The PBL unit of fluid and electrical drive systems is taught in final semester of undergraduates in mechanical engineering department of the Australian College of Kuwait (ACK). The recent project on an automated punching machine is discovered more appealing to both students and instructors in triggering new ideas and satisfaction end results. In this case study, the way this PBL unit is coordinated and facilitated is explained. Two examples of student works are presented. The aim is to expose the students to real world engineering problems but in a satisfying manner. Similar to real life problems for engineers, restrictions are applied for the students on costs, availability of ACK facilities, and application of automation tools. Students are directly engaged by using technical standards on punching heads and dies, standard tensile testing of plates, and so on. Arduino microprocessor programming, an open-source hardware and software electronic platform, and electro-pneumatic devices are adopted for developing the automated punching machine. The goal of the PBL course is to acquaint students learning based on the concepts of team working, engineering design, professional manufacturing, and sequential testing of the end product. It is found that students achieved their best and developed new skills in this PBL unit as reflected in their portfolios.

A national identification numberor national identity number is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens, permanent residents, and temporary residents for the purposes ofvarious e-governmentally-related functions. The ways in which such a system is implemented vary among countries, but in most cases citizens are issued an identification number upon reaching legal age, or when they are born.Identification is routinely used to help facilitate commercial and government transactions [1].Such as taking out a loan or applying for government benefits. While individuals can use traditional forms of identification in face-to-face transactions, these forms of identification are less useful for conducting business on the Internet. Individuals can use an National Identification System to authenticate to online services, securely communicate online, purchase goods and services, and create legally-binding electronic signatures, such as to sign a contract. The...

Up-to-date market information on prices for commodities, inputs and consumer trends can improve farmers' livelihoods substantially and have a dramatic impact on their negotiating positions. Information on new marketing opportunities and the market prices of farm inputs and outputs is fundamental to an efficient and productive agricultural economy. The main focus of this study was on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) use on agricultural marketing. Use of ICT (mobile phone, radio and television) and factors affecting ICT use in agricultural marketing in Eastern Hararghe were the objectives of this study. Random sample of 210 producers were selected from six purposively selected kebeles from Haramaya, Kersa and Metta woredas based on their production potential. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were used for analyzing the data and 63.8% were ICT users while 36.2% were not. The model result indicated that age, year of education, information seeking behavior and participation in trainings were significant determinants of ICT use. Network availability in the area, construction of electric line and infrastructures, network coverage throughout the country, affordable cost of simcard with free air time were opportunities for mobile phone use. Construction of electric line and infrastructures, wide area coverage of the frequency were opportunities for radio and television use. Alternative power source (battery) and expansion of Frequency Modulation (FM) stations were other opportunities for radio use. Interruption of network and electricity, language problem, absence of organized source of information are some challenges to use ICT. Adult education and trainings are useful to promote the awareness of producers; establishing basic infrastructures and services including electricity is basic requirement for ICT utilization. For the effective use of ICT, local languages needs to be used and trainings about how to use ICT also need to be provided.

The quality of education is measured by the academic performance of students and the results they produce. Since the student academic performance is the made up of the environmental, psychological, socio-economic and other factors, it is challenging to measure the aca- demic performance of students. Such difficulties can be reduced by investigation of various factors that influence the student perfor- mance. Many researchers have been used different approaches to identifying the variables that help to predict students’ performance. This survey paper examines various data mining methodologies that have been used to analyze and predict students’ performance.   

If alphabet Σ = {a, b} then abab and aaabbba are string on Σ. Here the symbols used for further description are a, b, c-for elements of the language u, v, w-for the use of string names i.e. string name w= abaaa, here w is the name of the string and abaaa is the specific value of string.

Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable (agreeable) to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm. A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition(perception), by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other complexity measures are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing). One of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can do and cannot do. Closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem, whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem. More precisely, computational complexity theory tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources. In turn, imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory: the latter theory asks what kind of problems can, in principle, be solved algorithmically. Problem instances A computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance. The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance, and should not be confused with the problem itself. In computational

Computability-Complexity Theory-Chapter03 3.1. Functions, sets and languages If a function f only takes two values (which we assume without loss of generality to be 0 and 1) then we can identify f with the set, A, of inputs for which the function takes the value 1. In formulas x ∈ A ⇔ f (x) = 1. In this connection sets are also called languages, e.g. the set of prime numbers could be called the language of prime numbers. The reason for this is historical and comes from the theory of formal languages. The function f is called the characteristic function of A. Sometimes the characteristic function of A will be denoted by χ A. A set is called recursive iff its characteristic function is recursive. Thus A is recursive iff given x one can mechanically decide whether x ∈ A. 3.2. BASIC DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES Before giving the definition of grammar, we shall study, for the sake of simplicity, two types of sentences in English with a view to formalizing the construction of these sentences. The sentences we consider are those with a noun"; and a verb, or those with a noun-verb and adverb (such as 'Ram ate quickly' or 'Sam ran'). The sentence 'Ram ate quickly' has the words 'Ram', 'ate', 'quickly' written in that order, If we replace 'Ram' by 'Sam', 'Tom', 'Gita', etc. i.e. by any noun, 'ate' by 'ran', 'walked', etc. i.e, by any verb in the past tense, and 'quickly' by 'slowly', i.e. by any adverb, we get other grammatically correct sentences. So the structure of 'Ram ate quickly' can be given as (noun) (verb) (adverb). For (noun) we can substitute 'Ram'. 'Sam', 'Tom'. 'Gita', etc,. Similarly, we can substitute "ate', 'Walked', 'ran', etc. for (verb). and 'quickly". 'slowly' for (adverb). Similarly, the structure of 'Samran' can be given in the form (noun) We have to note that (noun) (verb) is not a sentence but only the description of a particular type of sentence. If we replace (noun), (verb) and(adverb) by suitable words, we get actual grammatically correct sentences. Let's call (noun), (adverb) as variables. Words like 'Ram', 'Sam', 'ate', 'ran'. 'quickly', 'slowly' which form sentences can be called terminals. So sentences tum out to be strings of terminals. Let S be a variable denoting a sentence. Now, following rules can be form to generate two types of sentences: S (noun) (verb) S (noun) (verb) (noun)  Sam (noun)  Ram

The university life is the most appreciated moment of one's lifetime. In university students live together by forming unity however, the difference they have. This paper delivers the lifestyles, challenges, and events they face in the University. Accordingly, we categorized the main content of our report into two categories. The first category contains the fun and great times students have together inside and around their university. This includes holiday celebrations, different periodical games, funs and so on. The second category covers the good habits and bad habits students practice in the university. The last category is expressed both objectively and subjectively.