnaturalistic, 109
reality: irreducible nature of, 70; objective, 120
reason: catalogue of, in Habermas, 137; contrast with irrational judgment, 128; critique of subjective, in Adorno and Horkheimer, 170; and the good life, 5; historicity of, 140; as immanent and transcendent, 18; impure, 97; indifference of, to reasonable interest, 206; Kant’s formal and self-differentiated, 85; “other” of, 5; skepticism concerning, 228–33; and theology, 53–55; transverse, 139; two moments of, in Adorno, 150; unity of, in diversity, 86, 134n65, 136, 218; universalistic, 105. See also other of reason; rationality and reason
recognition (Anerkennung), xviii
recollection. See anamnesis
reconciliation, 8, 138, 182, 195, 199, 205, 210–21, 231, 235, 276, 278, 280–81, 290, 323, 254, 270, 280–81, 310, 314, 342
redemption, 22, 95, 142, 168, 200–201, 209, 269, 272, 294, 330, 550; in Adorno, 310, 312, 532, 559, 622; in Benjamin, 274–77; and the good life, 26; in Levinas, 450n7
reductio ad hominem, 191–99
reflection: alternating (Levinas), 30; philosophical, 539; second-order, 67
reification, 27, 170, 197–98, 208, 261–63, 323, 621
“relation without relation” (Levinas), 559
relativism, cultural, 79
religion; 52, 61, 531; and Adorno, 607–8; for adults (Levinas), 470; and art, 81n62; and communicative reason, 22; comparative, 59, 66; concrete phenomena of, 65; cultural aspects of, 58n13; in Dialectic of Enlightenment, 626n37; in Habermas, 14; heritage of, 603, 596; historical and political context of, 60; irrationalism of, 618; and justification, 9; Levinas and, 351–52, 377n70, 531–32; minimal theology as placeholder for, 70; morality as kernel of, 100; and the other, 56; philosophical, 604; as possible impossibility, 621; and rational discourse, 25; as “relation without relation” (Levinas), 471; as resource, 469, 603, 615–16; and sacrificium intellectus, 153; scholarly study of, 52, 58–62, 70–72, 121–22, 158–59, 164, 354, 529; science of, 59–67, 608; semantic wealth of, 196; as social dimension, 58n13; and theory of communicative action, 23; as truth of the concept, 611; and value claims, 137; universalistic, 10, 100
Religionswissenschaft, 52, 58, 354
remembrance (Andenken), 496
remembrance (Eingedenken), 550
remembrance: as restoration, 273–74
reminiscence: of Being (Heidegger), 230
repetition, 197, 359n26, 403, 641
repression, 220
research, scientific, 67–68
resemblance, logic of, 422–23, 431
responsibility, 354, 440, 474, 489, 499, 546, 550, 553n57
resurrection, 217, 234–99, 307, 604
revolution, scientific, 67
Ricoeur, Paul, 213n34, 455, 465, 517, 536; From Text to Action, 557n63; Oneself as Another, 465, 484n70, 510; The Rule of Metaphor, 558
ritual, 99
Robbins, Jill, 438n31
Rodin, Auguste, 370
Rolland, Jacques, 378, 386, 481, 578n144
Ronell, Avital, 505n17
Rorty, Richard, xxv, 1, 36, 66, 74, 126, 127n41, 153n110, 390n90, 536, 605n8; Linguistic Turn, The, 73n42; Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, 66n25
Rosenzweig, Franz, 8, 237, 260, 377, 394, 418–19, 445, 448, 450n7, 479, 520, 538–39; Star of Redemption, 272, 294, 394, 418, 445, 479; Zweistromland, 418
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 216n39, 221–22
Rudolph, Kurt, 459n26
Russell, Bertrand, 63–64, 88; History of Western Philosophy, 63
Ryle, Gilbert, 390n90; The Concept of Mind, 60–62
sacred: disenchantment of, 99–100; “linguistification” of, 92–93, 95–102
sacrificium intellectus, 54, 153
Sade, Marquis de, 246–47
saintliness: absolute as, 6
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 382–83, 395n101, 409, 413–16. Works of: Being and Nothingness, 409; Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination, The, 413; Imagination, The, 424; “What Is Literature?” 413
saturated phenomenon, 430
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 628, 631, 633n5, 634–37; Derrida’s reading of, 641–43
Scheler, Max, 247
Schelling, Friedrich, 260, 592; Ages of the World, The, 8
Schlegel, Friedrich, 238
Schleirmacher, Friedrich, 329
Schlick, Moritz, 185n43
Schmidt, Alfred, 216n43, 281
Schmidt, T. M., 17n29
Schmied-Kowarzik, Wolf-Dietrich, 418n14
Schnädelbach, Herbert, 107, 140–45, 149, 170n5, 234, 238, 258–59, 280, 305, 309, 322–25, 573
Scholem, Gershom, 217, 260n39, 272, 306, 590–91, 646–47
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 238, 337–38
Schulte Nordholt, Annelies, 396n105, 405n119
Schwärmerei (“enthusiasm,” Kant), 236, 245
Schwarz-Bart, André, 354–55, 579
Schweppenhäuser, Hermann, 73n41, 251
science, 63, 172, 193. See also under rationality and reason; religion; theology
scientism, 66
Searle, John, 92
Sebbah, François-David, xxi
second nature. See under nature
secularization, xviii, xxvii, 10, 79, 122, 607; and “global religion,” 100
Seel, Martin, xvii, 123n31, 128–30; on reason, 128
semiology, 633
sensation, Levinas on, 432–33
Shakespeare, William, 440
shame, 382
Shoah, 355
sign, linguistic: in Saussure and Derrida, 633–39, 641–42; as theological, 640, 652–53
singular, the: and singularity, 257, 277–79, 282–86, 457; in Adorno, 240; and concepts, 610; in concretizations, 585; and dialectics, xxv; and discursive medium, 121; as leveled by universal, 288; in love, 313; need for philosophical articulation of, 42–43; social connection as, 255; in the trace, 315. See also “Platonism of the singular”; universal and universality
Sinngebung, 498–99
Sirens (Odyssey), 224
skepticism, 162–63, 207, 228–33, 310, 503–6, 520; in Adorno, 291, 543; and language, 494–97; in Levinas, 276, 360; moral-philosophical, 545; as philosophy’s shadow, 412, 502–5, 581; of reason, 209–10, 228–33, 326
Slatman, Jenny, 416n10
Sloterdijk, Peter, 102n127
social bond, 134–35
sociology, 133
Socrates, 366
Söllner, Alfons, 202
speculation, Hegelian, 291–92
speech acts, 84, 86, 89, 92, 111–13, 494; as smallest element in communication, 111–13
speech-act theory, xxvi, 4, 546; Derrida on, 112–13, 116
Spinoza, Benedict de, 481, 628; Ethics, 196, 349
spiral: as figure of thought, 585
spirit: absolute, 156, 249, 373; after “Auschwitz,” 334; objective, 255; process of, 282; world, 254, 261; as union with nonidentical, 311
spiritual exercises, 32, 39, 44, 64, 67, 102, 153, 240, 388, 390, 435, 483, 623
spiritual experience. See under experience
spirituality, 42–43, 180–81, 410
Stalinism, 170
statues, 426
Strasser, Stephan, 375n67, 378n74, 465, 485n73, 560n67
Strauss, Leo, xviiin7
“structuralist controversy,” 632
subject, 28, 149; as center of the actual, 453; critique of, 203; emptying out of, 456; in Levinas, 444–53, 458; as “macro-consciousness,” 261; and object, 247–48; philosophy of, 4, 16, 195, 230–31, 264, 536–38; and self-preservation, 195–97; remembrance of nature in, 197, 207, 230, 231n89; and self-mastery, 204
subjective idealism, 248
subjectivism, Adorno accused of, 190
subjectivity, 183; in Levinas, 443–98
subjectless capitalism, 199–200
substance, 43
Substanz, 3
substitution: nonsynonymous, 14, 30, 35, 37, 130, 606; in Levinas, 453, 460, 478, 504, 508, 554
suffering, 122, 173, 225, 251, 253, 267, 269, 550, 554–55, 624; in Adorno, 148; of and for God, 356; and mastery of nature, 192; and new categorical imperative, 295; under capitalism, 204. See also anamnesis
supplement: in Derrida, 91n90, 581; hermeneutical, 91, 94; Kant’s limit concepts as, 143; metaphysical, 91, 93, 139, 163; negative metaphysical, 106, 150, 158, 324–25; nonidentical as, 287
symbol, 269
system, concept of, 254n28, 636–37
systematics, 424–29
Taubes, Jakob, 56n12, 602, 625
Taylor, Charles, 553n60
Taylor, Mark C., 103n132
temporal duration, 362
Temps Modernes, Les, 411–12
tertium datur (middle way, third way), 7, 17, 23n44, 181, 225, 353, 451, 460, 479, 483, 506, 496, 533, 540, 575, 599
tertium non datur (excluded middle), 40. See also excluded middle
theology, 32, 57, 64; and the absolute, 50–51; Adorno on classical, 144; “after Auschwitz,” 44, 529; allegorical, 160; apophatic, 7, 531; of Barth, 52–53; as bisection of rationality, 54–56; Christian, 153; classical, 54–55, 59, 103–4, 151–64; cognitive rationality of, 151–54; as commentary on reality, 68–69; confessional, 54–55, 158; as consolation for death, 220; critique of, 49–107; decline of, 30–31; dialectical, 56, 179; and deconstruction, 56; in Derrida, 160; fundamental (Peukert), 160–61; inverse, xviii, 30, 32, 69, 160, 220, 609, 617–24; irrefutability of, 59; Islamic, 153; Jewish, 153; kataphatic, 7, 375, 531, 601; legitimating, 57; and materialism, 25; mystical, 103; natural, 52, 63; negative, 8, 103, 317n27, 476, 562, 594, 598, 601, 604n5, 609n15, 612–17, 628, 648–57; negative metaphysics distinguished from, 28; other, xviii, 32, 57, 64, 144, 146, 149, 610–30; and the other, 601–30; in parentheses, 31; and phenomenology, 56; philosophical, 63–66, 70–72; possibilties for, 44, 55–64, 66; postmetaphysical, 144; postmodern structure of, 55–57; posttheological, 103; provisional use of, in philosophy, 56; in pianissimo, xx, 72, 24, 37, 39, 72, 122, 146, 158, 351, 529, 572, 586, 590; and rationality, 56–57, 70n36, 70–71, 73–75, 104, 154, 156–57; reduction of, 623; and science, 71–72; secularization of, 32, 79–80, 616; sign of, 631–57; systematic, 66; teaching of, 46n12, 56–58; tension with philosophy, 40; and the university, 59. See also minimal theology; religion. See under trace
theology, political. See political theology
theory of communicative action, 3, 14, 73, 160n131; and discourse ethics, 140–41; lacuna in, 85–86; reliance on Searle’s philosophy of language, 92; as successor to Critical Theory, 188. See also under communicative action
Theunissen, Michael, 7–8, 252n26, 255n30; Negative Theology of Time, 7; Other, The, 7
third, excluded. See excluded third
third way. See tertium datur
Thyen, Anke, xvii, 143n92
Tiedemann, Rolf, 35n62, 231, 272n69
time, 123, 362–63, 427, 454, 481; and Auschwitz, 403; messianic, 271, 273–74
totality, 76; in Adorno, 239, 258n35, 259–60; ambivalence of, 280–81; concept of, 472–73; crisis of claims to, 264–65; critique of, 41, 63, 248, 537; in Hegel, 171–72, 248, 250; in Levinas, 479–80; in the interior of the monad, 273; philosophy of, 252–65, 474–75; and progress, 276; reconceived, 474n70; as reduction, 256–57; social, 262; in Western tradition, 234–35
trace: as absolute, 5, 51; in Adorno, 36, 209, 532; and alterity, 656–57; concept of, 235, 277, 303, 350, 576–77, 580–82; in Derrida, 457, 523, 588–89; as figure, 35, 310–11, 385, 393; of God in face of the other person, 37; of the historical, 306n7; of the infinite, 480; and intrigue of the other, 524; and language, 593; in Levinas, 35, 358, 496, 512–15, 517, 533; and minimal theology, 38; nature as, 198, 222; as other of argumentative discourse, xvi, 121; of the other of nature, 219, 225; philosophy of, 124–25, 492; and rational mediation, 89; as singularity, 315; of something better, 202, 228; structure of, 226; the theological as a moment in (Derrida), 31, 160, 204, 530, 543, 648; and transcendence, 357. See also other: trace of; other of reason
transcendence, 23, 39, 159; in Adorno, 235, 350, 532, 559; abstraction of, 109; and the absolute, 71, 104; “after Auschwitz,” 333; and biblical God, 590; Blanchot on, 392–94; concretization of, 65–66, 109, 554; in the cracks of the world, 297; deconstructive concept of, 543, 576–77; of the ego, 425; ethical, 399; Habermas on, 23–24; within history, 235; and historical objectivity, 256; and ideal speech situation, 113; idea of, 49–50, 303–4; and immanence, 17, 36, 120, 130; and impossibility of exclusive characterization, 121; and infinity, 33; in Kodalle, 73n41; in Levinas, 347, 533, 559; of longing, 182; as merely prohibitive, 110; and metaphysics in its downfall, 39; in minimal theology, 109; modality of, 194, 559–63; modern abandonment of concern with, 380; movement of, 155; outside all mediation, 373; in philosophical discourse, 353; to the point of absence, 440, 599; as positive, 579; in postmodernity, 159; in the profane, 596; and rationality, 33, 65; recollection of, 192; and rhetorical figures, 544; as screen image for social hopelessness, 620; sensory fulfillment of, 309; subjectivity as scene of, 183–84; and trace, 310, 357, 385
transcendental historicity, 2
transience, 335
Travis, Charles, 98n114
truth, 126; and art, 424–29; as experiential content, 252; and happiness, 312–13; in Heidegger, 293; in history, 265; and “now” (Jetztheit), 336n64; metaphysical, 106; and poetic language, 567; as presence, 540; propositional, 131, 143; as undecidable, 232
unconscious: collective, 79; as task, 177n31
undecidability, 119–20, 122, 220, 569, 575
universal and universality: critique of, 252–65; historical, 278; logical primacy of, 284; as working against itself, 297; violent primacy of, 288
universalism, 205; critique of, 278–94; as enemy of individualism, 38; in Habermas, 79, 120; moral, 10, 28; of past philosophical systems, 42; of reason, 105; of religion, 10; sensitivity of, to differences, 26
universal pragmatics, 112–13
university, 592
uprightness (droiture), 420, 591
Urzelle, 175–84; in Levinas, 376–86
utopia, 15–16, 172, 182, 199, 202, 205, 225, 257, 280–81, 294, 313, 315, 318, 342, 371
Vaihinger, Hans, 223
Valéry, Paul, 407
validity claims, 113, 142–43; in Adorno and Levinas, 121; aesthetic, 124; in Habermas, 116–18, 121–24; normative, 124; redemption of, 141
Vattimo, Gianni, 468n43
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 59n13
via analogiae, 652
via eminentiae, 375–76, 391–92, 461, 483, 507–12, 608, 652
via negativa or negationis, 497–507, 510, 601, 608, 649, 652, 654
Vienna Circle, 184–85
violence, 473; in enlightenment, 234; history as, 473; of the “I,” 366; ideological, 102; and indeterminacy, 35; and language, 516; laughter as sign of, 228; in Levinas, 472–73; of the sacred, 470; structural, 92, 102; in thinking, 236
vision, in Husserl, 368–69
Voltaire, 341
Vries, Hent de: Philosophy and the Turn to Religion, 96n102; Religion and Media, 11n18
Wagner, Richard: Parsifal, 332–33
Wahl, Jean, 377, 381, 386, 392, 436, 459–61, 499, 582n152; Treatise on Metaphysics, 459–60
wakefulness, 420, 531–35, 589. See also insomnia
Waldenfels, Bernhard, xxi–xxiii, 92n92, 365n45, 371n58, 416n10, 574n133
war, 472
Ward, Graham, 103n132
Weber, Max, 49, 54n10, 72, 77–81n61, 87, 170, 298, 335n63, 516; and cultural disintegration, 82; hermeneutic sociology of, 3–4; occidental rationalism of, 79. Work of: Economy and Society, 77
Wellmer, Albrecht, xvii, xxv, 140n84, 169n2, 191n1, 201, 314, 317n27, 322–25, 545–46, 561, 586n162, 609n15
Weltanschauung. See worldview
Western objectivism: breaking apart of, 234–99
Wiemer, Thomas, xxiv, 418n13, 600n196
Wiggershaus, Rolf, xvi, xxv, xxiin14, 31n56, 288, 609n15
Wilke, Sabine, xxiin14
Wissenschaft des Judentums, 352, 354
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, xxv, 32, 79, 110, 390n90, 483, 494, 609n15; Philosophical Investigations, 123n32, 133; Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 110, 494, 655–56
Wordsworth, William, 309n11
Zarader, Marlène, 405n119
Zielinski, Agata, xxin12
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