The occurrence and movement of groundwater especially in fractured bedrock aquifers in a given ar... more The occurrence and movement of groundwater especially in fractured bedrock aquifers in a given area is governed by many factors viz., topography, lithology, geological structures, fracture density, aperture and connectivity, secondary porosity. The study is an attempt to delineate groundwater potential zones in deep midland aquifers along the Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India. The study area (~ 840 km2) is part of the Bharathapuzha river basin (10 40-10 50 N latitude and 76 05-76 30 E longitude), is mainly underlain by massive Charnockite/Charnockite gneiss type of rock formation. Vertical Electrical Sounding data collected from 66 locations was interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain layered resistivity parameters and potential fractured zones in the deep aquifer. Thematic maps of drainage, geology, geomorphology, slope and lineaments were prepared using toposheets and IRS P6 LISS III imagery. Slope map shows steeper slopes in the southern and northeastern part of the study area. Dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern is dominant in the area, is often controlled by lineaments and fault zones. Qualitative interpretation of vertical electrical sounding (VES) data shows multi-layered profiles in most of the locations (> 4 resistivity layers). Out of 66 VES curves, 24 nos. are 5 layered, 23 nos. are 6 layered, 17 are 7 layered and 2 are 4 layered. Resistivity of first layer varied from 11.9 Ωm (VES-37) to 8089 Ωm (VES-3) and thickness varied from 0.78 m (VES- 37) to 4.79 m (VES-64). Resistivity of second layer varied from 35.3 Ωm (VES-3) to 11382 Ωm (VES-11) and thickness varied from 0.364 m (VES-11) to 11.3 m (VES-59). Bore wells of moderate to high yield tapping the deep aquifer zones are mainly located along lineament intersections.
Seawater intrusion generally occurs when withdrawal of fresh groundwater from coastal aquifers re... more Seawater intrusion generally occurs when withdrawal of fresh groundwater from coastal aquifers results in declining groundwater levels, facilitating lateral and/or vertical migration of saline water causing deterioration of groundwater quality. Electrical resistivity sounding techniques and hydrochemical studies are widely used to determine the interaction between groundwater and saline water/seawater in coastal aquifers. Vertical electrical soundings were carried out at 15 locations in the midland and coastal plain reaches of Periyar River basin in central Kerala, India (9 55-10 20 N latitude and 76 05-76 25 E longitude) using CRM 500 model aquameter. In-situ water quality parameters of water samples from 63 shallow well were also measured using handheld multi-parameter instrument. The cation and anion content of selected water samples (32 nos.) were also determined. Electrical resistivity profiles were interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain nature and thickness of different resistivity layers. The depth to fresh-saline water interface was delineated from resistivity model. The study indicates majority of the curves obtained are Q type with 3 layers. The depth to saline-fresh water interface varied from <1 to 5 m at different locations. The high salinity clay horizons are identified at various depths. Hydrochemical data was analysed using hill-piper diagram and statistical plots to understand groundwater-seawater mixing/interaction in the coastal aquifers. The dominant groundwater type is Na-Cl followed by Mg-Cl at few places. Higher pH, EC and TDS is noted in the western part towards seaward side. Turbidity levels are found increasing towards the southern part. The TA, TH, Ca2+,Mg2+,K+ content of the water samples found increasing towards southwest parts. The Na+, Cl- and (SO4)2- content is found higher in the northwestern parts.
The occurrence and movement of groundwater especially in fractured bedrock aquifers in a given ar... more The occurrence and movement of groundwater especially in fractured bedrock aquifers in a given area is governed by many factors viz., topography, lithology, geological structures, fracture density, aperture and connectivity, secondary porosity. The study is an attempt to delineate groundwater potential zones in deep midland aquifers along the Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India. The study area (~ 840 km2) is part of the Bharathapuzha river basin (10 40-10 50 N latitude and 76 05-76 30 E longitude), is mainly underlain by massive Charnockite/Charnockite gneiss type of rock formation. Vertical Electrical Sounding data collected from 66 locations was interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain layered resistivity parameters and potential fractured zones in the deep aquifer. Thematic maps of drainage, geology, geomorphology, slope and lineaments were prepared using toposheets and IRS P6 LISS III imagery. Slope map shows steeper slopes in the southern and northeastern part of the study area. Dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern is dominant in the area, is often controlled by lineaments and fault zones. Qualitative interpretation of vertical electrical sounding (VES) data shows multi-layered profiles in most of the locations (> 4 resistivity layers). Out of 66 VES curves, 24 nos. are 5 layered, 23 nos. are 6 layered, 17 are 7 layered and 2 are 4 layered. Resistivity of first layer varied from 11.9 Ωm (VES-37) to 8089 Ωm (VES-3) and thickness varied from 0.78 m (VES- 37) to 4.79 m (VES-64). Resistivity of second layer varied from 35.3 Ωm (VES-3) to 11382 Ωm (VES-11) and thickness varied from 0.364 m (VES-11) to 11.3 m (VES-59). Bore wells of moderate to high yield tapping the deep aquifer zones are mainly located along lineament intersections.
Seawater intrusion generally occurs when withdrawal of fresh groundwater from coastal aquifers re... more Seawater intrusion generally occurs when withdrawal of fresh groundwater from coastal aquifers results in declining groundwater levels, facilitating lateral and/or vertical migration of saline water causing deterioration of groundwater quality. Electrical resistivity sounding techniques and hydrochemical studies are widely used to determine the interaction between groundwater and saline water/seawater in coastal aquifers. Vertical electrical soundings were carried out at 15 locations in the midland and coastal plain reaches of Periyar River basin in central Kerala, India (9 55-10 20 N latitude and 76 05-76 25 E longitude) using CRM 500 model aquameter. In-situ water quality parameters of water samples from 63 shallow well were also measured using handheld multi-parameter instrument. The cation and anion content of selected water samples (32 nos.) were also determined. Electrical resistivity profiles were interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain nature and thickness of different resistivity layers. The depth to fresh-saline water interface was delineated from resistivity model. The study indicates majority of the curves obtained are Q type with 3 layers. The depth to saline-fresh water interface varied from <1 to 5 m at different locations. The high salinity clay horizons are identified at various depths. Hydrochemical data was analysed using hill-piper diagram and statistical plots to understand groundwater-seawater mixing/interaction in the coastal aquifers. The dominant groundwater type is Na-Cl followed by Mg-Cl at few places. Higher pH, EC and TDS is noted in the western part towards seaward side. Turbidity levels are found increasing towards the southern part. The TA, TH, Ca2+,Mg2+,K+ content of the water samples found increasing towards southwest parts. The Na+, Cl- and (SO4)2- content is found higher in the northwestern parts.
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factors viz., topography, lithology, geological structures, fracture density, aperture and connectivity, secondary porosity. The
study is an attempt to delineate groundwater potential zones in deep midland aquifers along the Bharathapuzha river basin,
Kerala, India. The study area (~ 840 km2) is part of the Bharathapuzha river basin (10 40-10 50 N latitude and 76 05-76 30
E longitude), is mainly underlain by massive Charnockite/Charnockite gneiss type of rock formation. Vertical Electrical
Sounding data collected from 66 locations was interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain layered resistivity parameters
and potential fractured zones in the deep aquifer. Thematic maps of drainage, geology, geomorphology, slope and lineaments
were prepared using toposheets and IRS P6 LISS III imagery. Slope map shows steeper slopes in the southern and northeastern
part of the study area. Dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern is dominant in the area, is often controlled by lineaments and
fault zones. Qualitative interpretation of vertical electrical sounding (VES) data shows multi-layered profiles in most of the
locations (> 4 resistivity layers). Out of 66 VES curves, 24 nos. are 5 layered, 23 nos. are 6 layered, 17 are 7 layered and 2 are 4
layered. Resistivity of first layer varied from 11.9 Ωm (VES-37) to 8089 Ωm (VES-3) and thickness varied from 0.78 m (VES-
37) to 4.79 m (VES-64). Resistivity of second layer varied from 35.3 Ωm (VES-3) to 11382 Ωm (VES-11) and thickness varied
from 0.364 m (VES-11) to 11.3 m (VES-59). Bore wells of moderate to high yield tapping the deep aquifer zones are mainly
located along lineament intersections.
levels, facilitating lateral and/or vertical migration of saline water causing deterioration of groundwater quality. Electrical
resistivity sounding techniques and hydrochemical studies are widely used to determine the interaction between groundwater and
saline water/seawater in coastal aquifers. Vertical electrical soundings were carried out at 15 locations in the midland and coastal
plain reaches of Periyar River basin in central Kerala, India (9 55-10 20 N latitude and 76 05-76 25 E longitude) using
CRM 500 model aquameter. In-situ water quality parameters of water samples from 63 shallow well were also measured using
handheld multi-parameter instrument. The cation and anion content of selected water samples (32 nos.) were also determined.
Electrical resistivity profiles were interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain nature and thickness of different resistivity
layers. The depth to fresh-saline water interface was delineated from resistivity model. The study indicates majority of the curves
obtained are Q type with 3 layers. The depth to saline-fresh water interface varied from <1 to 5 m at different locations. The high
salinity clay horizons are identified at various depths. Hydrochemical data was analysed using hill-piper diagram and statistical
plots to understand groundwater-seawater mixing/interaction in the coastal aquifers. The dominant groundwater type is Na-Cl
followed by Mg-Cl at few places. Higher pH, EC and TDS is noted in the western part towards seaward side. Turbidity levels are
found increasing towards the southern part. The TA, TH, Ca2+,Mg2+,K+ content of the water samples found increasing towards
southwest parts. The Na+, Cl- and (SO4)2- content is found higher in the northwestern parts.
factors viz., topography, lithology, geological structures, fracture density, aperture and connectivity, secondary porosity. The
study is an attempt to delineate groundwater potential zones in deep midland aquifers along the Bharathapuzha river basin,
Kerala, India. The study area (~ 840 km2) is part of the Bharathapuzha river basin (10 40-10 50 N latitude and 76 05-76 30
E longitude), is mainly underlain by massive Charnockite/Charnockite gneiss type of rock formation. Vertical Electrical
Sounding data collected from 66 locations was interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain layered resistivity parameters
and potential fractured zones in the deep aquifer. Thematic maps of drainage, geology, geomorphology, slope and lineaments
were prepared using toposheets and IRS P6 LISS III imagery. Slope map shows steeper slopes in the southern and northeastern
part of the study area. Dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern is dominant in the area, is often controlled by lineaments and
fault zones. Qualitative interpretation of vertical electrical sounding (VES) data shows multi-layered profiles in most of the
locations (> 4 resistivity layers). Out of 66 VES curves, 24 nos. are 5 layered, 23 nos. are 6 layered, 17 are 7 layered and 2 are 4
layered. Resistivity of first layer varied from 11.9 Ωm (VES-37) to 8089 Ωm (VES-3) and thickness varied from 0.78 m (VES-
37) to 4.79 m (VES-64). Resistivity of second layer varied from 35.3 Ωm (VES-3) to 11382 Ωm (VES-11) and thickness varied
from 0.364 m (VES-11) to 11.3 m (VES-59). Bore wells of moderate to high yield tapping the deep aquifer zones are mainly
located along lineament intersections.
levels, facilitating lateral and/or vertical migration of saline water causing deterioration of groundwater quality. Electrical
resistivity sounding techniques and hydrochemical studies are widely used to determine the interaction between groundwater and
saline water/seawater in coastal aquifers. Vertical electrical soundings were carried out at 15 locations in the midland and coastal
plain reaches of Periyar River basin in central Kerala, India (9 55-10 20 N latitude and 76 05-76 25 E longitude) using
CRM 500 model aquameter. In-situ water quality parameters of water samples from 63 shallow well were also measured using
handheld multi-parameter instrument. The cation and anion content of selected water samples (32 nos.) were also determined.
Electrical resistivity profiles were interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain nature and thickness of different resistivity
layers. The depth to fresh-saline water interface was delineated from resistivity model. The study indicates majority of the curves
obtained are Q type with 3 layers. The depth to saline-fresh water interface varied from <1 to 5 m at different locations. The high
salinity clay horizons are identified at various depths. Hydrochemical data was analysed using hill-piper diagram and statistical
plots to understand groundwater-seawater mixing/interaction in the coastal aquifers. The dominant groundwater type is Na-Cl
followed by Mg-Cl at few places. Higher pH, EC and TDS is noted in the western part towards seaward side. Turbidity levels are
found increasing towards the southern part. The TA, TH, Ca2+,Mg2+,K+ content of the water samples found increasing towards
southwest parts. The Na+, Cl- and (SO4)2- content is found higher in the northwestern parts.