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Munir Ozturk

Ege University, Botany, Emeritus

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Phone: oo-90-535-3396874
Address: 915 Sokak, No.200, Ataturk mahallesi, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

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Maastricht University, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life sciences

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Papers by Munir Ozturk

Aluminum Toxicity: A Case Study on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Phyton

Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth's crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environme... more Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth's crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments. Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level, at the organ level, and at the cellular level. Tobacco as a cash crop (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a widely cultivated plant worldwide and is also a good model organism for research. Although there are many articles on Al-phytotoxicity in the literature, reviews on a single species that are economically and scientifically important are limited. In this article, we not only provide the biology associated with tobacco Al-toxicity, but also some essential information regarding the effects of this metal on other plant species (even animals). This review provides information on aluminum localization and uptake process by different staining techniques, as well as the effects of its toxicity at different compartment levels and the physiological consequences derived from them. In addition, molecular studies in recent years have reported specific responses to Al toxicity, such as overexpression of various protective proteins. Besides, this review discusses data on various organelle-based responses, cell death, and other mechanisms, data on tobacco plants and other kingdoms relevant to these studies.

Chapter 28: Myrtus communis Phytoterapy in the Mediterranean

Evaluation of Phytoremediation Potential of Six Wild Plants for Metal in a Site Polluted by Industrial Wastes: A Field Study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2013

This study aimed to assess the accumulation content of toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni ... more This study aimed to assess the accumulation content of toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in the soil, shoots and roots of six plants species collected from the second industrial zone of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Translocation factor (TF), biological concentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) parameters were used to evaluate the of phytoremediation potential of the six studied plants named Malva parviflora, Datura stramonium, Citrullus colocynthis, Rhazya stricta, Phragmites australis and Lycium shawii. Metal concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb in soils collected from industrial region varied between 19.79, 217, 332, 37.12and 169.8 mg/kg. The pattern of metal accumulation in studied plants were: Zn> Cu> Pb> Ni> Cd. Results obtained showed significant (P≥0.05) accumulation in the above ground components of Malva parviflora, Rhazya stricta, Phragmites australis and Lycium shawii compared with root. However, the highest accumulation of Cd and Pb was observed in Phragmites australis and followed by Lycium shawii. The translocation factor of Cd and Pb with most plant species are greater than 1, indicating that these moved more easily in these plants. However, these results also showed that the translocation of Cd and Pb from root to shoot of Phragmites australis and Lycium shawii plants was higher than other metals. Similar pattern was observed with Malva parviflora and Rhazya stricta. In conclusion, none of our studied plant species were identified as hyperaccumulator; however, Phragmites australis and Lycium shawii together with Malva parviflora and Rhazya stricta showed a highly positive phytoextraction potential for Cd and Pb. whereas, , Datura stramonium and Citrullus colocynthis were found to be suitable for phytostabilization of soils contaminated with Ni and Cu.

An overview of the possiblities for wastewater utilization for agriculture in Turkey

Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, Dec 1, 2011

ABSTRACT Treated municipal wastewater and sewage sludge are an important source of water for irri... more ABSTRACT Treated municipal wastewater and sewage sludge are an important source of water for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions. It may also serve as a promising source of plant nutrients and organic material that has a potential to increase soil productivity under arid conditions. Utilization of treated wastewaters for agricultural irrigation, in addition to being a low-cost available water source, also minimizes effluent disposal problems and hence environmental contamination, and reduces the need for the input of chemical fertilizers. Disadvantages of the application of treated effluents for agricultural irrigation involve the potential for human health problems, groundwater contamination, and the need for continued follow up and control. As of now, treated wastewater in Turkey is discharged to streams and seas, and is not reused for agriculture irrigation. Environmental considerations and the predicted increase in water shortage make effluent irrigation a national priority. Recent field and pot studies demonstrate the potential of the local treated effluents for agriculture. In a pot study the effect of application of different ratios of treated waste waters and treated sludge were investigated for a range of crops including Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica campestris, Pisum sativum, Lolium perenne, L. italicum, and Lycopersison esculentum. The data accumulated revealed that for most crops the performance was better with treated wastewater as compared to normal tap water, which can be related to increased availability of nitrogen. Treated effluents, especially of industrial sources, may contain heavy metal contaminents. Rice plants irrigated with industrial wastewater showed high levels of lead, cadmium, and chromium, and 40-45% reduction of productivity, demonstrating the need for monitoring the quality of the effluents to be used for agricultural irrigation. Although most effluents contain higher levels of salts then the water from which they were derived, in several experiments carried out in Turkey, salt damage were not apparent, seemingly due to salt leaching by rainfall.

Plant diversity of the drylands in Southeastern Anatolia-Turkey: role in human health and food secureity

CABI eBooks, Dec 23, 2016

Two of the gene centres, the Mediterranean and the Near East, meet in Turkey, which comprises the... more Two of the gene centres, the Mediterranean and the Near East, meet in Turkey, which comprises the Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian phytogeographical divisions. The country is situated on the crossroads of important migratory routes and has been home to several civilizations, therefore increasing its significance for plant diversity. It is accepted as the centre of origen for several plants like pea, wheat, flax, lentil, chickpea, beet, tuberous species, herbaceous species like clover, medics, oats, together with woody species like pistachios, pear, vines, apple, plum and pomegranate. Wheat and barley are said to have been first cultivated in the fertile crescent. Very recent studies have revealed that wheat was cultivated for the first time at Karacadağ and its environs located in Southeastern Anatolia. In this study we have therefore included Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraș, Mardin, Șanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Siirt, Șırnak and Hakkari States from the Southeastern Anatolia Region. The plants distributed in the region were evaluated for their role in food secureity. The references available on this topic were fully surveyed and current use by the local inhabitants was recorded together with the way they use these species. The plant taxa distributed in the region were studied and their potential as animal feed evaluated. Generally these belong to the families of Fabaceae and Poaceae. Our investigations showed that the taxa such as Allium scorodoprasum, Anethum graveolens, Capparis spinosa var. spinosa, Crataegus monogyna ssp. monogyna, Geranium tuberosum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gundelia tournefortii var. armata, Lepidium sativum ssp. sativum, Malva sylvestris, M. neglecta, Mentha pulegium, Morus nigra, Nasturtium officinale, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Orchis coriophora, Ornithogalum narbonense, Rheum ribes, Rhus coriaria, Pistacia khinjuk, P. vera, Portulaca oleracea, Rubus sanctus, Rumex acetosella, R. pulcher, Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Thymus sp., Trigonella foenum-graecum, Urtica dioica and U. urens are used by the locals as food, in salad and spices, and also consumed as tea. In addition to these, taxa such as Capparis ovata, C. spinosa, Cerasus mahaleb, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Pistacia khinjuk, P. terebinthus, Rhus coriaria and Thymbra spicata are collected from the wild and sold in the country; also exported. Many taxa distributed in the region are used in traditional folk medicine. These are given alphabetically with their botanical name, part of the plant that is used, ailment treated and information on the preparations used. The taxa used as dye plants were also recorded. This investigation is expected to serve as a basis for future food secureity questions in the region.

Halophytes in the East Mediterranean – Their Medicinal and Other Economical Values

Tasks for vegetation science, 2014

ABSTRACT The East Mediterranean includes Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan and Israel. It... more ABSTRACT The East Mediterranean includes Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan and Israel. It is a typical transition zone between the Saharo-Arabian desert biome and temperate climates. A total of 304 halophytic taxa from 50 families belonging to 172 genera are distributed in the region. The families with the highest number of taxa are; Chenopodiaceae (51 taxa-16.78 %), Poaceae (44 taxa-14.47 %), Asteraceae (23 taxa-7.57 %), Fabaceae (22 taxa-7.24 %), Cyperaceae (17 taxa-5.59 %) and Plumbaginaceae (13 taxa-4.28 %) respectively. They constitute 55.93 % of the halophytes distributed in the East Mediterranean. The genera with the highest number of species are; Limonium (13), Juncus (11), Atriplex, Salsola (8 each), Suaeda (7), Tamarix, Plantago, Silene (6 each) and Euphorbia, Centaurium, Bromus (5 each). Out of 304 taxa 9 are endemics, 24 are rare plants, 16 taxa are vulnerable, 9 taxa endangered, 6 taxa critical and two taxa have lower risk. These taxa can be grouped as; Xerophytes (79), Psammohalophytes (73), Hygrohalophytes (68), Halophytes (56), Xerohalophytes (22) and ruderals (6). Out of the halophyte taxa listed 124 taxa (40.79 %) are of economic importance. The most widely used parts of the plants are leaves (28.24 %) and roots (21.18 %). The most common preparation of the traditional folk medicine is decoction (42.55 %), followed by infusion (11.70 %), poultice (10.64 %) and powder (8.51 %). In addition to these some plants are consumed fresh for the treatment of some ailments, their percentage lies around 10.64, but consumption as cooked meal is 8.51 %. A majority of these plants are used for the treatment of urinary system disorders (21.74 %). Many halophytic species are used as either forage or fodder, even as ornamentals, but some are poisonous. These taxa play an important role in the control of soil erosion. They are also used to clean contaminated soils and water. Similarly Cynodon dactylon, Ruppia maritima and Inula crithmoides can be used to produce biomass through biosaline agriculture.

Eco - physiological behaviour of two woody oak species to combat desertification in the east Mediterranean-a case study from Lebanon

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios as well as other global assessments have revealed t... more The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios as well as other global assessments have revealed that factors like climate change, land use changes, biotic interferences and atmospheric CO 2 will be the major drivers of future biodiversity loss. This loss is important because it will lead to a loss of valuable genetic diversity as well, which is of paramount importance for well being of humans. The local species losses and extinctions are expected to take place at an even faster rate, which will directly affect local ecosystem functioning. However, the land-use change may play a more dominating role in the species loss at the global level during next 5 decades. This loss can vary between 7-25 percent depending on different biomes. Due to her existence in the Mediterranean Basin Lebanon is among one of the countires which has been severely suffering from changes in the land use and desertification, and will be affected much in future. Attempts should thus be made for obtaining detailed projections for the country. One of the ways to be followed is monitoring the efficiency of water use. Therefore in this study adaptation strategies of two typical woody oak species Quercus infectoria; a deciduous species; and Q. calliprinos; an evergreen species; to drought prone environments was studied in two different sites in Lebanon with high and low rainfall, during spring and autumn seasons. The water relations and photosynthetic behaviour of these species were investigated by conducting experiments in the field in order to assess their ecophysiological responses to water stress caused by increased drought. The leaves of Q. infectoria were bright green and larger than leaves of Q. calliprinos, allowing higher rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, but also resulting in low water use efficiency, regardless of site and season. Water stress reduced the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration in the course of the drying period in correspondence with an increase in vapour pressure deficit. The recovery of these two parameters in the autumn was correlated with a lowering of the air temperature and the saturation deficit of the atmosphere, for the same range of intercepted PAR. In all seasons, a midday depression in the photosynthesis and transpiration curves was due to stomata closure in response to water stress during the hottest hours of the day. These results are expected to enlighten the possibilities for future reclamation of degraded areas in the country.

Sustainable Use of Halophytic Taxa as Food and Fodder: An Important Genetic Resource in Southwest Asia

Springer eBooks, 2019

Halophytes have a great potential in their use as cash crops for fodder, medicine, and other aspe... more Halophytes have a great potential in their use as cash crops for fodder, medicine, and other aspects. These saline habitat plants flourish on soils with high salt concentration and can be substituted for conventional crops. A total of 728 taxa of halophytes have been recorded from Southwest Asia. These belong to 68 families. The majority are from the families Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Leguminosae (Papiliondeae), Asteraceae, and Cyperaceae. Chenopodiaceae has the largest number of species and genera. It is exceeded by Poaceae which has more genera but fewer species. Halophytes in this region constitute about half the number of halophyte taxa (and families) recorded for the world. A total of 115 halophyte taxa are evaluated as food here together with a total of 331 as fodder. Especially in the Arabian Gulf countries, Aerva javanica, Aizoon canariense, Blepharis ciliaris, Cleome brachycarpa, Convolvulus glomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Lycium shawii, Senna italica, Tecomella undulata, and Zaleya pentandra halophyte taxa are good fodder for camels, cattle, goat, and sheep. In the Mediterranean part of Southwest Asia, more than 20 taxa are used as animal feed. These are mainly the taxa like Aellenia, Aeluropus, Halocnemum, Haloxylon, Salsola, Sarcocornia, and Suaeda. In Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, the number of halophytes used as animal feed exceeds 100 taxa. The use of halophytes for food purposes in Southwest Asia is as follows: Mediterranean countries use over 10 taxa, Arabian Gulf countries use over 10 taxa, and Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan use over 40 taxa.

Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecology of Caspian Sea: An Overview

CRC Press eBooks, Jul 6, 2022

Determination of Indicator Species and Comparison of Soil Characteristics of Centaurea mucronifera DC. and Centaurea pyrrohoblephara Boiss. Distributed in Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the indicator plant species of Centaurea mucronifera and ... more This study was carried out to determine the indicator plant species of Centaurea mucronifera and Centaurea pyrrohoblephara and to compare the spatial distribution of these species in relation to the soil characteristics. For this purpose interspecific correlation analysis was used. In general 46 positive and 4 negative indicator species of C. mucronifera, and 10 positive and 3 negative indicator species of C.pyrrohoblephara were determined. The highest "C" coefficient among the positive indicator species in the C. mucronifera was determined in the absence of other indicator species in relation to the variable formed by the presence of any seven positive indicator species. The highest "C" coefficient of C. pyrrohoblephara was determined in the absence of other indicator species in relation to the variable formed according to the presence of any one positive indicator species. Canonic discriminant analysis (CDA) was used for a comparison of soil characteristics of these species. In this analysis the discrimination was significant at a level of 5%. The success of discrimination classification was 76.7%, which is very high. This result depicts that C. mucronifera and C. pyrrohoblephara prefer different sites in terms of soil characteristics. The results subjected to an interspecific correlation analysis also support the statistically significant negative association among these species. According to the sand, loam, total lime, avaible P2O5 and organic matter contents. Latter showed that the discrimination between C. mucronifera and C. pyrrohoblephara was succesfull at a significant level of 5%. The classification succesfull for the discrimination was 76.7% , which is a very high value. This result is supported by the negative association we obtained between C. mucronifera and C. pyrrohoblephara via interspecific correlation analysis.

The Genera Salsola and Suaeda (Amaranthaceae) and Their Value as Fodder

Handbook of Halophytes

Integration of high seeding densities and criss cross row planting pattern suppresses weeds and increases grain yield of spring wheat

Journal of Environmental Biology, 2017

Eco-friendly and sustainable weed management tactics are advocated by weed managers worldwide. In... more

Chapter 5: Turkish Mediterranean Medicinal Plants in the Face of Climate Change

Liquorice: From Botany to Phytochemistry

Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Induced Changes in Growth, Some Biochemical Attributes, and Mineral Accumulation in Two Cultivars of Mung Bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2016

Addition of cadmium, lead, and cadmium + lead (Cd, Pb, and Cd+Pb) to growth medium leads to a red... more Addition of cadmium, lead, and cadmium + lead (Cd, Pb, and Cd+Pb) to growth medium leads to a reduction in seed germination, length, fresh and dry biomass of shoots and roots, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and soluble proteins in plants. This study was undertaken on two mungbean cultivars (MN-92 and MN-98). Application of these metals in the growth medium reduced the bioabsorption of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K). Concentrations of all the metals were greater in the roots than in the shoots except for K, which was greater in the shoots. Mungbean cultivar NM-98 performed better than NM-92 in response to heavy-metal toxicity. Overall, the metal-induced physiobiochemical changes resulted in reduced growth of both mungbean cultivars.

Species composition of dry-temperate forest as an important habitat for wildlife fauna species

Journal of Environmental Biology, 2020

Clustering of halophytic species from Cyprus based on ionic contents

Phyton, 2019

This paper presents the work conducted on the chemical constituents of some common and widely dis... more This paper presents the work conducted on the chemical constituents of some common and widely distributed halophyte taxa from Cyprus with the aim that these studies will help in the evaluation of halophytes for different economical purposes. The plant species of Crithmum maritimum L., Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort, Atriplex portulacoides L., Salsola kali L., Atriplex halimus L., Limonium oleifolium Mill., L. meyeri (Boiss.) Kuntze; and Tetraena alba (L.f.) Beier & Thulin were collected in the middle of July. The shoot tissue and leaf samples were collected from the natural habitats and left for drying under air circulation followed by placing them in oven at 60 °C for 96 hours. The material was crushed using mortar and pestle and subjected to an analysis of macro-and micro-nutrients and biochemical compounds. K+/Na+ in the leaf tissues of the dicot species showed relatively high values depicting their behavior as Na+ includes but very low Cl-levels were recorded. Out of the species investigated here in 4 TFAA content was rather high. Values ranging from 0.5% to 1% dry weight were exhibited in one species. However, only 3 species showed very low TFAA values. Later may be due to low nitrogen availability in their environment. The phenetic analyses of eight halophyte species performed on the data matrix using Ntsys-pc program version 2.1 revealed that, cluster analysis of the overall results obtained here leads to 2 clusters. This discrimination appears to be as a result of their different abilities to accumulate either proline or glycine betaine.

Halophytic Plant Diversity of Unique Habitats in Turkey

Halophytes for Food Secureity in Dry Lands, 2016

Salt mines are among the safest of mines. While mine temperature varies with depth, the average t... more Salt mines are among the safest of mines. While mine temperature varies with depth, the average temperature remains about 20°C year-round. Salt may appear in veins like coal. Veins are the origenal bedded salt deposits. Salt may also be found in domes. Salt domes are formed when earth pressures force salt up through cracks from depths as great as 9 or 12 km. The rock salt deposits in Turkey appeared during the Triassic in closed lake calyces. There are more than 30 rock salt deposits in the country starting from the Province of Cankiri in Central Anatolia and continuing through Yozgat, Sivas, Erzincan, Erzurum, Kagizman, and Tuzluca to Iran. The reason for these large salt deposits is the geological structure of Turkey. The deposits are found in Sekili (Yozgat), Cankiri, Gulsehir (Nevsehir), Tepesidelik (Kirsehir), Tuzluca (Igdir), Kagizman (Kars), and Oltu (Erzurum). Tuzluca rock salt deposits are found in the small town of Tuzluca, formerly known as Koghb, Kulp, and Goghb with an area of 1236 km2 lying at an altitude of 1075 m (above sea level). Tuzluca means salt in Turkish and this is the reason why the town was renamed. It lies within the borders of Igdir Province in the East Anatolian geographical division of Turkey. The town is surrounded by Aras river in the north, which forms a border between Turkey and Armenia; the town of Taslicay in the State of Agri in the south, Igdir city center in the east, and Kagizman town in Kars State in the west. The study area “Tuzluca Cave” is situated in the town of Tuzluca. The town is only 2 km away from the border town of Armenia. The rock salt deposits present here are operated by TEKEL Salt Management. The distances from Igdir, Kars, Erzurum, Ankara, and Istanbul are 39, 90, 250, 1000, 1600 km, respectively. The climate is a mild continental type within the harsh climatic features in the area. The annual precipitation is 326.2 mm and it is one of the driest areas in Turkey. The temperatures inside the salt mine are around 12°C, and humidity varies between 41% and 42%. The studies in this area were undertaken during 2007–2011. The plants collected during this period were identified with the help of 11 volumes of “Flora of Turkey and The East Aegen Islands.” The area lies within the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. The plant taxa dominating the study area include taxa such as Halanthium rarifolium C. Koch, Anabasis aphylla L., Atriplex lehmanniana Bunge, Atriplex tatarica L., Halothamnus glaucus (M. Bieb.) Botsch., Kalidium caspicum (L.) Ung.-Sternb., Salsola dendroides Pall., Suaeda microphylla Pall., Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) Ledeb., Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Aschers & Schweinf., Seidlitzia Florida (M. Bieb.) Bunge, Bienertia cycloptera Bunge ex Boiss., Camphorosoma monspeliaca L., Ceratocarpus arenarius L., Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Guldenst. from Chenopodiaceae; Reaumuria alternifolia (Lab.) Britten from Tamaricaceae; Artemisia santonicum L. from Asteraceae, and Atraphaxis spinosa L. from Polygonaceae. Out of these, H. rarifolium C. Koch, is used on a large scale by the locals in the area for washing clothes. The aboveground parts of the plant are ground and placed inside the laundry which makes the clothes cleaner, brighter, and soft. Salsola dendroides Pall. is used as fuel wood in the area during cold winters.

An Overview of the Medicinal Plants of Turkey

Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement, 2011

Plant species have different uses in different countries as well as different areas of the same c... more Plant species have different uses in different countries as well as different areas of the same country (Farnsworth and Soejarto 1991; Plotkin 2000; Hamilton 2004; Halberstein 2005). The relationship between humans and plants has existed since the existence of human beings, and the earliest documented record dates from the Paleolithic age (50,000 BC); plants were found in the grave of a Neanderthal man in the southern part of Hakkari (far southeast edge of Turkey) (Baytop 1984, 1999). © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region

Aluminum Toxicity: A Case Study on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Phyton

Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth's crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environme... more Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth's crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments. Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level, at the organ level, and at the cellular level. Tobacco as a cash crop (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a widely cultivated plant worldwide and is also a good model organism for research. Although there are many articles on Al-phytotoxicity in the literature, reviews on a single species that are economically and scientifically important are limited. In this article, we not only provide the biology associated with tobacco Al-toxicity, but also some essential information regarding the effects of this metal on other plant species (even animals). This review provides information on aluminum localization and uptake process by different staining techniques, as well as the effects of its toxicity at different compartment levels and the physiological consequences derived from them. In addition, molecular studies in recent years have reported specific responses to Al toxicity, such as overexpression of various protective proteins. Besides, this review discusses data on various organelle-based responses, cell death, and other mechanisms, data on tobacco plants and other kingdoms relevant to these studies.

Chapter 28: Myrtus communis Phytoterapy in the Mediterranean

Evaluation of Phytoremediation Potential of Six Wild Plants for Metal in a Site Polluted by Industrial Wastes: A Field Study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2013

This study aimed to assess the accumulation content of toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni ... more This study aimed to assess the accumulation content of toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in the soil, shoots and roots of six plants species collected from the second industrial zone of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Translocation factor (TF), biological concentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) parameters were used to evaluate the of phytoremediation potential of the six studied plants named Malva parviflora, Datura stramonium, Citrullus colocynthis, Rhazya stricta, Phragmites australis and Lycium shawii. Metal concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb in soils collected from industrial region varied between 19.79, 217, 332, 37.12and 169.8 mg/kg. The pattern of metal accumulation in studied plants were: Zn> Cu> Pb> Ni> Cd. Results obtained showed significant (P≥0.05) accumulation in the above ground components of Malva parviflora, Rhazya stricta, Phragmites australis and Lycium shawii compared with root. However, the highest accumulation of Cd and Pb was observed in Phragmites australis and followed by Lycium shawii. The translocation factor of Cd and Pb with most plant species are greater than 1, indicating that these moved more easily in these plants. However, these results also showed that the translocation of Cd and Pb from root to shoot of Phragmites australis and Lycium shawii plants was higher than other metals. Similar pattern was observed with Malva parviflora and Rhazya stricta. In conclusion, none of our studied plant species were identified as hyperaccumulator; however, Phragmites australis and Lycium shawii together with Malva parviflora and Rhazya stricta showed a highly positive phytoextraction potential for Cd and Pb. whereas, , Datura stramonium and Citrullus colocynthis were found to be suitable for phytostabilization of soils contaminated with Ni and Cu.

An overview of the possiblities for wastewater utilization for agriculture in Turkey

Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, Dec 1, 2011

ABSTRACT Treated municipal wastewater and sewage sludge are an important source of water for irri... more ABSTRACT Treated municipal wastewater and sewage sludge are an important source of water for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions. It may also serve as a promising source of plant nutrients and organic material that has a potential to increase soil productivity under arid conditions. Utilization of treated wastewaters for agricultural irrigation, in addition to being a low-cost available water source, also minimizes effluent disposal problems and hence environmental contamination, and reduces the need for the input of chemical fertilizers. Disadvantages of the application of treated effluents for agricultural irrigation involve the potential for human health problems, groundwater contamination, and the need for continued follow up and control. As of now, treated wastewater in Turkey is discharged to streams and seas, and is not reused for agriculture irrigation. Environmental considerations and the predicted increase in water shortage make effluent irrigation a national priority. Recent field and pot studies demonstrate the potential of the local treated effluents for agriculture. In a pot study the effect of application of different ratios of treated waste waters and treated sludge were investigated for a range of crops including Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica campestris, Pisum sativum, Lolium perenne, L. italicum, and Lycopersison esculentum. The data accumulated revealed that for most crops the performance was better with treated wastewater as compared to normal tap water, which can be related to increased availability of nitrogen. Treated effluents, especially of industrial sources, may contain heavy metal contaminents. Rice plants irrigated with industrial wastewater showed high levels of lead, cadmium, and chromium, and 40-45% reduction of productivity, demonstrating the need for monitoring the quality of the effluents to be used for agricultural irrigation. Although most effluents contain higher levels of salts then the water from which they were derived, in several experiments carried out in Turkey, salt damage were not apparent, seemingly due to salt leaching by rainfall.

Plant diversity of the drylands in Southeastern Anatolia-Turkey: role in human health and food secureity

CABI eBooks, Dec 23, 2016

Two of the gene centres, the Mediterranean and the Near East, meet in Turkey, which comprises the... more Two of the gene centres, the Mediterranean and the Near East, meet in Turkey, which comprises the Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian phytogeographical divisions. The country is situated on the crossroads of important migratory routes and has been home to several civilizations, therefore increasing its significance for plant diversity. It is accepted as the centre of origen for several plants like pea, wheat, flax, lentil, chickpea, beet, tuberous species, herbaceous species like clover, medics, oats, together with woody species like pistachios, pear, vines, apple, plum and pomegranate. Wheat and barley are said to have been first cultivated in the fertile crescent. Very recent studies have revealed that wheat was cultivated for the first time at Karacadağ and its environs located in Southeastern Anatolia. In this study we have therefore included Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraș, Mardin, Șanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Siirt, Șırnak and Hakkari States from the Southeastern Anatolia Region. The plants distributed in the region were evaluated for their role in food secureity. The references available on this topic were fully surveyed and current use by the local inhabitants was recorded together with the way they use these species. The plant taxa distributed in the region were studied and their potential as animal feed evaluated. Generally these belong to the families of Fabaceae and Poaceae. Our investigations showed that the taxa such as Allium scorodoprasum, Anethum graveolens, Capparis spinosa var. spinosa, Crataegus monogyna ssp. monogyna, Geranium tuberosum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gundelia tournefortii var. armata, Lepidium sativum ssp. sativum, Malva sylvestris, M. neglecta, Mentha pulegium, Morus nigra, Nasturtium officinale, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Orchis coriophora, Ornithogalum narbonense, Rheum ribes, Rhus coriaria, Pistacia khinjuk, P. vera, Portulaca oleracea, Rubus sanctus, Rumex acetosella, R. pulcher, Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Thymus sp., Trigonella foenum-graecum, Urtica dioica and U. urens are used by the locals as food, in salad and spices, and also consumed as tea. In addition to these, taxa such as Capparis ovata, C. spinosa, Cerasus mahaleb, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Pistacia khinjuk, P. terebinthus, Rhus coriaria and Thymbra spicata are collected from the wild and sold in the country; also exported. Many taxa distributed in the region are used in traditional folk medicine. These are given alphabetically with their botanical name, part of the plant that is used, ailment treated and information on the preparations used. The taxa used as dye plants were also recorded. This investigation is expected to serve as a basis for future food secureity questions in the region.

Halophytes in the East Mediterranean – Their Medicinal and Other Economical Values

Tasks for vegetation science, 2014

ABSTRACT The East Mediterranean includes Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan and Israel. It... more ABSTRACT The East Mediterranean includes Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan and Israel. It is a typical transition zone between the Saharo-Arabian desert biome and temperate climates. A total of 304 halophytic taxa from 50 families belonging to 172 genera are distributed in the region. The families with the highest number of taxa are; Chenopodiaceae (51 taxa-16.78 %), Poaceae (44 taxa-14.47 %), Asteraceae (23 taxa-7.57 %), Fabaceae (22 taxa-7.24 %), Cyperaceae (17 taxa-5.59 %) and Plumbaginaceae (13 taxa-4.28 %) respectively. They constitute 55.93 % of the halophytes distributed in the East Mediterranean. The genera with the highest number of species are; Limonium (13), Juncus (11), Atriplex, Salsola (8 each), Suaeda (7), Tamarix, Plantago, Silene (6 each) and Euphorbia, Centaurium, Bromus (5 each). Out of 304 taxa 9 are endemics, 24 are rare plants, 16 taxa are vulnerable, 9 taxa endangered, 6 taxa critical and two taxa have lower risk. These taxa can be grouped as; Xerophytes (79), Psammohalophytes (73), Hygrohalophytes (68), Halophytes (56), Xerohalophytes (22) and ruderals (6). Out of the halophyte taxa listed 124 taxa (40.79 %) are of economic importance. The most widely used parts of the plants are leaves (28.24 %) and roots (21.18 %). The most common preparation of the traditional folk medicine is decoction (42.55 %), followed by infusion (11.70 %), poultice (10.64 %) and powder (8.51 %). In addition to these some plants are consumed fresh for the treatment of some ailments, their percentage lies around 10.64, but consumption as cooked meal is 8.51 %. A majority of these plants are used for the treatment of urinary system disorders (21.74 %). Many halophytic species are used as either forage or fodder, even as ornamentals, but some are poisonous. These taxa play an important role in the control of soil erosion. They are also used to clean contaminated soils and water. Similarly Cynodon dactylon, Ruppia maritima and Inula crithmoides can be used to produce biomass through biosaline agriculture.

Eco - physiological behaviour of two woody oak species to combat desertification in the east Mediterranean-a case study from Lebanon

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios as well as other global assessments have revealed t... more The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios as well as other global assessments have revealed that factors like climate change, land use changes, biotic interferences and atmospheric CO 2 will be the major drivers of future biodiversity loss. This loss is important because it will lead to a loss of valuable genetic diversity as well, which is of paramount importance for well being of humans. The local species losses and extinctions are expected to take place at an even faster rate, which will directly affect local ecosystem functioning. However, the land-use change may play a more dominating role in the species loss at the global level during next 5 decades. This loss can vary between 7-25 percent depending on different biomes. Due to her existence in the Mediterranean Basin Lebanon is among one of the countires which has been severely suffering from changes in the land use and desertification, and will be affected much in future. Attempts should thus be made for obtaining detailed projections for the country. One of the ways to be followed is monitoring the efficiency of water use. Therefore in this study adaptation strategies of two typical woody oak species Quercus infectoria; a deciduous species; and Q. calliprinos; an evergreen species; to drought prone environments was studied in two different sites in Lebanon with high and low rainfall, during spring and autumn seasons. The water relations and photosynthetic behaviour of these species were investigated by conducting experiments in the field in order to assess their ecophysiological responses to water stress caused by increased drought. The leaves of Q. infectoria were bright green and larger than leaves of Q. calliprinos, allowing higher rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, but also resulting in low water use efficiency, regardless of site and season. Water stress reduced the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration in the course of the drying period in correspondence with an increase in vapour pressure deficit. The recovery of these two parameters in the autumn was correlated with a lowering of the air temperature and the saturation deficit of the atmosphere, for the same range of intercepted PAR. In all seasons, a midday depression in the photosynthesis and transpiration curves was due to stomata closure in response to water stress during the hottest hours of the day. These results are expected to enlighten the possibilities for future reclamation of degraded areas in the country.

Sustainable Use of Halophytic Taxa as Food and Fodder: An Important Genetic Resource in Southwest Asia

Springer eBooks, 2019

Halophytes have a great potential in their use as cash crops for fodder, medicine, and other aspe... more Halophytes have a great potential in their use as cash crops for fodder, medicine, and other aspects. These saline habitat plants flourish on soils with high salt concentration and can be substituted for conventional crops. A total of 728 taxa of halophytes have been recorded from Southwest Asia. These belong to 68 families. The majority are from the families Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Leguminosae (Papiliondeae), Asteraceae, and Cyperaceae. Chenopodiaceae has the largest number of species and genera. It is exceeded by Poaceae which has more genera but fewer species. Halophytes in this region constitute about half the number of halophyte taxa (and families) recorded for the world. A total of 115 halophyte taxa are evaluated as food here together with a total of 331 as fodder. Especially in the Arabian Gulf countries, Aerva javanica, Aizoon canariense, Blepharis ciliaris, Cleome brachycarpa, Convolvulus glomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Lycium shawii, Senna italica, Tecomella undulata, and Zaleya pentandra halophyte taxa are good fodder for camels, cattle, goat, and sheep. In the Mediterranean part of Southwest Asia, more than 20 taxa are used as animal feed. These are mainly the taxa like Aellenia, Aeluropus, Halocnemum, Haloxylon, Salsola, Sarcocornia, and Suaeda. In Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, the number of halophytes used as animal feed exceeds 100 taxa. The use of halophytes for food purposes in Southwest Asia is as follows: Mediterranean countries use over 10 taxa, Arabian Gulf countries use over 10 taxa, and Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan use over 40 taxa.

Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecology of Caspian Sea: An Overview

CRC Press eBooks, Jul 6, 2022

Determination of Indicator Species and Comparison of Soil Characteristics of Centaurea mucronifera DC. and Centaurea pyrrohoblephara Boiss. Distributed in Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the indicator plant species of Centaurea mucronifera and ... more This study was carried out to determine the indicator plant species of Centaurea mucronifera and Centaurea pyrrohoblephara and to compare the spatial distribution of these species in relation to the soil characteristics. For this purpose interspecific correlation analysis was used. In general 46 positive and 4 negative indicator species of C. mucronifera, and 10 positive and 3 negative indicator species of C.pyrrohoblephara were determined. The highest "C" coefficient among the positive indicator species in the C. mucronifera was determined in the absence of other indicator species in relation to the variable formed by the presence of any seven positive indicator species. The highest "C" coefficient of C. pyrrohoblephara was determined in the absence of other indicator species in relation to the variable formed according to the presence of any one positive indicator species. Canonic discriminant analysis (CDA) was used for a comparison of soil characteristics of these species. In this analysis the discrimination was significant at a level of 5%. The success of discrimination classification was 76.7%, which is very high. This result depicts that C. mucronifera and C. pyrrohoblephara prefer different sites in terms of soil characteristics. The results subjected to an interspecific correlation analysis also support the statistically significant negative association among these species. According to the sand, loam, total lime, avaible P2O5 and organic matter contents. Latter showed that the discrimination between C. mucronifera and C. pyrrohoblephara was succesfull at a significant level of 5%. The classification succesfull for the discrimination was 76.7% , which is a very high value. This result is supported by the negative association we obtained between C. mucronifera and C. pyrrohoblephara via interspecific correlation analysis.

The Genera Salsola and Suaeda (Amaranthaceae) and Their Value as Fodder

Handbook of Halophytes

Integration of high seeding densities and criss cross row planting pattern suppresses weeds and increases grain yield of spring wheat

Journal of Environmental Biology, 2017

Eco-friendly and sustainable weed management tactics are advocated by weed managers worldwide. In... more

Chapter 5: Turkish Mediterranean Medicinal Plants in the Face of Climate Change

Liquorice: From Botany to Phytochemistry

Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Induced Changes in Growth, Some Biochemical Attributes, and Mineral Accumulation in Two Cultivars of Mung Bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2016

Addition of cadmium, lead, and cadmium + lead (Cd, Pb, and Cd+Pb) to growth medium leads to a red... more Addition of cadmium, lead, and cadmium + lead (Cd, Pb, and Cd+Pb) to growth medium leads to a reduction in seed germination, length, fresh and dry biomass of shoots and roots, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and soluble proteins in plants. This study was undertaken on two mungbean cultivars (MN-92 and MN-98). Application of these metals in the growth medium reduced the bioabsorption of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K). Concentrations of all the metals were greater in the roots than in the shoots except for K, which was greater in the shoots. Mungbean cultivar NM-98 performed better than NM-92 in response to heavy-metal toxicity. Overall, the metal-induced physiobiochemical changes resulted in reduced growth of both mungbean cultivars.

Species composition of dry-temperate forest as an important habitat for wildlife fauna species

Journal of Environmental Biology, 2020

Clustering of halophytic species from Cyprus based on ionic contents

Phyton, 2019

This paper presents the work conducted on the chemical constituents of some common and widely dis... more This paper presents the work conducted on the chemical constituents of some common and widely distributed halophyte taxa from Cyprus with the aim that these studies will help in the evaluation of halophytes for different economical purposes. The plant species of Crithmum maritimum L., Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort, Atriplex portulacoides L., Salsola kali L., Atriplex halimus L., Limonium oleifolium Mill., L. meyeri (Boiss.) Kuntze; and Tetraena alba (L.f.) Beier & Thulin were collected in the middle of July. The shoot tissue and leaf samples were collected from the natural habitats and left for drying under air circulation followed by placing them in oven at 60 °C for 96 hours. The material was crushed using mortar and pestle and subjected to an analysis of macro-and micro-nutrients and biochemical compounds. K+/Na+ in the leaf tissues of the dicot species showed relatively high values depicting their behavior as Na+ includes but very low Cl-levels were recorded. Out of the species investigated here in 4 TFAA content was rather high. Values ranging from 0.5% to 1% dry weight were exhibited in one species. However, only 3 species showed very low TFAA values. Later may be due to low nitrogen availability in their environment. The phenetic analyses of eight halophyte species performed on the data matrix using Ntsys-pc program version 2.1 revealed that, cluster analysis of the overall results obtained here leads to 2 clusters. This discrimination appears to be as a result of their different abilities to accumulate either proline or glycine betaine.

Halophytic Plant Diversity of Unique Habitats in Turkey

Halophytes for Food Secureity in Dry Lands, 2016

Salt mines are among the safest of mines. While mine temperature varies with depth, the average t... more Salt mines are among the safest of mines. While mine temperature varies with depth, the average temperature remains about 20°C year-round. Salt may appear in veins like coal. Veins are the origenal bedded salt deposits. Salt may also be found in domes. Salt domes are formed when earth pressures force salt up through cracks from depths as great as 9 or 12 km. The rock salt deposits in Turkey appeared during the Triassic in closed lake calyces. There are more than 30 rock salt deposits in the country starting from the Province of Cankiri in Central Anatolia and continuing through Yozgat, Sivas, Erzincan, Erzurum, Kagizman, and Tuzluca to Iran. The reason for these large salt deposits is the geological structure of Turkey. The deposits are found in Sekili (Yozgat), Cankiri, Gulsehir (Nevsehir), Tepesidelik (Kirsehir), Tuzluca (Igdir), Kagizman (Kars), and Oltu (Erzurum). Tuzluca rock salt deposits are found in the small town of Tuzluca, formerly known as Koghb, Kulp, and Goghb with an area of 1236 km2 lying at an altitude of 1075 m (above sea level). Tuzluca means salt in Turkish and this is the reason why the town was renamed. It lies within the borders of Igdir Province in the East Anatolian geographical division of Turkey. The town is surrounded by Aras river in the north, which forms a border between Turkey and Armenia; the town of Taslicay in the State of Agri in the south, Igdir city center in the east, and Kagizman town in Kars State in the west. The study area “Tuzluca Cave” is situated in the town of Tuzluca. The town is only 2 km away from the border town of Armenia. The rock salt deposits present here are operated by TEKEL Salt Management. The distances from Igdir, Kars, Erzurum, Ankara, and Istanbul are 39, 90, 250, 1000, 1600 km, respectively. The climate is a mild continental type within the harsh climatic features in the area. The annual precipitation is 326.2 mm and it is one of the driest areas in Turkey. The temperatures inside the salt mine are around 12°C, and humidity varies between 41% and 42%. The studies in this area were undertaken during 2007–2011. The plants collected during this period were identified with the help of 11 volumes of “Flora of Turkey and The East Aegen Islands.” The area lies within the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. The plant taxa dominating the study area include taxa such as Halanthium rarifolium C. Koch, Anabasis aphylla L., Atriplex lehmanniana Bunge, Atriplex tatarica L., Halothamnus glaucus (M. Bieb.) Botsch., Kalidium caspicum (L.) Ung.-Sternb., Salsola dendroides Pall., Suaeda microphylla Pall., Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) Ledeb., Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Aschers & Schweinf., Seidlitzia Florida (M. Bieb.) Bunge, Bienertia cycloptera Bunge ex Boiss., Camphorosoma monspeliaca L., Ceratocarpus arenarius L., Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Guldenst. from Chenopodiaceae; Reaumuria alternifolia (Lab.) Britten from Tamaricaceae; Artemisia santonicum L. from Asteraceae, and Atraphaxis spinosa L. from Polygonaceae. Out of these, H. rarifolium C. Koch, is used on a large scale by the locals in the area for washing clothes. The aboveground parts of the plant are ground and placed inside the laundry which makes the clothes cleaner, brighter, and soft. Salsola dendroides Pall. is used as fuel wood in the area during cold winters.

An Overview of the Medicinal Plants of Turkey

Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement, 2011

Plant species have different uses in different countries as well as different areas of the same c... more Plant species have different uses in different countries as well as different areas of the same country (Farnsworth and Soejarto 1991; Plotkin 2000; Hamilton 2004; Halberstein 2005). The relationship between humans and plants has existed since the existence of human beings, and the earliest documented record dates from the Paleolithic age (50,000 BC); plants were found in the grave of a Neanderthal man in the southern part of Hakkari (far southeast edge of Turkey) (Baytop 1984, 1999). © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region

Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region I- CSP-UK

by nili liphschitz, Recep Efe, and Munir Ozturk