Assisted Migration Field Tests in Canada and Mexico: Lessons, Limitations, and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Key Assisted Migration Definitions
- (a)
- Assisted migration within current geographic range, for simplicity referred to herein as assisted migration within range, when it involves the movement of populations within a species’ current natural distribution. It has also been referred to as assisted gene flow [40] or assisted population migration [37].
- (b)
- Assisted migration outside of current geographic range, referred herein as assisted migration outside of range, when it involves the movement of populations to locations just beyond a species’ current distribution. This form of assisted migration has also been called assisted colonization [50] or assisted range expansion [37].
3. Field Tests Examined
3.1. Canada. Pinus albicaulis
Materials and Climate Data
3.2. Canada. Picea glauca × engelmannii Hybrid Complex (Interior Spruce)
Materials and Climate Data
3.3. México. Abies religiosa (Sacred Fir, Oyamel)
4. Lessons
4.1. Pinus albicaulis Can Be Migrated North of Its Current Species Distribution in Canada within the Predicted Climatic Niche If Adequate Snowpack Is Present
4.2. Picea glauca × engelmannii Hybrid Complex
4.3. México. Abies religiosa. The Species Performs Well When Moved 400 m Upward and Local Shrubs Are Used as Nurse Plants
5. Limitations
5.1. Canada. Pinus albicaulis
5.2. Canada. Picea glauca × engelmannii Hybrid Complex
How Far Is Too Far? Determining a Suitable Migration Distance
5.3. México. Abies religiosa. Too Short Observational Period
6. Challenges
6.1. Making Large Multisite Provenance Field Trials More Affordable
6.2. Replications over Time
6.3. The Dilemma of Species Prioritization in Megabiodiverse Countries
6.4. When Poleward Migration Is Not an Option
6.5. Tackling Uncertainty by Promoting Genetic Diversification
7. Mitigating Risks
7.1. Introduction of Species That Might Become Invasive
7.2. Mismatch of Biotic Interactions
7.3. Outbreeding Depression
7.4. Balancing the Risks: The Core Dilemma
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Anchor Points for P. glauca × engelmannii Analysis
Appendix A.2. Universal Transfer Function and Ghost Test Site for P. glauca × engelmannii Analysis
Appendix A.3. Appendix References
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Sáenz-Romero, C.; O'Neill, G.; Aitken, S.N.; Lindig-Cisneros, R. Assisted Migration Field Tests in Canada and Mexico: Lessons, Limitations, and Challenges. Forests 2021, 12, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010009
Sáenz-Romero C, O'Neill G, Aitken SN, Lindig-Cisneros R. Assisted Migration Field Tests in Canada and Mexico: Lessons, Limitations, and Challenges. Forests. 2021; 12(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleSáenz-Romero, Cuauhtémoc, Greg O'Neill, Sally N. Aitken, and Roberto Lindig-Cisneros. 2021. "Assisted Migration Field Tests in Canada and Mexico: Lessons, Limitations, and Challenges" Forests 12, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010009
APA StyleSáenz-Romero, C., O'Neill, G., Aitken, S. N., & Lindig-Cisneros, R. (2021). Assisted Migration Field Tests in Canada and Mexico: Lessons, Limitations, and Challenges. Forests, 12(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010009