Pharmacy and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Pharmacy and Medicine in Ancient Egypt (Barcelona, October 25-26, 2018) edited by Rosa Dinarès Solà, Mikel Fernàndez Georges and Maria Rosa Guasch-Jané. Oxford: , 2021
The science and art of medicine has always been an integral part of the history of Egypt. Medical... more The science and art of medicine has always been an integral part of the history of Egypt. Medical practice in ancient Egypt was based on the most advanced knowledge compared to other regions. Muslim scholars helped in the transmission of medical practice through the medieval period from the decline of ancient teaching to the rise of modern learning. Kasr Al Ainy school of Medicine, established in 1827, continues the glory of medicine in Egypt as one of the biggest and oldest medical schools not only in Egypt but also in the world.
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Papers by Sahar Saleem
health, beliefs, and skills of humans in antiquity. A fully wrapped mummy, from
a Late Ptolemaic cemetery (c.332-30 BC) in Edfu, Egypt, has been stored,
unexamined, at the Cairo Egyptian Museum since 1916. We hypothesized that
scanning and 3D-printing the mummy using Computed Tomography (CT)
could help in documenting and promoting its public display. CT enabled noninvasive
digital unwrapping and revealed a well-preserved mummy. Biological
sex could be determined from the presence of male genitalia; epiphyseal
fusion and tooth eruption indicated an approximate age at death of 14–
15 years. The deceased had healthy teeth and bones without evidence of
poor nutrition or disease. CT detected a high-quality mummification process
that included brain removal through an iatrogenic defect of the cribriform
plate and viscera removal via a left lower-abdominal incision. The heart
remained in the chest as a spiritual symbol. Resin was poured into the emptied
cranial and torso cavities, and linen packs were placed inside the torso. The
Mummy’s external ornamentation includes a gilded head mask, a pectoral
cartonnage, and a pair of sandals. CT identified 49 amulets inside the mummy
and between the wrappings, arranged in three columns. The amulets have
21 different shapes, including Udjat, scarabs, Ajet, Djed-pillar, Tyt, Placenta,
Double-Plume, and Right-angle. CT densities indicated that 30 (61%) amulets
were metal (likely gold), and the other amulets were made of faience, stones,
or fired clay. The embalmers placed amulets to protect and provide vitality for
the body for the afterlife. A gold tongue amulet was placed inside the mouth
to ensure the deceased could speak in the afterlife. A Two-finger amulet
was placed beside the penis to protect the embalming incision. 3D-printing
enabled the tactile and visual study of a heart scarab found inside the thoracic
cavity. Findings from this study suggest that ancient Egyptians valued their
Frontierschildren and provided them with ritual treatment. State-of-the-art techniques
such as CT and 3D printing provided valuable insights and supported the
museum display of the mummy, nicknamed “The Golden Boy.”
health, beliefs, and skills of humans in antiquity. A fully wrapped mummy, from
a Late Ptolemaic cemetery (c.332-30 BC) in Edfu, Egypt, has been stored,
unexamined, at the Cairo Egyptian Museum since 1916. We hypothesized that
scanning and 3D-printing the mummy using Computed Tomography (CT)
could help in documenting and promoting its public display. CT enabled noninvasive
digital unwrapping and revealed a well-preserved mummy. Biological
sex could be determined from the presence of male genitalia; epiphyseal
fusion and tooth eruption indicated an approximate age at death of 14–
15 years. The deceased had healthy teeth and bones without evidence of
poor nutrition or disease. CT detected a high-quality mummification process
that included brain removal through an iatrogenic defect of the cribriform
plate and viscera removal via a left lower-abdominal incision. The heart
remained in the chest as a spiritual symbol. Resin was poured into the emptied
cranial and torso cavities, and linen packs were placed inside the torso. The
Mummy’s external ornamentation includes a gilded head mask, a pectoral
cartonnage, and a pair of sandals. CT identified 49 amulets inside the mummy
and between the wrappings, arranged in three columns. The amulets have
21 different shapes, including Udjat, scarabs, Ajet, Djed-pillar, Tyt, Placenta,
Double-Plume, and Right-angle. CT densities indicated that 30 (61%) amulets
were metal (likely gold), and the other amulets were made of faience, stones,
or fired clay. The embalmers placed amulets to protect and provide vitality for
the body for the afterlife. A gold tongue amulet was placed inside the mouth
to ensure the deceased could speak in the afterlife. A Two-finger amulet
was placed beside the penis to protect the embalming incision. 3D-printing
enabled the tactile and visual study of a heart scarab found inside the thoracic
cavity. Findings from this study suggest that ancient Egyptians valued their
Frontierschildren and provided them with ritual treatment. State-of-the-art techniques
such as CT and 3D printing provided valuable insights and supported the
museum display of the mummy, nicknamed “The Golden Boy.”