Muhammad Zidny Naf'an 1206301263 1 www.ohloh.net 2 Diakses tanggal 23 Maret 2013 3 Sand, Rich. What is Ohloh Code, and what about Koders.com?. Diakses melalui http://meta.ohloh.net/faqs/what-is-ohloh-code-and-what-about-koders-com/, pada tanggal 23 Maret 2013. 4 Sand, Rich. What search query syntax does Ohloh Code support?. Diakses melalui http://meta.ohloh.net/faqs/what-search-query-syntax-does-ohloh-code-support/, pada tanggal 23 Maret 2013.

A family of genes, called ariel, are named for and encode asparagine-rich Entamoeba histolytica antigens containing 2 to 16 octapeptide repeats. Ariel proteins, which are constitutively expressed by trophozoites, belong to a large antigen family that includes the serine-rich E. histolytica protein (SREHP), an amebic vaccine candidate.

The author comments on an article by . The implications of authoritarianism to social phenomena are extended to the values and bullying behaviors of adolescent children of authoritarian fathers. Eighty-two authoritarian and 252 nonauthoritarian Israeli fathers participated with their adolescent children. Authoritarian fathers expected their children to give high importance to power, tradition, and conformity values and lower-than-average importance to benevolence, universalism, and self-direction values. In comparison with offspring of nonauthoritarian fathers, offspring of authoritarian fathers gave more importance to power values and less importance to universalism values. Offspring of authoritarian fathers also tended to associate more with bully friends. The combination of high adolescent power values and their fathers' authoritarian parenting was associated with the highest degrees of bullying by adolescents. The social implications of the findings are discussed.

In 2001, the Yana RHS archaeological site was discovered in the lower Yana river valley, Arctic Siberia. Its radiocarbon age is about 28 000 BP. While enormous amount of Pleistocene mammal bones was excavated from the site, the mammoth bones occurred at an unexpectedly low frequency. That was interpreted as an indication of the limited role of mammoths in the subsistence economy of the Pleistocene Yana people. In 2008, next to the excavation local ivory miners opened a mass accumulation of mammoth accompanied by the artifacts. About one thousand mammoth bones from at least 26 individuals, and few wooly rhinoceros, bison, horse, reindeer, and bear bones have been unearthed there. Stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating provide evidence for cultural layer of Yana RHS and the mass accumulation of mammoth to be coeval. The geology and taphonomy of Yana mass accumulation of mammoth indicate its anthropogenic nature. Discovery of the anthropogenic mass accumulation of mammoth next to the Yana site suggests a greater role of mammoth in the subsistence practices of the Pleistocene Yana people than previously thought.

We obtain cosmological constraints from a measurement of the spherically averaged power spectrum of the distribution of about 90000 luminous red galaxies (LRGs) across 7646 deg 2 in the Northern Galactic Cap from the seventh data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The errors and mode correlations are estimated thanks to the 160 LasDamas mock catalogues, created in order to simulate the same galaxies and to have the same selection as the data. We apply a model, that can accurately describe the full shape of the power spectrum with the use of a small number of free parameters. Using the LRG power spectrum, in combination with the latest measurement of the temperature and polarisation anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the luminosity-distance relation from the largest available type 1a supernovae (SNIa) dataset and a precise determination of the local Hubble parameter, we obtain cosmological constraints for five different parameter spaces. When all the four experiments are combined, the flat ΛCDM model is characterised by Ω M = 0.259 +0.016 −0.015 , Ω b = 0.045 ± 0.001, n s = 0.963 ± 0.011, σ 8 = 0.802 ± 0.021 and H 0 = 71.2 ± 1.4 km s −1 Mpc −1 . When we consider curvature as a free parameter, we do not detect deviations from flatness: Ω k = (1.6 ± 5.4) × 10 −3 , when only CMB and the LRG power spectrum are used; the inclusion of the other two experiments do not improve substantially this result. We also test for possible deviations from the cosmological constant paradigm. Considering the dark energy equation of state parameter w DE as time independent, we measure w DE = −1.025 +0.066 −0.065 , if the geometry is assumed to be flat, w DE = −0.981 +0.083 −0.084 otherwise. When describing w DE through a simple linear function of the scale factor, our results do not evidence any time evolution. In the next few years new experiments will allow to measure the clustering of galaxies with a precision much higher than achievable today. Models like the one used here will be a valuable tool in order to achieve the full potentials of the observations and obtain unbiased constraints on the cosmological parameters.

Background: The search for cluster structure in microarray datasets is a base problem for the so-called "-omic sciences". A difficult problem in clustering is how to handle data with a manifold structure, i.e. data that is not shaped in the form of compact clouds of points, forming arbitrary shapes or paths embedded in a highdimensional space, as could be the case of some gene expression datasets. Results: In this work we introduce the Penalized k-Nearest-Neighbor-Graph (PKNNG) based metric, a new tool for evaluating distances in such cases. The new metric can be used in combination with most clustering algorithms. The PKNNG metric is based on a two-step procedure: first it constructs the k-Nearest-Neighbor-Graph of the dataset of interest using a low k-value and then it adds edges with a highly penalized weight for connecting the subgraphs produced by the first step. We discuss several possible schemes for connecting the different sub-graphs as well as penalization functions. We show clustering results on several public gene expression datasets and simulated artificial problems to evaluate the behavior of the new metric. Conclusions: In all cases the PKNNG metric shows promising clustering results. The use of the PKNNG metric can improve the performance of commonly used pairwise-distance based clustering methods, to the level of more advanced algorithms. A great advantage of the new procedure is that researchers do not need to learn a new method, they can simply compute distances with the PKNNG metric and then, for example, use hierarchical clustering to produce an accurate and highly interpretable dendrogram of their high-dimensional data.

Deposit of useful microorganisms in culture collections requires long-term preservation and successful reactivation techniques. The goal of this study was to develop a simple preservation protocol for the long-term storage and reactivation of the anammox biomass. To achieve this, anammox biomass was frozen or lyophilized at two different freezing temperatures (−60°C and in liquid nitrogen (−200°C)) in skim milk media (with and without glycerol), and the reactivation of anammox activity was monitored after a 4-month storage period. Of the different preservation treatments tested, only anammox biomass preserved via freezing in liquid nitrogen followed by lyophilization in skim milk media without glycerol achieved stoichiometric ratios for the anammox reaction similar to the biomass in both the parent bioreactor and in the freshly harvested control treatment. A freezing temperature of −60°C alone, or in conjunction with lyophilization, resulted in the partial recovery of the anammox bacteria, with an equal mixture of anammox and nitrifying bacteria in the reactivated biomass. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the successful reactivation of anammox biomass preserved via sub-zero freezing and/or lyophilization. The simple preservation protocol developed from this study could be beneficial to accelerate the integration of anammox-based processes into current treatment systems through a highly efficient starting anammox biomass.

To draw its inventor, Tim Berners-Lee, until recently, the Semantic Web, was little more than the name of the web infrastructure of the next generation. And new developments, such as DAML + OIL and RDF Schema, such as the introduction of XML and RDF, the Semantic Web is taking shape quickly. We will, as a result, not only the technology advance individual research of Semantic Web is to integrate them and take advantage of the results. The implementation of the Semantic Web and ontology technology in this paper, I will describe the use of the future of the Semantic Web. In this post I will describe some areas for the application of this new technology. I focus on work in the field of ecommerce and knowledge management. I also take the point of view of Web services-enabled Semantic Web helps to bring the Semantic Web to its full potential.