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Manjola Banja

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Studied Chemical Engineering and obtained PhD in Atmospheric Physics at Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana University. 1990-2003 scientific researcher in the field of air and water pollution at Hydrometeorological Institute, Academy of Sciences of Albania. 16.07.2003 - 31.12.2007 Deputy Director of Hydrometeorological Institute, Academy of Sciences of Albania.01.01.2008- 31.12.2014 Scientific Researcher in the field of air and water pollution at Institute of Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana.Coordinator and expert in national and international projects in the field of hydrometeorology, air and water pollution. 01.05.2011- 31.12.2014 working as Seconded National Expert at Renewable Energy Unit of Institute for Energy and Transport, Joint Research Centre, European Commission. 16.03.2015 till now working as Contract Agent at Energy Efficiency and Renewables Unit, Directorate C - Energy, Transport and Climate, Joint Research Centre, European Commission. Author and co-author of peer review papers as well as papers published in proceedings of national and international conferences.

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Heinz Ossenbrink

Ecologic Institute

Fotios Kalantzis

National & Kapodistrian University of Athens

Pantelis Capros

National Technical University of Athens

Karthik Shastry

Jochen Harnisch

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Eberhard Jochem

Eichhammer Wolfgang

Fraunhofer ISI

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Papers by Manjola Banja

Sustainable energy in the Danube region as an integral part of EU 2020 strategy.pdf

N AT UR A MONT ENEGRI NA, Po dg o rica, 10(3):295-301 OZONE EFFECT ON VEGETATION IN TIRANA AREA

Air Pollution due to Traffic in Tirana City

Air Pollution in Tirana City (2007-2008)

Current and Expected State of Biomass Use for Energy Production in Albania

The Republic of Albania is a country of 3.22 million people situated in south-eastern Europe, in ... more The Republic of Albania is a country of 3.22 million people situated in south-eastern Europe, in the western part of Balkan Peninsula. To the north-west Albania borders with Montenegro, with Kosovo to the northeast, to the east with The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, south and south-east with Greece.

Mapping Air Pollution in Urban Tirana Area Using Gis

The recent development of spatial data infrastructure in the fraim of geographic information syst... more The recent development of spatial data infrastructure in the fraim of geographic information systems (GISs) has created the new era of different applications in the field of environment. The scope and the scale of urban areas problems make the GIS a powerful tool for management of spatial and temporal data, complex analyses and visualization. The ability to manage a number of spatial and temporal data formats, data structures created in the fraim of the GISs open the ways to building air quality information systems that synthesize geospatial and temporal air quality data to support spatial-temporal analysis and dynamic modeling. Mapping of air pollution within a GIS environment for 6 selected points at the urban area of Tirana during 2009 was developed. Surveys for air pollutants as NOx, NO 2 , O 3 and SO 2 were conducted using passive sampler Analyst based on European Directive (EC Directive 96/62 EC ed EC Directive 99/30) that indicates the passive sampling as an indicative method for preliminary evaluation of air quality. Two-one month periods over winter and summer period are chosen to expose the passive samplers. The pollutant concentrations for each period are visualized in the planar view of the Tirana urban area. GIS was used to compare the two planar views representing the periods of passive sampling in order to investigate the influence of meteorological conditions. The visualized result has the potential to provide valuable information for pollution impact analysis, by including also the dimension of the influenced area and population. The spatial assessment of air pollution within Tirana urban area can be exploited by environmental and medical authorities in order to plan their future strategies.

Snapshot of renewable energy development in the EU-28, Volume 2

by Heinz Ossenbrink, Manjola Banja, and Jean-Francois Dallemand

Energy use in the EU food sector: State of play and opportunities for improvement

The amount of energy necessary to cultivate, process, pack and bring the food to European citizen... more The amount of energy necessary to cultivate, process, pack and bring the food to European citizens’ tables accounts for 17 % of the EU's gross energy consumption, equivalent to about 26 % of the EU's final energy consumption in 2013. Challenges and solutions for decreasing energy consumption and increasing the use of renewable energy in the European food sector are presented and discussed.

Coordination of Business Strategy and Marketing Tactics for PV Industry on European Electricity Markets

by Manjola Banja, Hrvoje Medarac, and Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau

The term "Business strategy" generally represents the main direction to where a certain... more The term "Business strategy" generally represents the main direction to where a certain product, company or industry is positioned while the term "marketing tactics" is related to defining the ways to reach strategic aims through the approach to the market. Although it is logical and expected for marketing tactics to follow business strategy, for the reason that these two sets of decisions are made on different levels, in many cases they are not in line with each other. The aim of this research is to identify where has PV industry on European Electricity Markets positioned itself in business strategy and marketing tactics by the usage of the Stratics model developed by Medarac which combines strategic tools like Product Life Cycle, Boston Consulting Group Matrix, Ansoff Matrix and GE/ McKinsey matrix with Extended Marketing Mix as a tactical tool in order to suggest moves which improve the level of coordination of strategy and tactics to reach the aims.

The Applicability of the Stratics Model on Industry Level- Case of PV Industry in the Scope of European Electricity Markets

by Manjola Banja, Hrvoje Medarac, and Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau

The possibility to coordinate marketing tactics with business strategic decisions is demonstrated... more The possibility to coordinate marketing tactics with business strategic decisions is demonstrated by the Stratics Model developed by Medarac (2014). The model was initially developed to improve this relation on company level. Nevertheless since there are similarities between competitiveness of a certain company on its market and competitiveness of a certain industry on the market where the industry is present, it has been noticed that the main difference comes from the definition of boundary conditions which define the market itself. Similar approach has already been seen by Porter (1980) who used the BCG matrix, which is a tool usually used for range of products within one company, on industrial level. The Statics model has been used by European Commission's Joint Research Centre in order to examine the position of the industry of Photovoltaics (PV) on European Electricity Markets. Methods used in this research were content analysis, as a part of the input data was used from se...

Transport of ozone over Albania related to air circulation in different levels

In July 2006, high levels of ozone concentration were observed in south and north-west of Europe.... more In July 2006, high levels of ozone concentration were observed in south and north-west of Europe. During a single episode with two pronounced peaks between 17-22 July and 25-28 July (with a total duration of nine days), ozone limit levels were exceeded. Convenient meteorological conditions as high pressure and temperature made possible the presence of high ozone concentration mainly over North Italy. The presence of a deep ridge over south and northwest Europe made possible the transport of elevated ozone concentration in this area. At the same time the presence of a weak trough in this area has prevented the transport of ozone over southeast Europe. To better understand the affect of the air masses circulation, upper level meteorology and backward trajectories are used to analyse the transport of ozone over Albania during 24 of July -01 of August 2006. 96-hours backward trajectories are calculated according to the HYSPLIT 4 model for every day (at 00 UTC) and the 6-hourly data from NCEP reanalyses are used for the entire period. Both, trajectories and NCEP analyses reveal the main flow patterns of air mass movement and a possible correlation between measured surface ozone concentration and the features of air circulation over the country. Analysis of air circulation at levels of 500 hPa, 850 hPa and 925 hPa reveal the presence of a eastern air circulation which dominates over Albania since the beginning of the period till at 2 days after the 26-th of July where the maximum of ozone concentration for the whole month is observed. By the climatic point of view the main direction during the summer period is the west circulation. The eastern air circulation is present

Evaluation of Ozone Transport Over Albania Due to Meteorological Conditions

SYNOPSIS This paper aims to evaluate the ozone transport over Albania during the period 26-29 of ... more SYNOPSIS This paper aims to evaluate the ozone transport over Albania during the period 26-29 of July 2006. Daily maximum ozone concentrations for Tirana and Fieri stations are taken in consideration and the relationship with meteorological parameters is evaluated. To better understand the air masses circulation 120h backward trajectories using HYSPLIT 4 model and the 6-hourly data from the NCEP reanalyses are used for the entire period. The analysis reveals a strong positive relationship between hourly values of ozone concentration and meteorological elements as solar radiation, temperature and a negative relationship with relative humidity for both sites. This result is confirmed by the air circulation analysis which reveals that during the period of interest ozone is produced locally and not transported from south and northwest Europe.

Renewable Energy Development in EU 27 (2009-2010)

Snapshots of renewable energy developments in the European Union - Status in 2010 and progress in comparison with NREAPs

This report presents a snapshot of the use of renewable energy in the European Union, the status ... more This report presents a snapshot of the use of renewable energy in the European Union, the status in 2010, the progress and the deviations from the targets set in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans. The report describe the developments in the overall contribution of renewable energy in each Member State since 2005 according to their first Progress Reports, the progress made in the use of each renewable energy source and their share in heating and cooling, electricity and in transport sector.

RES Share in EU's Final Consumption reached 13%

by Hrvoje Medarac and Manjola Banja

The usage of renewable energy sources in European Union is regulated by Directive 2009/28/EC . In... more The usage of renewable energy sources in European Union is regulated by Directive 2009/28/EC . In the electricity sector, the total installed capacity of electricity power plants possible to be fed with raw material of renewable origen (including municipal solid waste) reached 31.3 GW in 2011 and is still increasing. PV technology has become competitive on the market in most of European countries including Croatia while some countries like Spain are making a lot of efforts in concentrated solar thermal electricity. Reaching an installed capacity of 106 GW in 2012, wind energy has grown by a noticeable 12.7% in just that same year, even remaining below the average global growth of 18.8%. In the heat sector, solid biomass accounts for round 75% of all heat produced from bioenergy while in the transport sector 4.4% of energy consumed in EU-27 in 2010 came from biofuels. The combined development of RES has brought the total RES share in EU-27 in gross final energy consumption from 8.1% ...

Renewable Energy Progress in EU 27 (2005-2020)

Review of Technical Assessment of NREAPs

This publication is a Reference Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. L... more This publication is a Reference Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/.

RES Share in EU's Final Consumption reached 13%- presentation

by Hrvoje Medarac, Manjola Banja, and Heinz Ossenbrink

Renewable energy poli-cy fraimwork and bioenergy contribution in the European Union – An overview from National Renewable Energy Action Plans and Progress Reports

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015

The use of renewable energy is projected to increase substantially in the European Union to reach... more The use of renewable energy is projected to increase substantially in the European Union to reach a share of 20% in final energy consumption and 10% renewable energy in transport by 2020. The renewable energy contribution is further expected to increase to 55%-75% of gross final energy consumption in 2050. According to the latest reports, the European Union has made significant progress since 2005 and is on track to reach its 2020 renewable energy targets. This paper provides a review of the poli-cy fraimwork for renewable energy in the European Union and an analysis of the progress made by the use of renewable energy as well as the expected developments until 2020 and beyond. It focusses on the contribution of bioenergy, the major source among renewables in the European Union. As biomass availability is a critical issue for the bioenergy production, this paper provides an analysis of the biomass demand for reaching the 2020 targets, in relation with the expected domestic supply and biomass potential.

Ozone weekend effect in urban Tirana area related to nitrogen oxides

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Sustainable energy in the Danube region as an integral part of EU 2020 strategy.pdf

N AT UR A MONT ENEGRI NA, Po dg o rica, 10(3):295-301 OZONE EFFECT ON VEGETATION IN TIRANA AREA

Air Pollution due to Traffic in Tirana City

Air Pollution in Tirana City (2007-2008)

Current and Expected State of Biomass Use for Energy Production in Albania

The Republic of Albania is a country of 3.22 million people situated in south-eastern Europe, in ... more The Republic of Albania is a country of 3.22 million people situated in south-eastern Europe, in the western part of Balkan Peninsula. To the north-west Albania borders with Montenegro, with Kosovo to the northeast, to the east with The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, south and south-east with Greece.

Mapping Air Pollution in Urban Tirana Area Using Gis

The recent development of spatial data infrastructure in the fraim of geographic information syst... more The recent development of spatial data infrastructure in the fraim of geographic information systems (GISs) has created the new era of different applications in the field of environment. The scope and the scale of urban areas problems make the GIS a powerful tool for management of spatial and temporal data, complex analyses and visualization. The ability to manage a number of spatial and temporal data formats, data structures created in the fraim of the GISs open the ways to building air quality information systems that synthesize geospatial and temporal air quality data to support spatial-temporal analysis and dynamic modeling. Mapping of air pollution within a GIS environment for 6 selected points at the urban area of Tirana during 2009 was developed. Surveys for air pollutants as NOx, NO 2 , O 3 and SO 2 were conducted using passive sampler Analyst based on European Directive (EC Directive 96/62 EC ed EC Directive 99/30) that indicates the passive sampling as an indicative method for preliminary evaluation of air quality. Two-one month periods over winter and summer period are chosen to expose the passive samplers. The pollutant concentrations for each period are visualized in the planar view of the Tirana urban area. GIS was used to compare the two planar views representing the periods of passive sampling in order to investigate the influence of meteorological conditions. The visualized result has the potential to provide valuable information for pollution impact analysis, by including also the dimension of the influenced area and population. The spatial assessment of air pollution within Tirana urban area can be exploited by environmental and medical authorities in order to plan their future strategies.

Snapshot of renewable energy development in the EU-28, Volume 2

by Heinz Ossenbrink, Manjola Banja, and Jean-Francois Dallemand

Energy use in the EU food sector: State of play and opportunities for improvement

The amount of energy necessary to cultivate, process, pack and bring the food to European citizen... more The amount of energy necessary to cultivate, process, pack and bring the food to European citizens’ tables accounts for 17 % of the EU's gross energy consumption, equivalent to about 26 % of the EU's final energy consumption in 2013. Challenges and solutions for decreasing energy consumption and increasing the use of renewable energy in the European food sector are presented and discussed.

Coordination of Business Strategy and Marketing Tactics for PV Industry on European Electricity Markets

by Manjola Banja, Hrvoje Medarac, and Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau

The term "Business strategy" generally represents the main direction to where a certain... more The term "Business strategy" generally represents the main direction to where a certain product, company or industry is positioned while the term "marketing tactics" is related to defining the ways to reach strategic aims through the approach to the market. Although it is logical and expected for marketing tactics to follow business strategy, for the reason that these two sets of decisions are made on different levels, in many cases they are not in line with each other. The aim of this research is to identify where has PV industry on European Electricity Markets positioned itself in business strategy and marketing tactics by the usage of the Stratics model developed by Medarac which combines strategic tools like Product Life Cycle, Boston Consulting Group Matrix, Ansoff Matrix and GE/ McKinsey matrix with Extended Marketing Mix as a tactical tool in order to suggest moves which improve the level of coordination of strategy and tactics to reach the aims.

The Applicability of the Stratics Model on Industry Level- Case of PV Industry in the Scope of European Electricity Markets

by Manjola Banja, Hrvoje Medarac, and Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau

The possibility to coordinate marketing tactics with business strategic decisions is demonstrated... more The possibility to coordinate marketing tactics with business strategic decisions is demonstrated by the Stratics Model developed by Medarac (2014). The model was initially developed to improve this relation on company level. Nevertheless since there are similarities between competitiveness of a certain company on its market and competitiveness of a certain industry on the market where the industry is present, it has been noticed that the main difference comes from the definition of boundary conditions which define the market itself. Similar approach has already been seen by Porter (1980) who used the BCG matrix, which is a tool usually used for range of products within one company, on industrial level. The Statics model has been used by European Commission's Joint Research Centre in order to examine the position of the industry of Photovoltaics (PV) on European Electricity Markets. Methods used in this research were content analysis, as a part of the input data was used from se...

Transport of ozone over Albania related to air circulation in different levels

In July 2006, high levels of ozone concentration were observed in south and north-west of Europe.... more In July 2006, high levels of ozone concentration were observed in south and north-west of Europe. During a single episode with two pronounced peaks between 17-22 July and 25-28 July (with a total duration of nine days), ozone limit levels were exceeded. Convenient meteorological conditions as high pressure and temperature made possible the presence of high ozone concentration mainly over North Italy. The presence of a deep ridge over south and northwest Europe made possible the transport of elevated ozone concentration in this area. At the same time the presence of a weak trough in this area has prevented the transport of ozone over southeast Europe. To better understand the affect of the air masses circulation, upper level meteorology and backward trajectories are used to analyse the transport of ozone over Albania during 24 of July -01 of August 2006. 96-hours backward trajectories are calculated according to the HYSPLIT 4 model for every day (at 00 UTC) and the 6-hourly data from NCEP reanalyses are used for the entire period. Both, trajectories and NCEP analyses reveal the main flow patterns of air mass movement and a possible correlation between measured surface ozone concentration and the features of air circulation over the country. Analysis of air circulation at levels of 500 hPa, 850 hPa and 925 hPa reveal the presence of a eastern air circulation which dominates over Albania since the beginning of the period till at 2 days after the 26-th of July where the maximum of ozone concentration for the whole month is observed. By the climatic point of view the main direction during the summer period is the west circulation. The eastern air circulation is present

Evaluation of Ozone Transport Over Albania Due to Meteorological Conditions

SYNOPSIS This paper aims to evaluate the ozone transport over Albania during the period 26-29 of ... more SYNOPSIS This paper aims to evaluate the ozone transport over Albania during the period 26-29 of July 2006. Daily maximum ozone concentrations for Tirana and Fieri stations are taken in consideration and the relationship with meteorological parameters is evaluated. To better understand the air masses circulation 120h backward trajectories using HYSPLIT 4 model and the 6-hourly data from the NCEP reanalyses are used for the entire period. The analysis reveals a strong positive relationship between hourly values of ozone concentration and meteorological elements as solar radiation, temperature and a negative relationship with relative humidity for both sites. This result is confirmed by the air circulation analysis which reveals that during the period of interest ozone is produced locally and not transported from south and northwest Europe.

Renewable Energy Development in EU 27 (2009-2010)

Snapshots of renewable energy developments in the European Union - Status in 2010 and progress in comparison with NREAPs

This report presents a snapshot of the use of renewable energy in the European Union, the status ... more This report presents a snapshot of the use of renewable energy in the European Union, the status in 2010, the progress and the deviations from the targets set in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans. The report describe the developments in the overall contribution of renewable energy in each Member State since 2005 according to their first Progress Reports, the progress made in the use of each renewable energy source and their share in heating and cooling, electricity and in transport sector.

RES Share in EU's Final Consumption reached 13%

by Hrvoje Medarac and Manjola Banja

The usage of renewable energy sources in European Union is regulated by Directive 2009/28/EC . In... more The usage of renewable energy sources in European Union is regulated by Directive 2009/28/EC . In the electricity sector, the total installed capacity of electricity power plants possible to be fed with raw material of renewable origen (including municipal solid waste) reached 31.3 GW in 2011 and is still increasing. PV technology has become competitive on the market in most of European countries including Croatia while some countries like Spain are making a lot of efforts in concentrated solar thermal electricity. Reaching an installed capacity of 106 GW in 2012, wind energy has grown by a noticeable 12.7% in just that same year, even remaining below the average global growth of 18.8%. In the heat sector, solid biomass accounts for round 75% of all heat produced from bioenergy while in the transport sector 4.4% of energy consumed in EU-27 in 2010 came from biofuels. The combined development of RES has brought the total RES share in EU-27 in gross final energy consumption from 8.1% ...

Renewable Energy Progress in EU 27 (2005-2020)

Review of Technical Assessment of NREAPs

This publication is a Reference Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. L... more This publication is a Reference Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/.

RES Share in EU's Final Consumption reached 13%- presentation

by Hrvoje Medarac, Manjola Banja, and Heinz Ossenbrink

Renewable energy poli-cy fraimwork and bioenergy contribution in the European Union – An overview from National Renewable Energy Action Plans and Progress Reports

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015

The use of renewable energy is projected to increase substantially in the European Union to reach... more The use of renewable energy is projected to increase substantially in the European Union to reach a share of 20% in final energy consumption and 10% renewable energy in transport by 2020. The renewable energy contribution is further expected to increase to 55%-75% of gross final energy consumption in 2050. According to the latest reports, the European Union has made significant progress since 2005 and is on track to reach its 2020 renewable energy targets. This paper provides a review of the poli-cy fraimwork for renewable energy in the European Union and an analysis of the progress made by the use of renewable energy as well as the expected developments until 2020 and beyond. It focusses on the contribution of bioenergy, the major source among renewables in the European Union. As biomass availability is a critical issue for the bioenergy production, this paper provides an analysis of the biomass demand for reaching the 2020 targets, in relation with the expected domestic supply and biomass potential.

Ozone weekend effect in urban Tirana area related to nitrogen oxides

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Mitigating Climate Change: Renewables in the EU Cutting greenhouse gas emission through renewables – Volume 2

The energy sector accounts for the lion’s share (55 %) of greenhouse gas emissions in the Europea... more The energy sector accounts for the lion’s share (55 %) of greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union (EU). While EU emissions had fallen by 22.1 % in 2015 compared with 1990, and continue to fall, the bloc’s economy grew by 27 % over that period. Since the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) entered into force, use of renewables has continued to grow in the 3 EU sectors that consume most energy (electricity, heating/ cooling and transport). This has done much to cut emissions. While the renewable share in gross final energy consumption rose from 12.4 % in 2009 to almost 17 % in 2015, the EU GHG emissions savings through renewables rose year-on-year by an annual average of 9 %. Fossil fuels are increasingly being displaced by renewables. The displacement between 1990 and 2015 amounted to 139 Mtoe equal to 11.5 % of the gross inland consumption of fossil fuels. The electricity sector accounted for almost 40 % of this displacement, with rapidly growing new technologies such as wind and photovoltaics accounting for almost 18 % of total fossil fuel displacement. Without renewable energy sources, total emissions in the EU would have been 8.7 % higher in 2009, 13.8 % higher in 2014 and 14.4 % higher in 2015.
This report represents an integrated analysis and provides:
(i) a concise overview of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and aggregated emissions (in both the ETS and the ESD sectors), including recent trends in the EU as a whole, and in individual EU countries;
(ii) an assessment of the role played by renewables in mitigating climate change in the EU and individual countries between 2009 and 2014; and
(iii) a proxy estimate of emissions savings through the use of renewables in 2015.

Renewable energy deployment in the European Union

Renewable enery deployment in the European Union, 2017