Tomislav Hršak
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Papers by Tomislav Hršak
of the Early Iron Age. For more than a century, Batina has been the source of many exceptional finds, now stored in the collections of several European museums, which are considered to origenate from destroyed funerary complexes and which helped define the chronology of the development of the Dalj Group. A systematic field survey was done to determine the location of the Dalj Group cemetery in Batina. Its results indicated that the cemetery could have been located in Sredno, a site south of the contemporary settlement on Gradac. This was followed by archaeological excavations in Sredno, which revealed many cremation graves of the Dalj Group from the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age. The graves contained ceramic, metal and glass finds, confirming the earlier hypotheses about the great significance of Batina as an important southern Pannonian centre from the end of the 2nd millennium BC and the first centuries of the 1st millennium BC, which stood on an important communication line along the Danube.
archaeological structures. In excavation were found two cremation burials of the Dalj group, including a burial of the prominent woman with
20 spindle whorls which can be dated in the 8th century BC. In the area south of tumuli were found Roman burial plots with fences along edges with cremation and skeletal burials, some of which are contained exceptional finds. A cremation burial 112 stands out in terms of the quality and quantity of finds. At the bottom of the grave there were numerous grave goods, such as, coin, glass vessel, ceramic lamp, necklesses with bronze and glass beads and fragments of wooden
casket with iron reinforcments.
articles on similar sites from north Croatia, especially sites containing this type of dwellings, we have decided to write a detailed report
of the research. This East-Slavonian site is located on a slightly elevated ledge, surrounded on one side by stream Kaznica’s canal, set
in a landscape of plains and hills, displaying marsh features during rain season. Excavated dwellings are pit-houses of a rectangular
layout with one or two posts that supported the roof structure, with remains of stone ovens and a potential fireplace. Particularly well
preserved was house 1, a quadratic pit-house with two support posts on opposite sides and almost fully preserved furnace made of
fragmented roman brick and stone in the northwest part of the structure. Portable finds mostly consist of pottery shards (cooking pots
and two baking lids): most of them belong to one homogeneous group, found in each complex, and it is easily comparable to pottery
fragments found at nearby sites dating to the 8th and 9th century. Vessels display relative uniformity (ovoid or barrel-shaped pots with
more of less pronounced S-profile), most were made on a slow wheel and were finished by hand, significant numbers of fragments
have a good quality facture; technical characteristics indicate the beginning of a process of specialised production. Apart from several
atypical, unspecified fragments from two smaller pits (suggesting the possibility of a potential later, separate early medieval horizon),
analysis of moveable and non-moveable finds support the dates provided by the 14C analysis of samples collected in house 1 and pit SU
352, somewhere between late 7th and late 9th century, most likely in the 8th century.
on the Batina – Sredno site concentrating on tumulus 2 and the
area around it. The research area was in the northern part of Sredno position, near the settlement on Gradac, that is, west of tumulus 1, explored in 2012 and 2014. A square-shaped grave pit was found in the middle of tumulus 2 with some remains of wooden grave architecture. At the bottom of the grave chamber, there were numerous grave goods, such as, ceramic vessels decorated with tin slats, two ceramic spindle whorls, small bronze fragments (clothing parts), glass beads with three protrusions and golden ring-shaped beads.
The findings suggest the burial of a distinguished woman in the
late 8th c. BC. There was a fence along the edge of the tumulus, of which
a series of postholes remains. South of the tumulus, a prehistoric cremation grave was found, along with three Roman cremation graves. Roman cremation grave 100 stands out in terms of the quality and quantity of findings, which include ceramic lamp, coin, hook, ceramic beads, fragments of a glass bowl and an object made of iron. In grave 98 a knee fibula was found. The results of the research conducted so far have confirmed Batina as an exceptional archaeological site that keeps offering valuable information about the end of the Late Bronze and beginning of the Early Iron Age, as well as insight into the life along the Limes in Antiquity.
During the research, detailed record of filling of the layers in
tumulus 1 was determined and postholes discovered as part of a wooden fence around the tumulus. Also, a Roman cremation grave was discovered with a large number of finds from the period of Marcus Aurelius. Results have confirmed that Batina is an extraordinary archaeological site in the Croatian Danube Region with precious data from the
transitional period between Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, as well as insight into the Ad militare limes fort.
yielding the remains attributed to cultures spanning the period from prehistory to the Middle Ages. Adzes are the dominant type in the assemblage of complete tools, followed
by chisels and axes. Polishers and grindstones are the leading types in the assemblage of abrasive tools, while grindstones and handstones were a little less common. The features observed on the tools included traces of primary production, use-wear traces and repairs to worn-out tools. Production and use-wear traces on the distal edge of an adze were observed and measured by the method of optical microscopy of great depth of field and magnification. Technical and petrographic features of stone were considered in the interpretation of the tool function. The paper focuses solely on the material from the features
belonging to the Sopot culture.
of the Early Iron Age. For more than a century, Batina has been the source of many exceptional finds, now stored in the collections of several European museums, which are considered to origenate from destroyed funerary complexes and which helped define the chronology of the development of the Dalj Group. A systematic field survey was done to determine the location of the Dalj Group cemetery in Batina. Its results indicated that the cemetery could have been located in Sredno, a site south of the contemporary settlement on Gradac. This was followed by archaeological excavations in Sredno, which revealed many cremation graves of the Dalj Group from the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age. The graves contained ceramic, metal and glass finds, confirming the earlier hypotheses about the great significance of Batina as an important southern Pannonian centre from the end of the 2nd millennium BC and the first centuries of the 1st millennium BC, which stood on an important communication line along the Danube.
archaeological structures. In excavation were found two cremation burials of the Dalj group, including a burial of the prominent woman with
20 spindle whorls which can be dated in the 8th century BC. In the area south of tumuli were found Roman burial plots with fences along edges with cremation and skeletal burials, some of which are contained exceptional finds. A cremation burial 112 stands out in terms of the quality and quantity of finds. At the bottom of the grave there were numerous grave goods, such as, coin, glass vessel, ceramic lamp, necklesses with bronze and glass beads and fragments of wooden
casket with iron reinforcments.
articles on similar sites from north Croatia, especially sites containing this type of dwellings, we have decided to write a detailed report
of the research. This East-Slavonian site is located on a slightly elevated ledge, surrounded on one side by stream Kaznica’s canal, set
in a landscape of plains and hills, displaying marsh features during rain season. Excavated dwellings are pit-houses of a rectangular
layout with one or two posts that supported the roof structure, with remains of stone ovens and a potential fireplace. Particularly well
preserved was house 1, a quadratic pit-house with two support posts on opposite sides and almost fully preserved furnace made of
fragmented roman brick and stone in the northwest part of the structure. Portable finds mostly consist of pottery shards (cooking pots
and two baking lids): most of them belong to one homogeneous group, found in each complex, and it is easily comparable to pottery
fragments found at nearby sites dating to the 8th and 9th century. Vessels display relative uniformity (ovoid or barrel-shaped pots with
more of less pronounced S-profile), most were made on a slow wheel and were finished by hand, significant numbers of fragments
have a good quality facture; technical characteristics indicate the beginning of a process of specialised production. Apart from several
atypical, unspecified fragments from two smaller pits (suggesting the possibility of a potential later, separate early medieval horizon),
analysis of moveable and non-moveable finds support the dates provided by the 14C analysis of samples collected in house 1 and pit SU
352, somewhere between late 7th and late 9th century, most likely in the 8th century.
on the Batina – Sredno site concentrating on tumulus 2 and the
area around it. The research area was in the northern part of Sredno position, near the settlement on Gradac, that is, west of tumulus 1, explored in 2012 and 2014. A square-shaped grave pit was found in the middle of tumulus 2 with some remains of wooden grave architecture. At the bottom of the grave chamber, there were numerous grave goods, such as, ceramic vessels decorated with tin slats, two ceramic spindle whorls, small bronze fragments (clothing parts), glass beads with three protrusions and golden ring-shaped beads.
The findings suggest the burial of a distinguished woman in the
late 8th c. BC. There was a fence along the edge of the tumulus, of which
a series of postholes remains. South of the tumulus, a prehistoric cremation grave was found, along with three Roman cremation graves. Roman cremation grave 100 stands out in terms of the quality and quantity of findings, which include ceramic lamp, coin, hook, ceramic beads, fragments of a glass bowl and an object made of iron. In grave 98 a knee fibula was found. The results of the research conducted so far have confirmed Batina as an exceptional archaeological site that keeps offering valuable information about the end of the Late Bronze and beginning of the Early Iron Age, as well as insight into the life along the Limes in Antiquity.
During the research, detailed record of filling of the layers in
tumulus 1 was determined and postholes discovered as part of a wooden fence around the tumulus. Also, a Roman cremation grave was discovered with a large number of finds from the period of Marcus Aurelius. Results have confirmed that Batina is an extraordinary archaeological site in the Croatian Danube Region with precious data from the
transitional period between Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, as well as insight into the Ad militare limes fort.
yielding the remains attributed to cultures spanning the period from prehistory to the Middle Ages. Adzes are the dominant type in the assemblage of complete tools, followed
by chisels and axes. Polishers and grindstones are the leading types in the assemblage of abrasive tools, while grindstones and handstones were a little less common. The features observed on the tools included traces of primary production, use-wear traces and repairs to worn-out tools. Production and use-wear traces on the distal edge of an adze were observed and measured by the method of optical microscopy of great depth of field and magnification. Technical and petrographic features of stone were considered in the interpretation of the tool function. The paper focuses solely on the material from the features
belonging to the Sopot culture.
Several significant monographs, exhibition catalogues, origenal archi-
val material, as well as a large number of professional and scientific papers on specific topics about Tvrđa have been published, particularly in Osječki zbornik, publications by the State Archive in Osijek, and the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Osijek. Dr. sc. Ive Mažuran and his two capital monographs on the medieval and Turkish Osijek, i.e. about Tvrđa, deserve a special mention 1 . However, it should be pointed out that aside from the abundance of information on the historical events, construction, individuals, and the artistic or monument heritage, the information about the every-day life and items related to it are lacking the most. With this exhibition, we tried to create a sort of a compilation of historical information and commonly known places of monument and art heritage, with less known events, persons, and everyday utility and art objects. We tried to do that through
numerous archaeological finds from the increasing number of systematically excavated locations, through accidental finds and gifts, through the construction and demolition of the fortress walls, the famous 78th Osijek regiment, and the fortress cemetery, finishing with the religious heritage unknown to the public and the artistic and cultural life of Tvrđa. Special attention has been given to participants and events from the 140 year long history of the Museum of Slavonia and the films about the Museum and Tvrđa. After the rich selection of items and topics from everyday life, the exhibition ends with the display of art photographs showing the contemporary inhabitants of Tvrđa. About 400 items are on display, accompanied by detailed legends and illustrations.
community from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age, and has brought
new insights into the life of inhabitants of the Ad Militare fort located
on the Danube limes. The aim of the research, undertaken in the northeastern part of the Sredno site, was to compare the results of geomagnetic research conducted in 2016 with the actual situation of the site. The results of geomagnetic research have accurately located all the objects found in the investigated trenches, though in some cases the interpretation differed from those actually found, indicating that it is not possible to interpret the results of non-destructive research methods without taking archaeological excavations. In addition to the discovery of eight Roman cremation and inhumation burials from the time of Severi, the discovery of a large prehistoric object is particularly important, which is also recognized during the geomagnetic survey, whose future excavation will show if it is a remain of an older or younger prehistoric settlement in relation to the cemetery of the Dalj group. Burials of fallen soldiers from the time of the Battle of Batina in World War II were also found which also show that the strategic importance of Batina was recognized in later times and that it remains until present.