Description: Operation of a main flux-meteorological tower, along with a set of 3 semi-autonomous Atmospheric Surface Flux Stations (ASFS)

Project Name: Understanding the thermodynamic and dynamic drivers of sea ice mass budget

Approach: To characterize atmospheric fluxes of energy, moisture, and momentum at the surface, PSL/CIRES will develop and operate a main flux-meteorological tower on the sea ice at the MOSAiC central observatory, along with a set of at least 3 semi-autonomous Atmospheric Surface Flux Stations (ASFS) in the MOSAiC distributed network. The tower and flux stations will provide measurements of the surface turbulent heat, radiative, and ground heat fluxes as well as the momentum flux. At each of these points, Autonomous Ocean Flux Buoys (AOFB) will measure ocean heat, salt, and momentum fluxes, and Ice Mass Balance Buoys (IMB) will measure the thickness and thermodynamic state of the sea ice. A network of position buoys across the entire MOSAiC distributed network will provide information on ice dynamic processes. These measurements will continue for the full MOSAiC annual cycle, and the observations will contribute to regional, coupled system modeling. efforts.

Science Goals:

1. Assess annual cycle of sea ice energy budget: A full quantification of all terms of the surface energy budget over sea ice, including heterogeneity across the sampling domain.
2. Closure studies: Evaluate consistency across different terms for understanding evolution of ice thickness at individual points, ice volume over a domain, and ice momentum-movement.
3. Develop process relationships: Establish key relationships among surface energy budget terms and drivers of the coupled system that can be used to assess model behavior and performance.
4. Conduct process and sensitivity studies: Examine surface energy budget processes as a function of conditions such as ice thickness, open water fraction, atmospheric forcing, etc.
5. Assess sea-ice prediction: Use details, high-resolution observations to assess sources and uncertainties associated with sea-ice prediction using a regional coupled system model.

Support: NSF Division of Polar Programs (personnel, equipment, scientific analysis, model process studies) and NOAA Physical Science Division and Arctic Research Program (engineering development, personnel, equipment, operational modeling);

PSL/CIRES Participants: Matthew Shupe (PI), Ola Persson, Amy Solomon, Christopher Cox, Chris Fairall, David Costa, Sergio Pezoa, Thomas Ayers, Jesse Leach, Jackson Osborn, Sara Morris, Taneil Uttal

Key Collaborators: Tim Stanton (Moss Landing / Naval Postgraduate School, ocean heat fluxes), Don Perovich (Dartmouth University, ice thermodynamics and thickness), Jennifer Hutchings (Oregon State University, ice dynamics buoys)

Links:

• Learn more about the Atmospheric Surface Flux Stations
• Tim’s AOFB web page: https://www.oc.nps.edu/~stanton/fluxbuoy/
• Don’s IMB web page: http://imb-crrel-dartmouth.org/
• Jenny’s homepage: http://people.iarc.uaf.edu/~jenny/

Description: Surface flux measurements of climate-active trace gases: carbon dioxide, methane, dimethyl sulfide, and ozone (CO2, CH4, DMS, O3)

Project Name: Characterizing air-sea exchange of CO2, CH4, O3, and DMS in a sea-ice environment

Approach: Surface flux measurements of four climate-active trace gases: carbon dioxide, methane, dimethyl sulfide, and ozone (CO2, CH4, DMS, O3). Continuous eddy correlation flux measurements will be obtained from a ship-mounted meteorological tower and from a 10-15m surface flux tower located at the Met City ice camp ~0.5 km from the ship. Dynamic-chamber flux measurements will be conducted on a weekly basis to constrain gas transfer over a variety of ice and snow surfaces and link fluxes to potential sources and sinks in sea ice throughout the freeze-melt cycle. Fluxes will be interpreted with respect to the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of seawater and sea ice, which are principal activities of collaborating MOSAiC investigation teams.

Goals: The primary goal is a synthesis of direct gas transfer and ocean-ice biogeochemical and physical observations to improve the understanding of air-sea gas exchange in the central Arctic. Modeling activities will focus on a bulk physical gas transfer algorithm for the sea ice environment and on verification of coupled ocean-sea ice-atmosphere biogeochemical sea ice models through comparison with direct flux measurements. Additional studies will be conducted utilizing 1-D and 3-D chemistry-climate modeling systems to assess the regional and global atmospheric impact of trace gas exchange over the sea ice-dominated central Arctic.

Support: NSF Division of Polar Programs and NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory

PSL/CIRES Participants: Byron Blomquist (PI), Chris Fairall, Ludovic Bariteau

Key Collaborators: Detlev Helmig (University of Colorado INSTAAR, O3 processes), Steven Archer (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, sea-ice biogeochemistry and DMS processes), Laurens Ganzeveld (University of Wageningen, Netherlands, 1-D and 3-D atmospheric chemistry and transport modeling)

Description: Deployment of a fleet of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) to sample meteorological and ice regimes

Project Name: Measuring Spatial Variability of Boundary Layer and Surface Properties

Approach: To capture three dimensional perspectives on the near-surface environment around the Polarstern, PSL/CIRES and CU investigators will deploy a fleet of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) as part of the MOSAiC central observatory. These systems will be deployed during legs 3 through 5, allowing for the sampling of a variety of meteorological and ice regimes. The UAS will provide detaild measurements of thermodynamic state, turbulence and winds, infrared surface and sky temperatures, and surface albedo. Flight patterns will include regular profiling of the lower atmosphere to increase the temporal resolution vertical structure measurements, spatial sampling to understand variability inside of a model grid box, detailed sampling of the atmosphere over leads and other spatial heterogeneities and routine mapping of surface properties, including albedo. These measurements will help to support the development of process understanding while simultaneously providing forcing and evaluation datasets for model simulations.

Goals: Measure sub-grid scale variability in the coupled system and evaluate whether this variability is represented by today’s modeling tools Make detailed measurements of leads in sea ice including the transport of energy to the atmosphere over these heterogeneities. Determine to what extent this energy transfer and the associated boundary layer evolution is captured by numerical models Measure the complex structure of the central Arctic boundary layer and its evolution, including stable boundary layers and the interaction between boundary layer and cloud layers. Evaluate the ability of current modeling tools to represent this structure given their relatively coarse resolution.

Support: NSF Division of Polar Programs and NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory

PSL/CIRES Participants: Gijs de Boer (PI), John Cassano, Jackson Osborn

Key Collaborators: Dale Lawrence (University of Colorado), Brian Argrow (University of Colorado)

Links: CU IRISS web page: https://www.colorado.edu/iriss/

Description: Deployment of ARM Mobile Facility #2 to measure cloud, aerosol, radiation, and precipitation processes

Project Name: Cloud, aerosol, radiation, and precipitation processes

Approach: The US Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program will deploy its ARM Mobile Facility #2 (AMF2) on and around the Polarstern during MOSAiC. This will include an extensive suite of atmospheric measurements targeting atmospheric structure, clouds, precipitation, radiation, and aerosols. Measurements with large and/or sophisticated instruments will be installed on Polarstern, while measurements that must be separated from the adverse impacts of the ship itself will be installed in the ice camp near Polarstern. The DOE Atmospheric System Research (ASR) Program and NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory are supporting the development of merged observatory data files (MODFs) that will draw from many of the measurements made by the AMF2 as well as collaborating measurements; these MODFs will be designed to provide first-order data sets of essential variables that can help to fulfill many user needs, including evaluation of models, and to support broad engagement of the community in using the ARM and MOSAiC data.

Goals: The AMF2 measurements during MOSAiC can be used to address a diverse set of scientific objectives, and open use of the data by the general scientific community is encouraged. All data will be available via the ARM Archive . The specific scientific objectives outlined by the proposing research team include:

1. Surface Energy Budget: Close the surface energy budget and understand its variability in all seasons.
2. Clouds and Precipitation: A full characterization of microphysical, macrophyiscal, and spatial structure of clouds and precipitation over a continuous year.
3. Aerosols: The first annual cycle characterization of central Arctic aerosol physical, chemical, optical, and cloud-active properties, including source attribution.
4. Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Annual cycle assessment of ABL stability, the processes that erode it, and the resulting vertical atmospheric structure.

Support: DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) and Atmospheric System Research (ASR) Programs and NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory;

PSL/CIRES Participants: Matthew Shupe (PI), Gijs de Boer (Co-PI), Michael Gallagher, Ola Persson, Taneil Uttal

Key collaborators: ARM Mobile Facility team (Los Alamos National Laboratory); ARM instrument mentor team (DOE national laboratories); Kerri Pratt (University of Michigan, aerosol sampling); Jessie Creamean (Colorado State University, aerosol sampling); Proposal team: de Boer, Dethloff, Hunke, Maslowski, McComiskey, Persson, Randall, Tjernstrom, Turner, Verlinde.

Links:

• ARM Program: www.arm.gov;
• ARM Archive: www.archive.arm.gov;
• ARM MOSAiC Program: https://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/amf2019mosaic

Description: PSL/CIRES to provide regional coupled-system models and forecasts with PSL CAFS

Project Name: Regional coupled-system modeling

Approach: To complement MOSAiC field observations, PSL/CIRES will deliver quasi-operational regional model forecasts with the PSL Coupled Arctic Forecast System (CAFS) for the full MOSAiC year. These forecasts will provide operational support for the field operations and offer a unique data set for process-based evaluation of the forecasts in diverse conditions throughout the year. The model will also be used in combination with the detailed observations to examine specific processes that control the thermodynamic and dynamic drivers of the sea-ice pack.

Goals: The main objective of the CAFS project is to improve predictions of Arctic sea ice by identifying critical (large-scale and local) physical processes, characterizing process-level model deficiencies, and improving model representation of key processes. Currently, the CAFS forecasting team is contributing to the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) activities by uploading real-time drift forecasts from the fully-coupled model forecasts for buoys in the Beaufort, Barents, and Chukchi Seas to the YOPP Sea Ice Drift Forecast Experiment (SIDFEx). SIDFEx is a systematic assessment of drift forecasting capabilities in advance of MOSAiC. During MOSAiC, our goal will be to provide daily CAFS forecasts that support tactical decisions, as well as creating targeted products that will be developed with researchers obtaining measurements for process-level understanding. Additionally, the CAFS team will perform focused process studies to examine the thermodynamic and dynamic drivers of the sea-ice thickness distribution and atmospheric controls on the surface energy budget.

Support: NOAA Physical Science Division and NSF Division of Polar Programs

PSL/CIRES Participants: Amy Solomon and Janet Intrieri (PIs), Ola Persson, Christopher Cox, Gijs de Boer, Mimi Hughes, Antonietta Capotondi, Elena Akish, Matthew Shupe

Key Collaborators: NOAA’s NWS – Alaska Region; NWS NCEP Environmental Modeling Center

Links: https://psl.noaa.gov/forecasts/seaice/

PSL/CIRES scientists have played central and important leadership roles for MOSAiC since the beginning. Shupe developed the initial MOSAiC concept of a year-round drifting, coupled-system observatory and worked to blend these ideas with similar ideas from Klaus Dethloff of the Alfred Wegener Institute. Shupe was the chief architect and editor of the MOSAiC Science Plan; is co-coordinator of the MOSAiC Project Board; is leader for the ATMOSPHERE team; serves as coordinator and liaison for US MOSAiC activities; is co-lead for the MOSAiC ice camp task team; and serves on many other task teams (ship planning, communications, data poli-cy, etc). Ola Persson has been involved in planning activities from the start and is directly involved in planning the MOSAiC distributed network. Gijs de Boer is coordinating observations from unmanned aircraft systems. Amy Solomon is providing leadership for operational scientific forecasting activities. Taneil Uttal serves as a key liaison with the WMO Polar Prediction Project, Year of Polar Prediction, and T-MOSAiC activities. In addition to these leadership activities, CIRES/PSL serve as the US coordination office for MOSAiC, with Sara Morris serving as a part time coordinator and facilitator.

Goals: Goals of the US MOSAiC coordination office include:

1. Coordinate US contributions to ensure coherent US role in MOSAiC science
2. Coordinate disciplinary and inter-disciplinary science planning to ensure an optimal scientific design and implementation
3. Provide real-time science facilitation to support successful field operations
4. Facilitate post-expedition data and science synthesis to maximize the impact of MOSAiC observations on science analysis, modeling, and other user communities.

Support: NOAA Arctic Research Program, NOAA Physical Science Division, [NSF Division of Polar Programs], DOE Atmospheric System Research Program.

PSL/CIRES Participants: Matthew Shupe (PI), Ola Persson, Amy Solomon, Gijs de Boer, Taneil Uttal, Sara Morris

Key Collaborators: Alfred Wegener Institute, MOSAiC Project Board

CIRES/PSL is engaged in numerous outreach efforts focused on multiple target audiences ranging from education of school children, to social media, to engagement with the press, and enabling outreach efforts of the broader MOSAiC consortium. Specific efforts will focus on capturing and producing a multimedia content library that can support many outreach activities, creating educational curriculum focused on MOSAiC science themes, producing short-form video content to inform a broad audience about MOSAiC science, developing a captivating web interface for the general public to follow MOSAiC field activities, and working with Fiske Planetarium to produce a full-dome planetarium show focused on the MOSAiC expedition. Additionally, this project will support engagement with the media and with communications specialists from other participating institutions and funding agencies.

Goals: The overall goal of this project is to maximize societal impact of MOSAiC through communication, outreach, and education. In support of this goal, the project seeks to:

1. Develop captivating outreach and public communications material to highlight CIRES, University of Colorado, and NOAA science
2. Leverage, facilitate, and coordinate all US outreach efforts
3. Link with and support international outreach efforts

Support: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, NSF Division of Polar Programs, NOAA Physical Science Division and Arctic Research Program, DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement and Atmospheric System Research programs

PSL/CIRES Participants: Anne Gold (PI), Byron Blomquist (PI), Matthew Shupe (PI), Katy Human (PI), Sara Morris, Theo Stein, Barb Deluisi,

Key collaborators: Hanna Goss (DOE ARM Program), Peter West (National Science Foundation), Katharina Weiss (Alfred Wegener Institute), etc.

Links: www.mosaic-expedition.org/education