CSPP Geosphere imagery, above, (link for the latest animation) shows extensive snowcover over Wisconsin in the wake of the season’s first large-scale snowfall on 19-20 December. WFO MKX shows reported accumulations below (from their weather story). Note that Lake Winnebago south of Green Bay is ice-covered, but various other lakes (Mendota/Monona, Green Lake, Lake Geneva) in Wisconsin have not yet frozen.

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10-minute JMA Himawari-9 AHI “Red” Visible (0.64 µm), Shortwave Infrared (3.9 µm) and “Clean” Infrared Window (10.4 µm) images (above) showed the formation of a pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) cloud that was spawned by a bushfire in Grampians National Park in far southeast Australia on 20th December 2024. The pyroCb cloud exhibited cloud-top 10.4 µm infrared brightness temperatures (IRBTs) of -40ºC and colder (denoted by the shades of blue) — attaining a minimum IRBT of -44º C at 0530 UTC (the air temperature at an altitude around 10 km, according to rawinsonde data from Melbourne: plot | text). The pyroCb cloud eventually drifted southeast over Melbourne Airport (YMML).

Himawari-9 True Color RGB images created using Geo2Grid (below) displayed the broad smoke plume that was being transported east-southeastward from the Grampians bushfire — along with the high-altitude pyroCb cloud that cast a shadow upon the smoke layer below.

A NOAA-20 (mislabeled as NPP) VIIRS Day/Night Band (0.7 µm) image valid at 0450 UTC (below) provided another view of the pyroCb cloud shortly after its formation.

As a surface trough of low pressure was moving east-northeastward across the state of Victoria (surface analyses), strong S-SW winds behind the trough axis (surface observations at Melbourne and Avalon) helped to intensify the Grampians fire complex — and the pyroCb cloud developed just after the trough passed through the area. Himawari-9 Fire Temperature RGB images (below) revealed (1) the rapid northward run of the Grampians bushfire following the ~0400 UTC trough passage, (2) the pyroCb formation shortly after the time of the trough passage, and (3) the northeastward surge of cooler air (darker shades of purple over cloud-free land surfaces) in the wake of the trough passage. Note that in the Himawari-9 True Color RGB images shown above, the trough passage also initiated a northward transport of boundary layer smoke from the bushfire source region.

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The possibility of heavy rain over the Samoan islands led the Pacific Region to request 1-minute imagery over American Samoa, imagery that ended at 2107 UTC on 18 December when the domain was moved to cover the southwestern US (where a significant fire risk was occurring on 18 December). GREMLIN observations from 13-19 UTC on 18 December, shown below with Total Precipitable Water (TPW), suggest the heaviest rains were over the Manu’a Islands to the east of Tutuila Island. Note the region of slightly drier air — TPW < 2″ — (orange/rust in the enhancement) south of the Samoan Islands, where TPWs are closer to 2.3″ (magenta in the enhancement).

Day Cloud Phase Distinction fields as sun rose over Samoa on 18 December show convection developing over the main Samoan Islands as active convection continues to the east. (Click here for the Day Cloud Phase Distinction overlain by GREMLIN).

One of the ABI fields used in the Machine Learning algorithm that estimates radar echoes is Band 9 (Mid-level water vapor at 6.95 µm). The animations below show Band 9 and also Band 9 overlain with GREMLIN.

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What kind of winds accompanied this convection? ASCAT observations can give a hint, as the observations below from Metop-C show. However, large regions are unsampled.

Derived Motion Winds calculated from GOES-18 imagery (Bands 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14) can give wind information, and values are shown below. Low-level winds (violet and dark blue in the imagery below) are from the northwest whereas upper-level winds (shades or red) are from the southwest, so there is considerable shear over the Islands (Here is a still image from 1940 UTC). There is a noticeable increase in the number of derived wind vectors as the sun rises and visible imagery becomes available! Low level winds are not moving the dry air to the southwest of Samoa over the islands.

Microwave estimates of TPW, below, taken from the MIMIC website, also show Samoa deep within the moisture of the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Heavy rain chances will likely continue there for the next few days.

GREMLIN fields for GOES-West are also available here on the CIRA SLIDER. Finally, maybe you’re wondering why, if the Mesoscale sector was over Samoa, didn’t I show 1-minute imagery!? I matched the time increment to that of the GREMLIN product, which is a full-disk field, produced every 10 minutes.

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This short tutorial will explain how Polar2Grid can show individual isobaric levels, and also lapse rates (dT/dp) between two isobaric levels.

Polar2Grid is CSPP software designed to process files either from the NOAA NODD (EDR files for NOAA-20 are here; EDR files for NOAA-21 are here) or from Direct Broadcast antenna data streams. Polar2grid creates reprojected imagery. In this example, I decided to work with data over the western United States. The NOAA-20 orbits on 18 December (here, from this website), show a descending pass over the Rockies, from the USA-Canada border at 0938 UTC to Los Angeles at about 0943 UTC. The data for this were downloaded from the AWS Cloud for NOAA-20, and a list of the files is shown below. Times for the granules listed start at 09:37:22.9 and end at 09:43:44.7.

(base) [scottl@machine NUCAPSData]$ ls -1
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180937229_e202412180937527_c202412181021100.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180937549_e202412180938247_c202412181022030.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180938269_e202412180938567_c202412181021170.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180938589_e202412180939287_c202412181022310.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180939309_e202412180940007_c202412181021180.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180940029_e202412180940327_c202412181021580.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180940349_e202412180941047_c202412181023480.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180941069_e202412180941367_c202412181023040.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180941389_e202412180942087_c202412181023430.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180942109_e202412180942407_c202412181023470.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180942429_e202412180943127_c202412181023120.nc
NUCAPS-EDR_v3r2_j01_s202412180943149_e202412180943447_c202412181023480.nc
(base) [scottl@machine NUCAPSData]$ 

The variables that can be displayed using polar2grid and those files is quite long. If you were to download the files, and run the following command: ./polar2grid.sh -r nucaps -w geotiff --list-products-all -f /path_to_files/NUCAPS*.nc , you would see the many possibilities. For this blog post, I’m choosing Temperature_802mb and Temperature_596mb.

By default, polar2grid will rescale the plotted temperatures based on the range it finds. I want to have the same scale used for both levels here, and to do that, I have to tell polar2grid. This is done by adding a cris.yaml file into the directory polar2grid_v_3_1/etc/polar2grid/enhancements/, which directory is created as part of the polar2grid install process. The contents of the cris.yaml file that I created are below. I’ve mandated that both 802-mb temperatures and 596-mb temperatures be scaled from 240 to 300 K.

I also want to display these data on a map of my choosing (rather than the native NOAA-20 orbital map). Polar2grid allows a user to define a map with the p2g_grid_helper.sh shell script below; the script expects a grid name (CANucaps), a center longitude and latitude (115 W, 35 N), grid spacings in m (4000/-4000) and grid sizes (960×720). The output here is put into a yaml file.

./p2g_grid_helper.sh CANucaps -115.0 35.0 4000 -4000 960 720 > CANucaps.yaml

Next, I call polar2grid to make imagery, color-enhance it, and add coastlines and a colorbar, shown below.

../polar2grid.sh -r nucaps -w geotiff -p Temperature_802mb Temperature_596mb -g CANucaps --grid-configs ./CANucaps.yaml -f /path_to_NUCAPSData/*
./add_colormap.sh ../../colormaps/p2g_sst_palette.txt j01_atms-cris_Temperature_802mb_20241218_093722_CANucaps.tif
./add_colormap.sh ../../colormaps/p2g_sst_palette.txt j01_atms-cris_Temperature_596mb_20241218_093722_CANucaps.tif
./add_coastlines.sh --add-coastlines --add-colorbar --colorbar-text-size 16 j01_atms-cris_Temperature_802mb_20241218_093722_CANucaps.tif
./add_coastlines.sh --add-coastlines --add-colorbar --colorbar-text-size 16 j01_atms-cris_Temperature_596mb_20241218_093722_CANucaps.tif

The resultant imagery is shown in a toggle below. I didn’t label the imagery, but I hope you can tell which field is 802mb, and which is 596mb! The colorbar automatically scales to the values specified in the cris.yaml file.

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Next, I decided I wanted to compute and plot the temperature difference between 802 and 596 mb. That requires additions to two files within the polar2grid distribution. A cris.yaml file is needed in (polar2grid_v_3_1/etc/polar2grid/composites/), with contents as shown below. I defined the parameter (lapse802_596) as using the DifferenceCompositor that requires two fields. Then, in the enhancements directory (polar2grid_v_3_1/etc/polar2grid/enhancements/) I scaled the field to be between 4 and 25K.

If I ran polar2grid now, and pointed to the NUCAPS data directory, and asked it to –list-products-all — I would see a new possibility! lapse802_596. The three polar2grid calls below,

./polar2grid.sh -r nucaps -w geotiff -p lapse802_596 -g CANucaps –grid-config ./CANucaps.yaml -f /path_to_NUCAPSData/*

./add_colormap.sh ../../colormaps/p2g_sst_palette.txt j01_atms-cris_lapse802_596_20241218_093722_CANucaps.tif

./add_coastlines.sh –add-coastlines –add-colorbar –colorbar-text-size 16 j01_atms-cris_lapse802_596_20241218_093722_CANucaps.tif

The result of those three calls is shown below. The steepest lapse rates are off the coast of California and in northwestern Mexico.

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Thanks to Dave Hoese, CIMSS, for helping me figure this out!

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