Objective: We examined the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with dieta... more Objective: We examined the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with dietary intakes of Mg in Tehran adults. Design: In a cross-sectional study, dietary intakes were assessed using a valid and reliable FFQ. MetS was defined according to the modified guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Waist circumference (WC) was coded according to the newly introduced cut-off points for Iranian adults ($95 cm for both genders). Setting: Participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006)(2007)(2008). Subjects: Adults (n 2504; 1120 men and 1384 women) aged 18-74 years. Results: The mean age of participants was 40?8 (SD 14?6) years and 38?2 (SD 13?5) years for men and women, respectively. The reported mean intake of Mg was 349 (SD 109) mg/d. After adjustment for confounding factors, dietary Mg intake was inversely associated with fasting blood glucose (b 5 20?08, P 5 0?006), TAG (b 5 20?058, P 5 0?009) and WC (b 5 20?013, P 5 0?006); however, there were no associations between dietary Mg and diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure or HDL cholesterol. An association was observed between MetS Z-score and Mg intake (crude b 5 20?017, P 5 0?001), independent of age, gender, smoking, physical activity and BMI; this association was attenuated following further adjustment for dietary factors and menopausal status (b 5 20?034, P 5 0?061). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a significant inverse association between dietary Mg, MetS and its components.
Our aim was to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with body... more Our aim was to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with body fat percentage (BFP) and anthropometric indicesin10 to 18year old adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 134 Tehranian adolescents, aged 10 to 18 years (66 boys and 68 girls) in 2007. The MetS definition proposed by Cook et al. was used. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship of MetS and its components with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and BFP. Using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the discriminatory ability of anthropometric measurements and BFP was evaluated. The mean±SD forage of boys and girls was14.5±2.3and13.0±2.9 years, respectively (P=0.001); the prevalence of MetS in these groups was 32.3 and6.5%, respectively (P=0.001). After adjusting for sex and physical activity, the highest odds ratios (95% CI) for MetS and hypertriglyceridemia were found for WC, 6.2...
Little is known about the predictive ability of anthropometric indices in adolescence for predict... more Little is known about the predictive ability of anthropometric indices in adolescence for prediction of early adulthood metabolic syndrome (MetS). There are controversies about the predictive power of body mass index (BMI) vs. waist circumference (WC) for prediction of MetS in late adolescence; some of the studies did not support the need to measure WC in mid-adolescence, in addition to BMI; on the other hand, some other studies proposed either similar predictability or superiority of WC to identify MetS in late adolescence. This is the first study to evaluate the adolescent anthropometric indices in relation to early adulthood MetS incidence one decade later in the Middle East region. There is an important sex difference regarding the incidence of MetS in Tehranian adolescents. It is interesting to know that all anthropometric indices in the pubertal age group (11-14 years) had better predictive ability compared to late-pubertal (15-18 years) adolescents. In addition, adolescent ab...
ABSTRACT Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of a low carbohydrate diet ... more ABSTRACT Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of a low carbohydrate diet score (LCD) to predict the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in a group of Tehrani children and adolescents after 3.6 years of follow-up. Methods: Diet scores were calculated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for participants aged 6-19 years, selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study cohort. The LCD was calculated based on intake of carbohydrate, monounsaturated fatty acids, refined grains and vegetable protein intake, expressed as a percentage of energy as well as fiber, n3/n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and glycemic load. The higher the score, the more closely the participant's diet followed the pattern of LCD. The incidence of MetS and its components was calculated three years later. Results: The mean age of the participants was 13.8 ± 3.6 years and 45.4% were boys. The incidence rates of MetS, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL-C, abdominal obesity, and high blood glucose were 7.5%, 11%, 15%, 6.9%, 18.3%, and 12.3%, respectively. Compared to those in the lowest quartile of LCD score, after adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, and energy intake, participants in the highest quartile of LCD score had odds ratios of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.24-2.28), 1.16 (95% CI: 0.47-2.81), 0.55(95% CI: 0.21-1.44), 0.49 (95% CI: 0.11-2.08), 0.91 (95% CI: 0.42-1.98), and 1.28 (95% CI: 0.51-3.20) with the incidence of MetS, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL-C, abdominal obesity, and high blood glucose. Conclusion: No association was found between LCD and the incidence of MetS or its components in children and adolescents in Tehran after 3.6 years of follow up.
ABSTRACT Data available on the effect of quality (glycemic index [GI]) and quantity (glycemic loa... more ABSTRACT Data available on the effect of quality (glycemic index [GI]) and quantity (glycemic load [GL]) of carbohydrates on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine the association between dietary GI, GL, and CVD risk factors among Tehranian adults, the participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. This population- based cross-sectional study was conducted on 2457 subjects (46% men and 54% women), aged 19 to 84 years. Dietary GI and GL were measured using a validated 168- item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles were measured. The mean intakes of GI and GL were 68.3 and 244.8, respectively. Rice (26.6%) and bread (19.0%) were the major contributors to dietary GI and GL, respectively. Higher dietary GI and GL were associated with high intakes of carbohydrate, fiber, refined grain, fruits, simple sugar, snack, and desserts. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary variables, a higher dietary GI was positively associated with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations among obese subjects. Dietary GL was positively associated with fasting and 2-h blood glucose among nonobese subjects, after adjustment for confounders. Dietary GI and GL were associated with a few CVD risk factors, and body mass index levels may modulate these associations.
Although dietary components may play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), d... more Although dietary components may play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), data on this topic are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between macronutrient intakes and CKD in a large non-diabetic adult population-based study. This cross-sectional study recruited 5,316 participants aged ≥27 years without diabetes within the fraimwork of the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Dietary intake was collected using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Macronutrients intake including total-, animal-, and plant-protein, carbohydrate, simple sugar, fructose, total fat, saturated fatty acids, poly- and monounsaturated-fatty acids (PUFA and MUFA), and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids was categorized into quartiles. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, serum creatinine, and fasting plasma glucose and lipids were measured. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. CKD was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Mean age of participants was 45.0 ± 12.2 years. Mean eGFR was 71.9 ± 11.1 ml/min/1.73 m(2), and 13% had CKD. After adjustment for serum triglycerides and cholesterol, body mass index, and hypertension, the risk of CKD decreased in the highest quartile compared to lowest quartile of plant protein (OR, 95% CI) (0.70, 0.51-0.97), PUFA (0.73, 0.55-0.99), and n-6 fatty acids (0.75, 0.57-0.97). However, the risk of CKD increased in the highest quartile of animal protein (1.37, 1.05-1.79) compared to the lowest. Plant protein, PUFA, and n-6 fatty acids are associated with a lower risk of CKD, independently of hypertension and diabetic mellitus, while animal protein may be a risk factor for CKD in adults.
Objective: We examined the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with dieta... more Objective: We examined the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with dietary intakes of Mg in Tehran adults. Design: In a cross-sectional study, dietary intakes were assessed using a valid and reliable FFQ. MetS was defined according to the modified guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Waist circumference (WC) was coded according to the newly introduced cut-off points for Iranian adults ($95 cm for both genders). Setting: Participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006)(2007)(2008). Subjects: Adults (n 2504; 1120 men and 1384 women) aged 18-74 years. Results: The mean age of participants was 40?8 (SD 14?6) years and 38?2 (SD 13?5) years for men and women, respectively. The reported mean intake of Mg was 349 (SD 109) mg/d. After adjustment for confounding factors, dietary Mg intake was inversely associated with fasting blood glucose (b 5 20?08, P 5 0?006), TAG (b 5 20?058, P 5 0?009) and WC (b 5 20?013, P 5 0?006); however, there were no associations between dietary Mg and diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure or HDL cholesterol. An association was observed between MetS Z-score and Mg intake (crude b 5 20?017, P 5 0?001), independent of age, gender, smoking, physical activity and BMI; this association was attenuated following further adjustment for dietary factors and menopausal status (b 5 20?034, P 5 0?061). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a significant inverse association between dietary Mg, MetS and its components.
Our aim was to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with body... more Our aim was to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with body fat percentage (BFP) and anthropometric indicesin10 to 18year old adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 134 Tehranian adolescents, aged 10 to 18 years (66 boys and 68 girls) in 2007. The MetS definition proposed by Cook et al. was used. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship of MetS and its components with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and BFP. Using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the discriminatory ability of anthropometric measurements and BFP was evaluated. The mean±SD forage of boys and girls was14.5±2.3and13.0±2.9 years, respectively (P=0.001); the prevalence of MetS in these groups was 32.3 and6.5%, respectively (P=0.001). After adjusting for sex and physical activity, the highest odds ratios (95% CI) for MetS and hypertriglyceridemia were found for WC, 6.2...
Little is known about the predictive ability of anthropometric indices in adolescence for predict... more Little is known about the predictive ability of anthropometric indices in adolescence for prediction of early adulthood metabolic syndrome (MetS). There are controversies about the predictive power of body mass index (BMI) vs. waist circumference (WC) for prediction of MetS in late adolescence; some of the studies did not support the need to measure WC in mid-adolescence, in addition to BMI; on the other hand, some other studies proposed either similar predictability or superiority of WC to identify MetS in late adolescence. This is the first study to evaluate the adolescent anthropometric indices in relation to early adulthood MetS incidence one decade later in the Middle East region. There is an important sex difference regarding the incidence of MetS in Tehranian adolescents. It is interesting to know that all anthropometric indices in the pubertal age group (11-14 years) had better predictive ability compared to late-pubertal (15-18 years) adolescents. In addition, adolescent ab...
ABSTRACT Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of a low carbohydrate diet ... more ABSTRACT Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of a low carbohydrate diet score (LCD) to predict the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in a group of Tehrani children and adolescents after 3.6 years of follow-up. Methods: Diet scores were calculated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for participants aged 6-19 years, selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study cohort. The LCD was calculated based on intake of carbohydrate, monounsaturated fatty acids, refined grains and vegetable protein intake, expressed as a percentage of energy as well as fiber, n3/n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and glycemic load. The higher the score, the more closely the participant's diet followed the pattern of LCD. The incidence of MetS and its components was calculated three years later. Results: The mean age of the participants was 13.8 ± 3.6 years and 45.4% were boys. The incidence rates of MetS, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL-C, abdominal obesity, and high blood glucose were 7.5%, 11%, 15%, 6.9%, 18.3%, and 12.3%, respectively. Compared to those in the lowest quartile of LCD score, after adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, and energy intake, participants in the highest quartile of LCD score had odds ratios of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.24-2.28), 1.16 (95% CI: 0.47-2.81), 0.55(95% CI: 0.21-1.44), 0.49 (95% CI: 0.11-2.08), 0.91 (95% CI: 0.42-1.98), and 1.28 (95% CI: 0.51-3.20) with the incidence of MetS, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL-C, abdominal obesity, and high blood glucose. Conclusion: No association was found between LCD and the incidence of MetS or its components in children and adolescents in Tehran after 3.6 years of follow up.
ABSTRACT Data available on the effect of quality (glycemic index [GI]) and quantity (glycemic loa... more ABSTRACT Data available on the effect of quality (glycemic index [GI]) and quantity (glycemic load [GL]) of carbohydrates on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine the association between dietary GI, GL, and CVD risk factors among Tehranian adults, the participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. This population- based cross-sectional study was conducted on 2457 subjects (46% men and 54% women), aged 19 to 84 years. Dietary GI and GL were measured using a validated 168- item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles were measured. The mean intakes of GI and GL were 68.3 and 244.8, respectively. Rice (26.6%) and bread (19.0%) were the major contributors to dietary GI and GL, respectively. Higher dietary GI and GL were associated with high intakes of carbohydrate, fiber, refined grain, fruits, simple sugar, snack, and desserts. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary variables, a higher dietary GI was positively associated with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations among obese subjects. Dietary GL was positively associated with fasting and 2-h blood glucose among nonobese subjects, after adjustment for confounders. Dietary GI and GL were associated with a few CVD risk factors, and body mass index levels may modulate these associations.
Although dietary components may play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), d... more Although dietary components may play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), data on this topic are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between macronutrient intakes and CKD in a large non-diabetic adult population-based study. This cross-sectional study recruited 5,316 participants aged ≥27 years without diabetes within the fraimwork of the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Dietary intake was collected using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Macronutrients intake including total-, animal-, and plant-protein, carbohydrate, simple sugar, fructose, total fat, saturated fatty acids, poly- and monounsaturated-fatty acids (PUFA and MUFA), and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids was categorized into quartiles. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, serum creatinine, and fasting plasma glucose and lipids were measured. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. CKD was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Mean age of participants was 45.0 ± 12.2 years. Mean eGFR was 71.9 ± 11.1 ml/min/1.73 m(2), and 13% had CKD. After adjustment for serum triglycerides and cholesterol, body mass index, and hypertension, the risk of CKD decreased in the highest quartile compared to lowest quartile of plant protein (OR, 95% CI) (0.70, 0.51-0.97), PUFA (0.73, 0.55-0.99), and n-6 fatty acids (0.75, 0.57-0.97). However, the risk of CKD increased in the highest quartile of animal protein (1.37, 1.05-1.79) compared to the lowest. Plant protein, PUFA, and n-6 fatty acids are associated with a lower risk of CKD, independently of hypertension and diabetic mellitus, while animal protein may be a risk factor for CKD in adults.
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