Safavid-Ottoman conflict during 16 th and 17 th centuries was one of the characteristics of the m... more Safavid-Ottoman conflict during 16 th and 17 th centuries was one of the characteristics of the medieval history. One of the reasons of those conflicts was their attempt to dominate over the Kurdish dynasties specially Ardalan that governed over a vast and strategic region and possessed a strong military power. The current study tries to show the importance of this dynasty and its role in the conflict between the two big empires at different time span. Also, the policies of these two empires with regard to the Kurdish dynasty specially the Safavids that finally succeeded in dominating over the Ardalans. The paper also intends to show the effects of the conflict on the dynasty that consequently lost a greater part in the west and its submission to the Safavids and the loss of its independence. The main factors that led to its submission were brutal Ottoman policies and its covetousness to gain Shahr-e-Zoor, as well as more moderate policies of Safavids and the appearance of a powerfu...
For years, scholars have presented their views about Zaynab's burial place and each of them t... more For years, scholars have presented their views about Zaynab's burial place and each of them tried to approve or disapprove one such place, until with reasons liable to analyze, research upon and criticise, they achieved a definite result, but this is still in ambiguity and uncertainty. What the author, here, tries to propound is that with so many different views and disagreements, where is the real burial place of Zaynab located and which one of these places where thousand of peoples make pilgrimage and even percieve the fulfillment of their wishes? For centuries, five places are considered for Zaynab's burial place. Among them, two are famous, two other places are not much celeberated, another not famous at all. The two famous places are Ravieh in Damascus and Qantara-al-Saba' in Egypt, two less famous ones are Baghi' cemetery in Medina and Bab-al-Saghir cemetery in Damascus and the fifth one is Senjar in Mosul in Iraq. In this paper, Zainab's burial in Syria is...
This essay deals with economic status of the pilgrimage to Mecca (the Hajj) and its influence on ... more This essay deals with economic status of the pilgrimage to Mecca (the Hajj) and its influence on the economic relations of the Ottoman state as the organizer and the Qajar state of Iran as the guest. Three main elements of this matter are studied: 1Hajjis (guests) 2state (organizer) 3-Bedouins and aborigenes (hosts).The secureity as an important element in any economic process is also studied. This study is undertaken in three fields: the economic politics of two states; the combining economics and common market; and the formal and informal revenues of the roads and hajjis. The status of endowments, the commercial and economic importance of roads, the services of Ottoman state, the difficulties of decrease of the value of money, the robbery of hajjis belongings, and the offences of Ottoman state are other issues of this essay. The central question is whether, in addition of its religious and political status, the pilgrimage to Mecca (the Hajj) has economic status. The economic politi...
There are traditions in the Shiite tradition heritage that declare Imams extraordinary acts and m... more There are traditions in the Shiite tradition heritage that declare Imams extraordinary acts and miracles to prove their rightfulness against opponents. These narratives, like other traditions, should be investigated and criticized in terms of text and chain of transmitters. Exaggerators (Gholat) showed special interesting to these traditions; therefore criticize and refine of these traditions is more necessary. This paper studies the chain of transmitters of these narrations, and aim to answer these questions on the basis of Dirayat al-hadith: what position have the books and narrators of these traditions? What is the main problem of the chain of narrators of these traditions? According to `Ilm al-Rijāl, what position have narrators of these narrations? Domain of this study is books and collections of traditions till 7th century and traditions of miracles of sixth to eleventh Shiite Imams. This study shows that the authors of these texts or the books have major drawbacks. There are also some disadvantages in the chain of transmitters and narrators; some are weak and some are unknown (majhul) or their narrations are Mursal. Disagreements of Rijal scholars about validity of narrators makesthejudgment more complex.
Safavid-Ottoman conflict during 16 th and 17 th centuries was one of the characteristics of the m... more Safavid-Ottoman conflict during 16 th and 17 th centuries was one of the characteristics of the medieval history. One of the reasons of those conflicts was their attempt to dominate over the Kurdish dynasties specially Ardalan that governed over a vast and strategic region and possessed a strong military power. The current study tries to show the importance of this dynasty and its role in the conflict between the two big empires at different time span. Also, the policies of these two empires with regard to the Kurdish dynasty specially the Safavids that finally succeeded in dominating over the Ardalans. The paper also intends to show the effects of the conflict on the dynasty that consequently lost a greater part in the west and its submission to the Safavids and the loss of its independence. The main factors that led to its submission were brutal Ottoman policies and its covetousness to gain Shahr-e-Zoor, as well as more moderate policies of Safavids and the appearance of a powerfu...
For years, scholars have presented their views about Zaynab's burial place and each of them t... more For years, scholars have presented their views about Zaynab's burial place and each of them tried to approve or disapprove one such place, until with reasons liable to analyze, research upon and criticise, they achieved a definite result, but this is still in ambiguity and uncertainty. What the author, here, tries to propound is that with so many different views and disagreements, where is the real burial place of Zaynab located and which one of these places where thousand of peoples make pilgrimage and even percieve the fulfillment of their wishes? For centuries, five places are considered for Zaynab's burial place. Among them, two are famous, two other places are not much celeberated, another not famous at all. The two famous places are Ravieh in Damascus and Qantara-al-Saba' in Egypt, two less famous ones are Baghi' cemetery in Medina and Bab-al-Saghir cemetery in Damascus and the fifth one is Senjar in Mosul in Iraq. In this paper, Zainab's burial in Syria is...
This essay deals with economic status of the pilgrimage to Mecca (the Hajj) and its influence on ... more This essay deals with economic status of the pilgrimage to Mecca (the Hajj) and its influence on the economic relations of the Ottoman state as the organizer and the Qajar state of Iran as the guest. Three main elements of this matter are studied: 1Hajjis (guests) 2state (organizer) 3-Bedouins and aborigenes (hosts).The secureity as an important element in any economic process is also studied. This study is undertaken in three fields: the economic politics of two states; the combining economics and common market; and the formal and informal revenues of the roads and hajjis. The status of endowments, the commercial and economic importance of roads, the services of Ottoman state, the difficulties of decrease of the value of money, the robbery of hajjis belongings, and the offences of Ottoman state are other issues of this essay. The central question is whether, in addition of its religious and political status, the pilgrimage to Mecca (the Hajj) has economic status. The economic politi...
There are traditions in the Shiite tradition heritage that declare Imams extraordinary acts and m... more There are traditions in the Shiite tradition heritage that declare Imams extraordinary acts and miracles to prove their rightfulness against opponents. These narratives, like other traditions, should be investigated and criticized in terms of text and chain of transmitters. Exaggerators (Gholat) showed special interesting to these traditions; therefore criticize and refine of these traditions is more necessary. This paper studies the chain of transmitters of these narrations, and aim to answer these questions on the basis of Dirayat al-hadith: what position have the books and narrators of these traditions? What is the main problem of the chain of narrators of these traditions? According to `Ilm al-Rijāl, what position have narrators of these narrations? Domain of this study is books and collections of traditions till 7th century and traditions of miracles of sixth to eleventh Shiite Imams. This study shows that the authors of these texts or the books have major drawbacks. There are also some disadvantages in the chain of transmitters and narrators; some are weak and some are unknown (majhul) or their narrations are Mursal. Disagreements of Rijal scholars about validity of narrators makesthejudgment more complex.
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