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Figures

1.1The location of the Pebblebed heathlands

1.2View west to the Haldon Hills and Dartmoor

1.3Dumpdon Hill

1.4High Peak from the heathlands

1.5aGravels of the East Hill ridge

1.5bThe pebbles of the Pebblebeds

1.6The red cliffs at Budleigh Salterton with the Pebblebed exposure

1.7The course of the Triassic river across southern England

1.8The yellow band running through the cliffs at the top of the Pebblebeds

1.9The distribution of flint finds on the heathlands and in their vicinity

1.10The distribution of Bronze Age pebble cairns

1.11Examples of large heathland cairns

1.12The western scarp of the heathlands

1.13Cairn intervisibility across the heathlands

1.14Low tide in the Exe estuary

1.15Sunrise and sunset seen from the heathlands

2.1Carter as a young man

2.2Carter in India as Municipal Commissioner

2.3aOne of the large chert stones from the east of the river Otter

2.3bLifting the stone

2.4Carter’s map of cairn locations on Woodbury Common

2.5Carter’s excavation team at work

2.6Carter’s three daughters excavating on Aylesbeare Common

2.7Carter’s plan of cairn AA6

2.8Carter’s watercolour plan of Woodbury P

2.9Carter’s sketch of the cairn in Jubilee Park, Budleigh Salterton

2.10Carter’s plan of the Longo Lines

2.11Carter’s sketch of mounds in the vicinity of Woodbury ε

2.12Carter’s sketch plan of his ‘holy triangle’ on East Budleigh Common and part of his annotated Ordnance Survey map of East Budleigh and Withycombe Raleigh Common

2.13Carter’s photograph of one of his ‘twin altars’ at Squabmoor

2.14Carter’s plan and cross-section of his cairn ‘Milestone 9’

2.15Carter’s 1932 photograph of cairn QL

2.16Carter’s geometric plan of Woodbury Z

2.17Carter’s plan and analysis of Sheeplays 271

2.18Carter’s geometric analysis of barrows in the Broad Down (Farway) cemetery

2.19Carter’s geometric analysis of Stonehenge I

2.20Carter’s analysis of the Soldier’s Ring, Wiltshire

2.21Carter’s published plan of the cairn QL

2.22Carter in later life

3.1Woodbury ε

3.2Carter’s section through Woodbury ε

3.3The comb-decorated Beaker sherds and arrowhead found in Woodbury ε

3.4The distribution of pebble cairns on Colaton Raleigh Common

3.5Tor Cairn and Little Tor Cairn: excavated area

3.6Examples of ‘special’ pebbles and a blue stone

3.7Tor Cairn: sections and their locations

3.8Tor Cairn: simplified scheme of layers and contexts

3.9Tor Cairn sections

3.10The distribution of blue stones in Tor Cairn

3.11Tor Cairn: plan showing burnt areas and central pit

3.12The top of the pebble-filled pit

3.13Tor Cairn: flint finds

3.14Tor Cairn: the distribution of artefacts and other finds

3.15Tor Cairn: the flaked pebble from the centre

3.16The largest pebble in Tor Cairn

3.17Tor Cairn: pebble flake from central pit

3.18The ventifact finds

3.19Tor Cairn: the contents of the pebble-filled pit

3.20Little Tor Cairn: excavation quadrants

3.21North–south section through Little Tor Cairn

3.22Twin Cairn A and Twin Cairn B prior to excavation

3.23Twin Cairn A: excavated areas

3.24Twin Cairn A: section drawings

3.25Twin Cairn A: plans

4.1The location of the pebble sampling locations from the natural

4.2Examples of excavated natural test samples

4.3The relative frequencies of pebbles according to length

4.4The relative frequencies of the pebbles according to weight

4.5The relative frequencies of the pebbles according to shape

4.6The relative frequencies of the pebbles according to colour

4.7Examples of observed and expected frequencies in chi-square tests for shape, weight and length

4.8Examples of observed and expected frequencies in chi-square tests for pebble colour, shape and weight

5.1Painted pebbles from the 1970s

5.2Wendy’s pebble beach

5.3Alan’s huge curated pebble

5.4Examples of blue stones from Tor Cairn

5.5Schematic diagram of categories of ‘special’ pebbles

5.6Pebble ‘eyes’

5.7Special pebble from Little Tor Cairn

5.8Special pebble from Tor Cairn

5.9Special pebble from Little Tor Cairn

5.10Special pebble from Twin Cairn A

5.11Special pebble from Twin Cairn A

5.12Special pebble from Twin Cairn A

5.13Pebble with a ‘prawn’

6.1The location of Jacob’s Well

6.2Carter’s watercolour plan of Jacob’s Well

6.3Carter’s section drawing of Jacob’s Well

6.4Plan of Carter’s trench through Jacob’s Well

6.5Carter’s photo of the trench through the burnt mound

6.6The flaked ‘idol’ or magic stone found by Carter

6.7The flaked pebble

6.8The four oak stakes recovered by Carter

6.9Carter’s reconstruction diagram of the wooden shrine

6.10Sketch plan of Jacob’s Well and its surroundings

6.11Jacob’s Well: plan

6.12Jacob’s Well: section

6.13Jacob’s Well: peat level

6.14Sample of washed fire-cracked and crushed pebbles

6.15Aylesbeare platform 1 during excavation

6.16Aylesbeare 2

6.17Aylesbeare 5

6.18Aylesbeare Common summit area

6.19The trapezoidal platform with horns

6.20The double-axe platform

6.21The ox-hide platform

6.22The locations of the Aylesbeare platforms

6.23Plan of the trapezoidal platform

6.24Sections through the three platforms

6.25Plan of the double-axe platform

6.26Plan of the ox-hide platform

6.27Double axes and images of objects with horns

6.28Pendants with horns from middle and eastern Europe

6.29The double axe from Mount Howe, Topsham

6.30Mount Howe on the Exe estuary

6.31Conceptual model of the Pebblebed landscape

8.1Simplified geological map with the environmental sampling locations

8.2Aerial photograph of the Pebblebeds landscape

8.3Percentage pollen diagram from Jacob’s Well

8.4Wistman’s Wood on Dartmoor

8.5Pebblebeds heath and light woodland

9.1Plan of Woodbury Castle

9.2The ramparts of Woodbury Castle

9.3Woodbury Castle: section through the inner rampart

9.4Section through the cross-ridge dyke

9.5The Colaton Raleigh enclosure

9.6The location of the Colaton Raleigh enclosure in relation to the pebble cairns

9.7East Devon hillforts: locations and intervisibility

9.8Sketch of the topographic locations of the hillforts

9.9Hawkesdown Hill from the east

9.10The shape of the East Devon hillforts

9.11Plan of Musbury

9.12Looking across Blackbury Castle

9.13Looking south across Cadbury Castle

9.14The entrance to Sidbury Castle

9.15Dumpdon: view out from entrance

9.16Complex hillfort entrances

9.17The massive Hembury ramparts

9.18The structure at Blackbury Castle

10.1The location of landscaping mounds

10.2Landscaping/tree mound 17

10.3Massive landscaping mound adjacent to the B3180 road

10.4The northwest mound at Four Firs

10.5Section through the northeast mound at Four Firs

10.6Landscaping mound to the south of the Woodbury to Yettington road

10.7Stukeley’s drawing of Bush Barrow

10.8Colt Hoare’s illustration of Hackpen Barrow

10.9Landscaping mound 12

10.10The possible Seven Stones in Bicton Gardens

10.11Part of the ha-ha at Bicton

10.12View from the orangery to the obelisk at Bicton

11.1Location map of Aylesbeare Common with survey area

11.2GPS survey map of Aylesbeare Common survey area

11.3The rectangular structure exposed in the scrape

11.4The circular structures exposed in the scrape

11.5Part of Carter’s annotated 1906 Ordnance Survey map

11.6Carter’s photograph of ‘Simcoe’s tent structure’

11.7Carter’s photograph of Simcoe’s tent showing detail of ditch

11.8Hutchinson’s 1861 sketch map of the ‘Soldiers’ pits’

11.9Plan of the excavated sites and sections

11.10Circular ditches A and B: profiles

11.11Feature C: profile

11.12Feature C: section

11.13British Army bell tents

11.14The bog barrow

11.15Profile of the bog barrow showing Carter’s trench

11.16Section of the bog barrow

11.17Part of a pit from Carter’s section

11.18The pebble rectangular structure fully exposed

11.19Plan of the rectangular structure

11.20Sketch plan of the rhomboid pavement and path

11.21Photograph of the rhomboid pavement and path

11.22The circular structures marked with flags

11.23Plan of the circles

11.24Profile of ditch and bank of the northern circle

12.1Hardy’s sketch map of Egdon Heath

13.1Pebble quarries on the heathlands

13.2aThe pebble path John Long built at Lympstone

13.2bThe pebble floor in the ‘Bear Hut’

13.2cAylesbeare village hall: entrance lobby with a pebble ‘mat’ in a diamond design

13.2dPebble wall, Saltings, Budleigh Salterton

13.3aBudleigh Salterton seafront: drainage guttering

13.3bPebble barn with brick quoins

13.3cNew pebble decorative wall in East Budleigh

13.3dPebble wall with arches and doorways

13.4aPebble path, Quay area, Lympstone

13.4bDecorative path, Station Road, Newton Poppleford

13.4cSt Gregory’s church wall, Newton Poppleford

13.4dPebble farmyard, Dotton

13.5aTypical Topsham pebble path

13.5bDecorative pebble path in front garden at Topsham

13.5cGilbrook estate, Woodbury: new pebble boundary wall

13.5dWoodbury: pebble wall with limestone topping

14.1Black Hill quarry in the 1960s

14.2Black Hill quarry in July 2010

14.3Marks on the landscape created by trench digging

14.4The distribution of modern mounds

14.5Results of a heathland wildfire

15.1Weather from the west

15.2‘Museum of curiosity’ diary collection

15.3Soil samples

15.4Paper and pebbles

15.5A pebble print on fabric

15.6‘Woven Flame’

15.7Pebble grid

15.8Bovey Tracey exhibition

16.1A pebble tower

16.2Beach huts

16.3Lighthouse

16.4Crab

16.5Balloon and bird by beach artist

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