The mechanism analysis shows that the amplitude of near-inertial oscillations was modulated by the shoaling depth of the mix-layer induced by the inclined front, and trapped in the upper layer.

Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of microzooplankton ciliate trait structure, focusing on size spectrum, biodiversity, and biotic-abiotic interplay based on 175 stations (1117 samples) across five temperature zones, which offered an ideal paradigm for study the plankton response to future climate change. The study is full fill the scope of the Ocean Science in the ocean's physical, biogeochemical and biological and ecosystem properties and processes.

During the annual phytoplankton bloom, rates of primary production and carbon export in the Ross Sea, Antarctica are uncoupled from each other and from oxygen and carbon stocks. These biogeochemical rates support the high productivity, low export classification of the region and suggest that environmental factors influence these stocks and rates differently and make projections under future climate change scenarios difficult.

This research explores how ocean currents and wind influence the movement of floating materials, such as marine litter, in the Canary Current System. Using surface drifters, we tested different factors, including wind and wave effects, to improve the accuracy of simulations. Our findings reveal that wind and wave forces are crucial for predicting how floating debris travels. This work helps refine models for tracking marine pollution, aiding in better environmental management and cleaner oceans.

Subantarctic mode water in the South Pacific Ocean is important due to its role in the uptake and transport of anthropogenic heat and carbon. The Subantarctic mode water region can be split into two pools using mixed layer depth properties. Sensitivity experiments are used to understand the effects of heating and wind on each pool. It is found that the optimal conditions to form large amounts of Subantarctic mode water in the South Pacific are local cooling and upstream warming combined.

During the summer of 2022 in the eastern Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean), exceptionally warm temperatures were observed down to depths of 30 m, along with massive mortality of benthic species. It has been shown that these deep marine heatwaves are linked to south-easterly wind episodes, which induce deep plunges of surface water overheated by the atmospheric heatwave. These events are rare in summer, but their impact on ecosystems is dramatic and will only increase with climate change.

The Southern Ocean Time Series program acquires observations in Subantarctic waters south of Australia. We present the seasonality in hydrography, biogeochemistry, phytoplankton community composition and biodiversity, and carbon export to the deep-sea using observations collected between 1997 and 2022. We also review recent research underpinned by these observations and emphasise the value of long time series for understanding ocean processes and responses to a changing climate.

We analyze the geostrophic circulation and tidal effects in the Gulf of Gabès from 30 years of altimetry data (1993–2022) and the outputs of a high resolution ocean model for the year 2022.

Marine heatwaves are of growing concern around the world. We use a state of the art ensemble of downscaled climate models to project how often heatwaves will occur in future across northwest Europe under a high-emissions scenario. The projections show that without emissions reductions, heatwaves will occur more than half of the time in future. We show that the seafloor is expected to experience much more frequent heatwaves than the sea surface in future.

Here, we develop and run a high resolution ocean model of Jones Sound from 2003–2016 and characterize circulation into, out of, and within the sound as well as associated sea ice and productivity cycles. Atmospheric and ocean warming drive sea ice decline, which enhance biological productivity due to the increased light availability. These results highlight the utility of high resolution models in simulating complex waterways and the need for sustained oceanographic measurements in the sound.

Particulate organic carbon plays a vital role in the ocean carbon cycle, yet its transformation involves complex processes that are not fully understood. This study examines the vertical distribution the stable carbon isotopes in the tropical Northwestern Pacific, identifying three distinct biogeochemical layers of POC transformation, which contribute to a deeper understanding of the ocean carbon cycle.

This study investigates the synoptic weather patterns that cause extreme, high-frequency sea level oscillations in the Adriatic Sea. Using synoptic data from ERA5 reanalysis with 17 years of tide gauge data and advanced clustering techniques, we identify distinct weather patterns linked to these events, some of which have been unknow. These insights improve understanding of sea level variability and have potential applications in forecasting coastal hazards.

We evaluated a deep-learning model, HIDRA2, for predicting sea levels along the Estonian coast and compared it to traditional numerical models. HIDRA2 performed better overall, offering faster forecasts and valuable uncertainty estimates using ensemble predictions.

Using measurements and computer models, we identify a large flux of oxygen within the Southwest Monsoon Current, which flows north into the Bay of Bengal between June and September each year. Oxygen levels in the Bay are very low, but not quite low enough for key nutrient cycles to be as dramatically altered as in other low-oxygen regions. We suggest that the flux we identify contributes to keeping oxygen levels in the Bay above the threshold below which dramatic changes would occur.

This study examines how waves and ocean currents interact during severe weather, focusing on Medicane Ianos, one of the strongest storms in the Mediterranean. Using advanced modeling, we created a unique system to simulate these interactions, capturing effects like changes in water levels and wind impact on waves. We validated our approach with ideal tests and real data from the storm.

Turbulent water motions are important for the exchange of momentum, heat, nutrients, and suspended matter in the deep-sea. The shape of marine topography influences most water turbulence via breaking internal waves at ‘critically’ sloping seafloors. In this paper, the concept of critical slopes is revisited from a global internal wave-turbulence viewpoint using seafloor topography- and moored temperature sensor data. Potential robustness of the seafloor-internal wave interaction is discussed.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a major part of the ocean circulation. Satellite gravimetry missions, like GRACE, which measure changes in Earth's mass distribution, could help monitor changes in the AMOC by detecting variations in ocean bottom pressure. To help asses if future satellite missions could detect these changes, we use ocean model simulation data to assess their connection. Additionally, we create a synthetic dataset future satellite mission simulations.

Surface waves are generated by the wind and wave measurements can also be used to estimate the wind speed. This is beneficial in the open ocean where direct measurements of the wind are difficult. The wind speed deduced from wave measurements serve as a third estimate of the wind speed in addition to satellite measurements or numerical model results. We implemented such and algorithm to be used with wave data from a small buoy and validated it against direct wind measurements and model results.

A modern climate model is used to test the hypothesis that changes observed during El Niños are, in part, forced by changes in the temperature of the North Equatorial Counter Current. This is a warm current that flows eastwards across the Pacific, a few degrees north of the Equator, close to the Inter-Tropical Convection Zone, a major region of deep atmospheric convection. The tests generate a significant El Niño type response in the ocean, giving confidence that the hypothesis is correct.

We identify the Mexican Coastal Current interaction with coastline using sea level anomaly and derived geostrophic velocities, finding that an average width of 95 km and an average speed of 0.3 m/s width seasonal variability. Numerical modeling proves that interaction of coastal current with the coastline generates ocean eddies in some places that form a wide concavity. These eddies are formed while the current is present getting intense and detaching from the coast until the current weakens.

This study investigated the effects of salt fingering on particle and solute distribution in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Density interfaces associated with thermohaline staircases slow the settling of suspended particles and promote aggregation. This affects particle size distribution and creates nutrient and oxygen gradients, affecting microbial activity and nutrient cycling. The research highlights the potential role of salt fingers in deep ocean biogeochemical processes.

This study presents a new method to improve the accuracy of sea level height from the Ieodo Ocean Research Station in the East China Sea. The method helps identify data errors, such as repeated or unusual values, and flags extreme weather events. The analysis found that sea level rise are mostly due to ocean mass changes, with local ground subsidence also playing a role. This high-quality data supports research on short-term and long-term events, helping coastal monitoring and planning efforts.

The study presents an operational service that forecasts flood impacts during extreme conditions at three beaches in Barcelona, Spain. The architecture is designed for efficient use on standard desktop computers, using data from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, task automation tools, Python scripts, and the XBeach model to deliver timely results. Extensive validation, including field campaigns and video analysis, ensures accuracy and reliability.

The ocean buffers human-caused climate change by taking up excess heat from the atmosphere. In this study, we use an ensemble of global climate models to study the physical processes which set the efficiency at which this heat is stored in the ocean. We reconcile previous attempts at explaining controls on this efficiency and find that Southern Ocean stratification is a key model property due to its influence on the local overturning circulation and its connection to the subpolar North Atlantic.

Current observations at two moorings in the northern South China Sea reveal that mesoscale eddies can transfer energy with near-inertial oscillations (NIOs). Numerical experiments are conducted to investigate important parameters affecting energy transfer between mesoscale eddies and NIOs, which demonstrate that the energy transferred by mesoscale eddies is larger with stronger winds and higher strength of the mesoscale eddy. Anticyclonic eddies can transfer more energy than cyclonic eddies.

Coastal zones are crucial ecological areas, yet our understanding of groundwater-ocean interactions remains limited. Ocean and groundwater models typically operate independently, with ocean models ignoring submarine groundwater discharge and groundwater models viewing the ocean as a static boundary. This separation impedes accurate simulations. By integrating these models, we can capture real-time water flow and salt movement while considering factors such as tides.

The temperature and salinity trends at various depths in the Baltic basins from 1990 to 2020 were analyzed from a reasonable reanalysis data set. Overall, the Baltic Sea showed a clear warming trend in recent decades, the northern Baltic Sea has a slight desalination trend, and the southern Baltic Sea has a salinity increase trend. The temperature and salinity trends in the southern Baltic Sea are greater than those in the northern Baltic Sea.

A combined procedure of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) addition and filtration was investigated to preserve water samples for radiocarbon analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The results indicated that DIC changes can be effectively suppressed during sample storage for up to 41 weeks. This procedure offers a practical, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional mercury-disinfected methods, effectively water sample preservation samples in aquatic environments.

Quantifying the carbon budget in the ocean is logistically difficult and costly. Specifically, measuring the movement of CO₂ across the air–sea interface requires expensive analyzers. To combat this, our group has developed a low-cost ΔpCO₂ system, called The Sensor for the Exchange of Atmospheric CO₂ with Water (SEACOW). We demonstrate the SEACOW’s ability to capture pCO₂ cycling, provide recommendations for SEACOW field deployments, and provide technical specifications for the SEACOW.

This paper describes results from an underwater robot (glider) deployment in the energetic waters of Te-Moana-o-Raukawa. The glider data showed how energy is transferred from winds and tides to turbulent processes. We found that boundary layers of strong turbulence typically can impact the water from surface to seafloor, except when pockets of fresher or warmer water move into the region. Numerical simulations showed that turbulent energy transport was crucial for boundary layers to interact.

This study explores how wind and wave dynamics affect the movement of riverine sediment to the ocean. Using advanced modeling, we found that most riverine sediment stays near the estuary in wet summer, with strong winter winds resuspending it for transport. Our findings highlight the significant impact of seasonal changes on sediment movement, which is crucial for understanding coastal ecosystems and managing sediment-related challenges.

This study examines how multiple processes in the Northern Red Sea form the Red Sea Outflow Water and affect biogeochemical fluxes. Using glider data, wind and air-sea flux reanalysis, and satellite observations, it highlights seasonal evolution. Eddy-driven upwelling exposes cool water to heat loss and evaporation, fueling primary productivity. Circulation patterns block inflows, extend cooling, and subduct water into the ocean interior, influencing regional dynamics.

The West African coastal region sustains highly productive fisheries and marine ecosystems influenced by sea surface temperature. We use oceanic models to show that the freshwater input from land to ocean strengthens a surface northward (southward) coastal current north (south) of the Congo river mouth, promoting a transfer of cooler (warmer) waters to north (south) of the Congo discharge location. We highlight the significant impact of river discharge on ocean temperatures and circulation.

In the Western Alboran Gyre, waters from the Atlantic and Mediterranean meet, creating density differences that cause some water to sink, affecting ocean ventilation and nutrient cycles. We collected data showing patches of water with higher oxygen and chlorophyll levels moving towards the gyre's center, with active mixing at their edges. This mixing diluted the patches, and other factors like water density and light penetration likely played a role in these dynamics.

This study enhances the prediction of sea surface currents using HF radar data, addressing a gap in understanding how seasonal and monthly data segmentation affects accuracy. By applying RF Regression, we developed three prediction schemes that demonstrated larger datasets yield higher correlation coefficients, while tailored models reduce prediction errors. Key findings reveal that selecting the appropriate dataset and integrating moving averages significantly improves predictive performance.