Refuge Requirements for Transgenic Insect Control Traits in Field Corn.

Doug Johnson, Extension Entomologist

2013 is one of those transitional years for changes in refuge requirements for transgenic control traits in field corn. Several changes have been made over the last several years and one can expect for changes to continue as we (likely) move away from large structural refuges and toward refuge in a bag. Generally the % of refuge seed (those seed without transgenic insect control traits) has dropped from 20% to 10% or even 5% depending upon the traits included and the company. In addition those products that  require separate structural refuges (usually as blocks or a series of rows) is giving way to the inclusion of not traited seed within the bag of traited seed; the so called refuge in a bag (RIB). The result is a somewhat confusing situation where products are available that contain different refuge requirements. Obtaining the desired corn genetics which contains the correct transgenic traits to control the likely pests and planting this with the correct refuge in the proper location can be very confusing.

If you follow the link:    http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Recs/ENT16-Field%20corn.pdf ,    it will take you to ENT-16, the 2013 Insecticide Recommendations for Corn. On pages 6 and 7 of this publication you will find a Bt Trait Table that list the various packages of transgenic insect control traits by trade name, insect toxins, and the event used to include the toxins in the corn plant. This table also includes relative ratings for how well these toxin packages works against the most common and important insect pests of field corn in Kentucky. Additionally, the type (block vs RIB) of refuge and the percent of non-traited seed required to be in the refuge.

In Kentucky producers can expect their greatest and most consistent return on investment from protection against European corn borer (ECB) and southwestern corn borer (SWCB). Traits for control of western corn rootworm (WCRW) are not needed nor recommended in corn fields that are rotated with non-corn crops. Corn that is not rotated (continuous corn) should be planted with products that contain more than one or “stacked” western corn rootworm (WCRW) traits. In any case products containing only the Cry3Bb1 corn rootworm toxin should not be planted in non-rotated corn. Though not yet noted in Kentucky, this is the trait for which resistance has been show in several states to our north. So far this has only occurred in corn planted in the same field for three successive years and using only the Cry3Bb1 trait for protection against western corn rootworm. Black cutworm (BCW), corn earworm (CEW) and fall armyworm (FAW) infestations are very much dependent on the growing year. Very early planting may benefit from BCW traits while very late plantings will likely benefit from control of corn earworm and fall armyworm.

Southwestern Corn borer Flights on the Rise

Doug Johnson, Extension Entomologist

Adult flight of southwestern corn borer (SWCB) is on the rise and has many producers asking questions. This insect can be problematic in Kentucky’s major corn growing region, is more problematic in the western half of the state and is particularly important in the Purchase Area. The UK-IPM program runs pheromone baited traps to monitor this pest in Lexington and Princeton, KY experiment farms and cooperates with Mr. Cam Kenimer, the Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in Fulton County, who monitors SWCB traps in his county. See:


http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPMPrinceton/counts/swcb/swcbgraph.htm and

http://ces.ca.uky.edu/fulton/InsectTraps

Current Flight Status: This pest is rare in the eastern half of the state and no moths have been captured in the Lexington trap this year. In Princeton, moths are being captured and these captures are increasingly greater than the rolling five-year average. Thus far, the Fulton county trap has captured the largest numbers and, like Princeton, the captures are increasing (at this writing 75 moths per week).

This increase in captures has alarmed some individuals. Nevertheless, the capture rates thus far are nowhere near as large as the historic captures of the previous decade. See:

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/trapdata/trapdata.htm

Before the widespread use of corn products containing “B.t. corn borer traits”, the peak weekly captures were much greater. Consider the current 75 moths per week in light of the historic five- year average peak for 1999-2003 which exceeded 350 moths per week. In some years peak captures were in excess of 800 moths per week and it was not unknown to capture more than 1000 moths per week!

With a few local exceptions it is unlikely that there will be widespread damage to corn from this pest. Nonetheless, infestation rates in a specific field cannot be predicted by captures in distant traps. One must scout those fields to know the pest level.

Field corn products which contain “corn borer B.t. traits” will be largely protected from this pest. However, field corn refuges, sweet, pop and other food grade corns that do not contain “corn borer B.t traits” should be scouted for the presence of this pest.

One should scout for SWCB from June through August. There are at least two and possibly three generations per season. Monitor fields in June for “shot hole” feeding to whorl leaves. If damage is noted while walking through the field, examine 20 consecutive plants for each of several locations and record the number of plants that are damaged. If “shot hole” damage is recorded for 35% of the plants sampled, an insecticidal control is warranted. This is the most important time to treat as the second generation is very difficult to detect and control. If insecticidal control is warranted, you may find a list of approved products in ENT- 16, Insecticide Recommendations for Corn. This publication is available from your County Extension office or on the web at:

http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Recs/welcomerecs.html


Figure 2. Southwestern corn borer larva (summer phase).



Figure 1. Southwestern cornborer moth (adult),





     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Remember it is not the moths (Figure 1.) but ther the larvae aka caterpillars or worms (Figure 2.) that cause the destruction. Spraying when moth flight peaks is not really doing you any good. You need to wait until the larvae begin to appear. Using May 31 as a starting point (the peak of the current moth flight) a 50oF degree day model predicts that SWCB caterpillars should be showing up just abut now!


In addition, you must treat while the larvae are still active in the whorl. Once they are in the stalk, foliar application will not provide control.

For more information on the southwestern corn borer see: Entfact-108, Southwestern Corn Borer, available at your county extension office or on line at:
http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef108.asp

Photos: R. Bessin, Univ. KY.