Some forests in the Asian monsoon region are reported to transpire actively, even in the late dry... more Some forests in the Asian monsoon region are reported to transpire actively, even in the late dry season. The evergreen forest in central Cambodia is included in them. The surface conductance was estimated for an evergreen forest in central Cambodia in the late dry (May) and rainy (August) seasons, and the effects of environmental conditions on surface conductance were compared between seasons. The effects of soil moisture did not differ between seasons, indicating that soil water drought in the late dry season does not limit transpiration from the entire forest community. Evergreen forests in central Cambodia are thought to transpire actively in the late dry season.
In the Mekong River basin, the increase in farming associated with a rapidly growing population h... more In the Mekong River basin, the increase in farming associated with a rapidly growing population has lead to a dramatic reduction in forest area. The incidence of illegal logging and wood collection is also increasing throughout the entire Asian Monsoon area, including Cambodia. According to Cambodian government statistics, the proportion of forested area in Cambodia has declined from 74% in the 1970s to 58% in 1993. Despite this reduction, the area covered by forests in Cambodia remains high compared to that in adjacent countries. We measured several meteorological elements associated with evapotranspiration, runoff, and precipitation in the broadleaf forest watersheds in Kampong Thom Province of central Cambodia. The topography of the watershed studied was relatively gentle. Meteorological factors were observed with a 60-m-high meteorological observation tower to determine the amount of evapotranspiration. The Energy Balance Bowen Ratio (EBBR) system was used to calculate the energy budget above the forest canopy for estimating evapotranspiration. Moreover, an automatic rain gauge was placed at the top of the observation tower and an interception plot was established for calculating the rainfall interception ratio by forest coverage near the tower. The main vegetation species at the research site were Vatica odorata and Myristica iners. The mean tree height in the upper crown layer at the research site was 27 m, and the maximum tree height was 45 m. Meteorological data for estimation of evapotranspiration were collected from October 2003 to September 2004. The SPAC model, used for analyzing characteristics of evapotranspiration variation, is a multilayer model considering factors such as Reynolds stress, temperature and H2O exchanges of leaves and ground surface, radiation transfer within the canopy, atmospheric diffusion within and above the canopy, energy balance for leaves and ground surface, interception of rainfall, and water budget for leaves. Several parameters were identified from the observation data set. The simulations reproduced the variation in evapotranspiration.
The proportion of forest area is relatively high in Cambodia compared with neighboring countries.... more The proportion of forest area is relatively high in Cambodia compared with neighboring countries. Therefore forest is one of the important factors on the water cycle in this country. The rainfall interception by a tree canopy and evaporation after the rainfall event are one of the important factors for considering such a water cycle. To clarify those processes, a rainfall
ABSTRACT We measured the sap flux densities of 12 deciduous trees in a tropical dry deciduous for... more ABSTRACT We measured the sap flux densities of 12 deciduous trees in a tropical dry deciduous forest with high seasonality of available water located in Cambodia, and evaluated the seasonal trends in transpiration and leaf phenology. For all trees, the minimum transpiration was recorded in the middle of the dry season, and almost all trees restarted transpiration before the first monsoon rain. The occurrence of the “paradox” of leaf phenology was confirmed. During the dry season, transpiration was controlled by leaf phenology and decreased with an increase in the duration of the leafless period. In contrast, during the wet season, daily changes in transpiration were determined by changes in evaporative demand. Transpiration during the dry season accounted for more than 30% of the annual total among trees, and at the stand-scale, the dry season contribution was 38%. The dry-season transpiration was not negligible for the water balance in this ecosystem. The soil water condition in the shallow layer, where the main root system is located, was not the source of transpiration during the dry season. This implied that the root probably extended to a deep layer and absorbed water. The relationships between the mean canopy stomatal conductance and vapor pressure deficit revealed that most trees were isohydric. Isohydric behavior controlling stomatal openness to avoid xylem hydraulic failure was also confirmed at the stand-scale, and was advantageous for these trees, allowing them to continue transpiring under the high evaporative demand during the dry season. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The QCM-type SO 2 gas sensors were fabricated using amino-functional poly(styrene-co-chloromethyl... more The QCM-type SO 2 gas sensors were fabricated using amino-functional poly(styrene-co-chloromethyl styrene) derivatives. Three kinds of diamine compounds, DMEDA, DMPDA and DPEDA, were comparatively used to introduce amino groups into the copolymer. The response time was the shortest for the sensor using the DPEDA functional copolymer, though the sensitivity was the smallest at the same measuring temperature. Sensing characteristics were affected by the measuring temperature and by the mole fraction of chloromethylstyrene in the copolymers. Further, a small addition of organically modi®ed siloxane oligomer was effective for further reduction of the response time. The sensor using the DPEDA functional copolymer containing 5 wt.% of siloxane oligomer had the fastest response time (t 1 0 0 11 min) and complete reversibility even at 508C. # (M. Matsuguchi). 0925-4005/01/$ ± see front matter # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 9 2 5 -4 0 0 5 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 7 3 5 -3
Development pressure has led to serious deforestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly ra... more Development pressure has led to serious deforestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly rapid deforestation has occurred in easily accessible lowland areas, and it is thus important to accumulate knowledge about these forests immediately. We measured evapotranspiration rates for a lowland dry evergreen forest in Kampong Thom Province, central Cambodia, using the energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) method based on meteorological data collected from a 60-m-high observation tower. Daily evapotranspiration was higher during the dry season than during the rainy season of the Asian monsoon climate. The seasonal variation in evapotranspiration generally corresponded to the seasonal difference in the vapor pressure deficit. A multilayer model was used to simulate the seasonal variation in evapotranspiration. The multilayer model also reproduced the larger evapotranspiration rate in the dry season than in the rainy season. However, observed values substantially exceeded model-calculated results during certain periods at the beginning of the dry season and in the late dry season. Moreover, during the rainy season, the model tended to overestimate evapotranspiration. The differences between these observed and simulated values may have been caused by seasonal characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration in the lowland dry evergreen forest that were not considered in the model simulation.
It has been thought that corrective posterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) s... more It has been thought that corrective posterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) should be started on the concave side because initial convex manipulation would increase the risk of vertebral malrotation, worsening the rib hump. With the many new materials, implants, and manipulation techniques (e.g., direct vertebral rotation) now available, we hypothesized that manipulating the convex side first is no longer taboo. Our technique has two major facets. (1) Curve correction is started from the convex side with a derotation maneuver and in situ bending followed by concave rod application. (2) A 6.35 mm diameter pure titanium rod is used on the convex side and a 6.35 mm diameter titanium alloy rod on the concave side. Altogether, 52 patients were divided into two groups. Group N included 40 patients (3 male, 37 female; average age 15.9 years) of Lenke type 1 (23 patients), type 2 (2), type 3 (3), type 5 (10), type 6 (2). They were treated with a new technique using 6.35 ...
It is critically important for AIS patients to avoid perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions.... more It is critically important for AIS patients to avoid perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions. Toward this aim, many institutes use autologous blood storage to perform perioperative transfusions. However, there is no standard timeline for collecting blood for storage. Therefore, the objective of this prospective cohort study was to compare the outcome of two different schedules for collecting autologous blood before operation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Inclusion criteria are AIS patients, younger than 20 years old, female, operated between 2009 and 2013 with posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation who had 1600 mL autologous blood collected before operation. A total of 61 patients were participated in this study. They were randomly divided into 2 groups based on the storage interval. Weekly group (1W-G) consisted of 30 patients with a total of 1600mL blood collected weekly beginning 4 weeks before the operation. Biweekly group (2W-G) consisted of 31 pat...
We herein report a patient with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) who developed anti-C... more We herein report a patient with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) who developed anti-CADM-140 autoantibody in association with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD). Chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) revealed early pulmonary involvement preceding typical cutaneous lesions. Primary lesions of patchy peribronchial opacity developed ground-glass opacity and consolidation with architectural distortion and traction bronchiectasis. The possibility of anti-CADM-140 autoantibody-associated RP-ILD should be considered when patchy peribronchial opacity of an unknown cause is visible on chest HRCT.
Elderly patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are frequently underrepresente... more Elderly patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are frequently underrepresented in clinical trials that evaluate chemoradiotherapy, due to their poor functional status, coexisting illnesses and limited life expectancy. The Japan Clinical Oncology Group 0301 trial (JCOG0301) was the first study to demonstrate that thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) with daily low-dose carboplatin may improve the outcome of elderly patients with stage III NSCLC. However, the efficacy and safety profiles of chemoradiotherapy, including platinum doublets, have not been clearly determined in this patient population. We retrospectively assessed the efficacy and toxicity of weekly paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin and concurrent TRT in patients aged ≥75 years with previously untreated locally advanced NSCLC. Between February, 2004 and July, 2013, we collected the data of 20 patients treated with weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin for 6 weeks and concurrent TRT. The objective respon...
Non-HIV patients with pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) have a poor prognosis. We aimed to evaluate th... more Non-HIV patients with pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) have a poor prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality in terms of the clinical findings, including the results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)-analyses, in non-HIV PCP patients. We retrospectively reviewed non-HIV PCP patients diagnosed using bronchoalveolar lavage between April 2006 and July 2012. For patients with a poor respiratory status, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) was used during the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure. Data regarding demographics, laboratory findings and the prognosis were evaluated. A total of 29 non-HIV PCP patients were analyzed. NPPV was carried out safely and successfully in 12 patients during the BAL procedure. Twelve patients (41%) died. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified only BALF neutrophilia to be a significant prognostic factor determining in-hospital mortality. The log-rank test showed that the patients wit...
Objective Radiographic findings in patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) are usually di... more Objective Radiographic findings in patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) are usually diffuse and bilateral, although they may occasionally be unilateral. The clinical aspects of predominantly unilateral DAH are not well known. Therefore, our objective was to describe the clinical characteristics of predominantly right-sided DAH. Methods We retrospectively reviewed data for 460 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples collected between January 2009 and July 2013. Patients who presented with increasingly hemorrhagic BALF were diagnosed with DAH, and unilateral predominance was determined based on the degree of infiltration on chest radiographs. Results The records of 54 patients with DAH were evaluated. The leading etiology was pulmonary congestion due to heart failure (n=15). The radiographs showed right-sided infiltration in 18 patients (33%), left-sided infiltration in six patients (11%) and bilateral infiltration in 30 patients (56%). Predominantly right-sided DAH was...
This study of a water cycle was conducted in an evergreen forest located in the Mekong River Basi... more This study of a water cycle was conducted in an evergreen forest located in the Mekong River Basin in central Cambodia. At the observation site, we measured the dynamics of the spatial distribution of groundwater levels. The groundwater movement was analyzed two-dimensionally using boundary conditions and parameters that had been observed in the field. The climate in the research area is dominated by two seasons, which occur annually: a rainy and a dry season. The groundwater levels are generally high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. Groundwater levels were measured along a stream, which flowed through the study site. The streambed was visible at the head of the stream in January. At the next downriver well point, the streambed appeared in March. Finally, it became visible at all well points in April, meaning that surface runoff had disappeared temporarily and instead flowed underground during the ensuing dry period. Groundwater levels of the studied lateral flow perpendicular to the stream that seeped and infiltrated into the stream were 1.2-2.5 m deep (in April), which was the lowest level recorded for the year. During that period, the depth of the groundwater of the studied lateral flow fell by as much as 56 mm per month. In addition, the lateral flow groundwater infiltrated into groundwater of the stream during that period. The groundwater level fluctuation was estimated based on a two-dimensional analysis of lateral flow perpendicular to the stream using a numerical simulation model with soil physical parameters and observed boundary conditions. The observations of ground water fluctuations were well reproduced. Deep seepage of groundwater was estimated using a uniform boundary condition that allowed efflux through the bottom, estimated as being approximately 30 mm per year. The simulated deep seepage rate was considered plausible considering other hydrological components such as soil water storage fluctuation.
To elucidate the water cycle in lowland forests of the Mekong River basin, our research group est... more To elucidate the water cycle in lowland forests of the Mekong River basin, our research group established four experimental watersheds in the Stung Chinit River basin in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. The drainage areas of these experimental watersheds ranged from small (4 km 2 ) to mesoscale (3,659 km 2 ). Here, we present the first preliminary results of our rainfall-discharge observations and analyses of temporal variations of stable isotope ratios in rainfall, stream water, and groundwater. This paper focuses on the following three main topics: annual rainfall, discharge, and water balance; stormflow generation and dominant flow pathways; and flow regimes and stream water residence times. All stream water residence times (s = 1.7-7.5 months) for the four experimental watersheds were shorter than the residence time of the groundwater (s = 9.4 months) through the soil and regolith layers, implying that the stream waters consisted of not only the groundwater-flow component, but also younger-aged flow components such as saturationexcess overland flow. The smallest (4 km 2 ; O Toek Loork) watershed had longer residence time (s = 7.5 months) than the three larger watersheds (126-3,659 km 2 ; s = 1.7-3.9 months). This may suggest differing contributions of the groundwater and younger-aged flow components in the stream water in each watershed. Our approach of multi-scale watershed observation might better contribute to the needs of physically based models and aid in predictions for ungauged basins.
Some forests in the Asian monsoon region are reported to transpire actively, even in the late dry... more Some forests in the Asian monsoon region are reported to transpire actively, even in the late dry season. The evergreen forest in central Cambodia is included in them. The surface conductance was estimated for an evergreen forest in central Cambodia in the late dry (May) and rainy (August) seasons, and the effects of environmental conditions on surface conductance were compared between seasons. The effects of soil moisture did not differ between seasons, indicating that soil water drought in the late dry season does not limit transpiration from the entire forest community. Evergreen forests in central Cambodia are thought to transpire actively in the late dry season.
In the Mekong River basin, the increase in farming associated with a rapidly growing population h... more In the Mekong River basin, the increase in farming associated with a rapidly growing population has lead to a dramatic reduction in forest area. The incidence of illegal logging and wood collection is also increasing throughout the entire Asian Monsoon area, including Cambodia. According to Cambodian government statistics, the proportion of forested area in Cambodia has declined from 74% in the 1970s to 58% in 1993. Despite this reduction, the area covered by forests in Cambodia remains high compared to that in adjacent countries. We measured several meteorological elements associated with evapotranspiration, runoff, and precipitation in the broadleaf forest watersheds in Kampong Thom Province of central Cambodia. The topography of the watershed studied was relatively gentle. Meteorological factors were observed with a 60-m-high meteorological observation tower to determine the amount of evapotranspiration. The Energy Balance Bowen Ratio (EBBR) system was used to calculate the energy budget above the forest canopy for estimating evapotranspiration. Moreover, an automatic rain gauge was placed at the top of the observation tower and an interception plot was established for calculating the rainfall interception ratio by forest coverage near the tower. The main vegetation species at the research site were Vatica odorata and Myristica iners. The mean tree height in the upper crown layer at the research site was 27 m, and the maximum tree height was 45 m. Meteorological data for estimation of evapotranspiration were collected from October 2003 to September 2004. The SPAC model, used for analyzing characteristics of evapotranspiration variation, is a multilayer model considering factors such as Reynolds stress, temperature and H2O exchanges of leaves and ground surface, radiation transfer within the canopy, atmospheric diffusion within and above the canopy, energy balance for leaves and ground surface, interception of rainfall, and water budget for leaves. Several parameters were identified from the observation data set. The simulations reproduced the variation in evapotranspiration.
The proportion of forest area is relatively high in Cambodia compared with neighboring countries.... more The proportion of forest area is relatively high in Cambodia compared with neighboring countries. Therefore forest is one of the important factors on the water cycle in this country. The rainfall interception by a tree canopy and evaporation after the rainfall event are one of the important factors for considering such a water cycle. To clarify those processes, a rainfall
ABSTRACT We measured the sap flux densities of 12 deciduous trees in a tropical dry deciduous for... more ABSTRACT We measured the sap flux densities of 12 deciduous trees in a tropical dry deciduous forest with high seasonality of available water located in Cambodia, and evaluated the seasonal trends in transpiration and leaf phenology. For all trees, the minimum transpiration was recorded in the middle of the dry season, and almost all trees restarted transpiration before the first monsoon rain. The occurrence of the “paradox” of leaf phenology was confirmed. During the dry season, transpiration was controlled by leaf phenology and decreased with an increase in the duration of the leafless period. In contrast, during the wet season, daily changes in transpiration were determined by changes in evaporative demand. Transpiration during the dry season accounted for more than 30% of the annual total among trees, and at the stand-scale, the dry season contribution was 38%. The dry-season transpiration was not negligible for the water balance in this ecosystem. The soil water condition in the shallow layer, where the main root system is located, was not the source of transpiration during the dry season. This implied that the root probably extended to a deep layer and absorbed water. The relationships between the mean canopy stomatal conductance and vapor pressure deficit revealed that most trees were isohydric. Isohydric behavior controlling stomatal openness to avoid xylem hydraulic failure was also confirmed at the stand-scale, and was advantageous for these trees, allowing them to continue transpiring under the high evaporative demand during the dry season. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The QCM-type SO 2 gas sensors were fabricated using amino-functional poly(styrene-co-chloromethyl... more The QCM-type SO 2 gas sensors were fabricated using amino-functional poly(styrene-co-chloromethyl styrene) derivatives. Three kinds of diamine compounds, DMEDA, DMPDA and DPEDA, were comparatively used to introduce amino groups into the copolymer. The response time was the shortest for the sensor using the DPEDA functional copolymer, though the sensitivity was the smallest at the same measuring temperature. Sensing characteristics were affected by the measuring temperature and by the mole fraction of chloromethylstyrene in the copolymers. Further, a small addition of organically modi®ed siloxane oligomer was effective for further reduction of the response time. The sensor using the DPEDA functional copolymer containing 5 wt.% of siloxane oligomer had the fastest response time (t 1 0 0 11 min) and complete reversibility even at 508C. # (M. Matsuguchi). 0925-4005/01/$ ± see front matter # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 9 2 5 -4 0 0 5 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 7 3 5 -3
Development pressure has led to serious deforestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly ra... more Development pressure has led to serious deforestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly rapid deforestation has occurred in easily accessible lowland areas, and it is thus important to accumulate knowledge about these forests immediately. We measured evapotranspiration rates for a lowland dry evergreen forest in Kampong Thom Province, central Cambodia, using the energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) method based on meteorological data collected from a 60-m-high observation tower. Daily evapotranspiration was higher during the dry season than during the rainy season of the Asian monsoon climate. The seasonal variation in evapotranspiration generally corresponded to the seasonal difference in the vapor pressure deficit. A multilayer model was used to simulate the seasonal variation in evapotranspiration. The multilayer model also reproduced the larger evapotranspiration rate in the dry season than in the rainy season. However, observed values substantially exceeded model-calculated results during certain periods at the beginning of the dry season and in the late dry season. Moreover, during the rainy season, the model tended to overestimate evapotranspiration. The differences between these observed and simulated values may have been caused by seasonal characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration in the lowland dry evergreen forest that were not considered in the model simulation.
It has been thought that corrective posterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) s... more It has been thought that corrective posterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) should be started on the concave side because initial convex manipulation would increase the risk of vertebral malrotation, worsening the rib hump. With the many new materials, implants, and manipulation techniques (e.g., direct vertebral rotation) now available, we hypothesized that manipulating the convex side first is no longer taboo. Our technique has two major facets. (1) Curve correction is started from the convex side with a derotation maneuver and in situ bending followed by concave rod application. (2) A 6.35 mm diameter pure titanium rod is used on the convex side and a 6.35 mm diameter titanium alloy rod on the concave side. Altogether, 52 patients were divided into two groups. Group N included 40 patients (3 male, 37 female; average age 15.9 years) of Lenke type 1 (23 patients), type 2 (2), type 3 (3), type 5 (10), type 6 (2). They were treated with a new technique using 6.35 ...
It is critically important for AIS patients to avoid perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions.... more It is critically important for AIS patients to avoid perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions. Toward this aim, many institutes use autologous blood storage to perform perioperative transfusions. However, there is no standard timeline for collecting blood for storage. Therefore, the objective of this prospective cohort study was to compare the outcome of two different schedules for collecting autologous blood before operation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Inclusion criteria are AIS patients, younger than 20 years old, female, operated between 2009 and 2013 with posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation who had 1600 mL autologous blood collected before operation. A total of 61 patients were participated in this study. They were randomly divided into 2 groups based on the storage interval. Weekly group (1W-G) consisted of 30 patients with a total of 1600mL blood collected weekly beginning 4 weeks before the operation. Biweekly group (2W-G) consisted of 31 pat...
We herein report a patient with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) who developed anti-C... more We herein report a patient with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) who developed anti-CADM-140 autoantibody in association with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD). Chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) revealed early pulmonary involvement preceding typical cutaneous lesions. Primary lesions of patchy peribronchial opacity developed ground-glass opacity and consolidation with architectural distortion and traction bronchiectasis. The possibility of anti-CADM-140 autoantibody-associated RP-ILD should be considered when patchy peribronchial opacity of an unknown cause is visible on chest HRCT.
Elderly patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are frequently underrepresente... more Elderly patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are frequently underrepresented in clinical trials that evaluate chemoradiotherapy, due to their poor functional status, coexisting illnesses and limited life expectancy. The Japan Clinical Oncology Group 0301 trial (JCOG0301) was the first study to demonstrate that thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) with daily low-dose carboplatin may improve the outcome of elderly patients with stage III NSCLC. However, the efficacy and safety profiles of chemoradiotherapy, including platinum doublets, have not been clearly determined in this patient population. We retrospectively assessed the efficacy and toxicity of weekly paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin and concurrent TRT in patients aged ≥75 years with previously untreated locally advanced NSCLC. Between February, 2004 and July, 2013, we collected the data of 20 patients treated with weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin for 6 weeks and concurrent TRT. The objective respon...
Non-HIV patients with pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) have a poor prognosis. We aimed to evaluate th... more Non-HIV patients with pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) have a poor prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality in terms of the clinical findings, including the results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)-analyses, in non-HIV PCP patients. We retrospectively reviewed non-HIV PCP patients diagnosed using bronchoalveolar lavage between April 2006 and July 2012. For patients with a poor respiratory status, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) was used during the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure. Data regarding demographics, laboratory findings and the prognosis were evaluated. A total of 29 non-HIV PCP patients were analyzed. NPPV was carried out safely and successfully in 12 patients during the BAL procedure. Twelve patients (41%) died. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified only BALF neutrophilia to be a significant prognostic factor determining in-hospital mortality. The log-rank test showed that the patients wit...
Objective Radiographic findings in patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) are usually di... more Objective Radiographic findings in patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) are usually diffuse and bilateral, although they may occasionally be unilateral. The clinical aspects of predominantly unilateral DAH are not well known. Therefore, our objective was to describe the clinical characteristics of predominantly right-sided DAH. Methods We retrospectively reviewed data for 460 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples collected between January 2009 and July 2013. Patients who presented with increasingly hemorrhagic BALF were diagnosed with DAH, and unilateral predominance was determined based on the degree of infiltration on chest radiographs. Results The records of 54 patients with DAH were evaluated. The leading etiology was pulmonary congestion due to heart failure (n=15). The radiographs showed right-sided infiltration in 18 patients (33%), left-sided infiltration in six patients (11%) and bilateral infiltration in 30 patients (56%). Predominantly right-sided DAH was...
This study of a water cycle was conducted in an evergreen forest located in the Mekong River Basi... more This study of a water cycle was conducted in an evergreen forest located in the Mekong River Basin in central Cambodia. At the observation site, we measured the dynamics of the spatial distribution of groundwater levels. The groundwater movement was analyzed two-dimensionally using boundary conditions and parameters that had been observed in the field. The climate in the research area is dominated by two seasons, which occur annually: a rainy and a dry season. The groundwater levels are generally high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. Groundwater levels were measured along a stream, which flowed through the study site. The streambed was visible at the head of the stream in January. At the next downriver well point, the streambed appeared in March. Finally, it became visible at all well points in April, meaning that surface runoff had disappeared temporarily and instead flowed underground during the ensuing dry period. Groundwater levels of the studied lateral flow perpendicular to the stream that seeped and infiltrated into the stream were 1.2-2.5 m deep (in April), which was the lowest level recorded for the year. During that period, the depth of the groundwater of the studied lateral flow fell by as much as 56 mm per month. In addition, the lateral flow groundwater infiltrated into groundwater of the stream during that period. The groundwater level fluctuation was estimated based on a two-dimensional analysis of lateral flow perpendicular to the stream using a numerical simulation model with soil physical parameters and observed boundary conditions. The observations of ground water fluctuations were well reproduced. Deep seepage of groundwater was estimated using a uniform boundary condition that allowed efflux through the bottom, estimated as being approximately 30 mm per year. The simulated deep seepage rate was considered plausible considering other hydrological components such as soil water storage fluctuation.
To elucidate the water cycle in lowland forests of the Mekong River basin, our research group est... more To elucidate the water cycle in lowland forests of the Mekong River basin, our research group established four experimental watersheds in the Stung Chinit River basin in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. The drainage areas of these experimental watersheds ranged from small (4 km 2 ) to mesoscale (3,659 km 2 ). Here, we present the first preliminary results of our rainfall-discharge observations and analyses of temporal variations of stable isotope ratios in rainfall, stream water, and groundwater. This paper focuses on the following three main topics: annual rainfall, discharge, and water balance; stormflow generation and dominant flow pathways; and flow regimes and stream water residence times. All stream water residence times (s = 1.7-7.5 months) for the four experimental watersheds were shorter than the residence time of the groundwater (s = 9.4 months) through the soil and regolith layers, implying that the stream waters consisted of not only the groundwater-flow component, but also younger-aged flow components such as saturationexcess overland flow. The smallest (4 km 2 ; O Toek Loork) watershed had longer residence time (s = 7.5 months) than the three larger watersheds (126-3,659 km 2 ; s = 1.7-3.9 months). This may suggest differing contributions of the groundwater and younger-aged flow components in the stream water in each watershed. Our approach of multi-scale watershed observation might better contribute to the needs of physically based models and aid in predictions for ungauged basins.
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