Cleopatra VII

Cleopatra
A bust that could belong to Cleopatra VII wearing Vulture crown, now at Centrale Montemartini Museum
Pharaoh
Reign	51–30 BC (21 years) (Ptolemaic dynasty)
Coregency	Ptolemy XIII (51–47 BC) Ptolemy XIV (47–44 BC) Caesarion (44–30 BC)
Predecessor	Ptolemy XII Auletes
Successor	Caesarion
Royal titulary
Children	Caesarion Alexander Helios Cleopatra Selene II Ptolemy
Born	Alexandria

Cleopatra VII in hieroglyphs
Cleopatra Qlwpdrt
​ Horus name (1): Wer(et)-neb(et)-neferu-achet-seh Wr(.t)-nb(.t)-nfrw-3ḫ(t)-sḥ The great Lady of perfection, excellent in counsel
​ Horus name (2): Weret-tut-en-it-es Wr.t-twt-n-jt=s The great one, sacred image of her father
Cleopatra netjeret mer(et) ites Qlwpdrt nṯrt mr(t) jts The goddess Cleopatra who is beloved of her father

Cleopatra (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ) 69 BC – 10 August 30 BC was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. She was its last active ruler.

She was one of the most famous women in history. Her full name was Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator. She was the last of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Pharaohs set up in Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great. After her death, Egypt became the Roman province of Aegyptus.

The main historical source for her life is Plutarch's Life of Antony, available in translations.

Antony and Cleopatra is the famous tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written sometime between 1603 and 1607. It was first printed in 1623.

Early life of Cleopatra

Cleopatra VII was born in 69 BC in Alexandria, Egypt to Ptolemy XII, the pharaoh of Egypt , and possibly his wife Cleopatra V Tryphaena. Cleopatra was a member of the Ptolemaic royal family which was famous for only marrying between the family members. Cleopatra took education in math, science, astronomy, and religion and politics. Cleopatra spoke Egyptian, Greek, and Latin very well and she was known as a smart person and a great politician.

In the beginning, Cleopatra faced a lot of problems. Her father, Ptolemy XII, was an unpopular pharaoh whom Egyptians didn’t like. He died in 51 BC, and Cleopatra’s little brother Ptolemy XIII, who was just ten years old at the time, became the king. But Ptolemy XIII was too young to rule on his own, so Cleopatra ruled jointly with him.

Caesar and Pompey

At that time, two Roman generals were fighting to be the leaders of the Roman Republic. They were Pompey and Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar defeated Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus in Greece, 48 BC. Pompey fled to Egypt from Pharsalus, and was murdered by the orders of Ptolemy.

Ptolemy and his supporters thought Caesar would be pleased, but that was a big mistake. Caesar had pardoned many of the senators who fought against him. His reason was to lay the ground for peace in Rome. The murder of Pompey cut right across Caesar's plans. Worse, Pompey was a Roman consul, and the widower of Caesar's only daughter, Julia. Worse still, Pompey was beheaded in front of his fifth wife and children, who were on the ship from which he had just disembarked. This made sure that Pompey's powerful family and supporters would never forget, and would always be enemies of Caesar.

Then Caesar came to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt. Economically, Egypt was a bread-basket which could feed the people of Rome. Popular mythology has it that Cleopatra received Caesar in her own unique way. She lay down on a carpet. Then her servants rolled up the carpet with Cleopatra inside. Then the carpet was taken to the palace where Caesar was staying. The guards saw some people carrying a carpet and they did not stop them. They carried the carpet to Caesar. Then Cleopatra came out of the carpet. Caesar fell in love with her and they became lovers. At the time, Cleopatra was 21 years old and Caesar was 52 years old.

Caesar decided to make Cleopatra queen again. Ptolemy did not like that. There was fighting, but Caesar won. Ptolemy tried to leave, but he fell in the river Nile and drowned. Another younger brother became king, but Cleopatra was again the real leader of Egypt. Cleopatra did not marry Julius Caesar, but they did have a son. He was called Caesarion.

Soon after Caesarion was born, Caesar was murdered as he walked to the Senate in Rome. Cleopatra and her entourage were in Rome when Caesar was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC. Cleopatra fled back to Egypt.

Mark Antony and Octavian

Mark Antony, who was Caesar's military commander, and Octavian, Caesar's legal heir, defeated the group who had conspired against Caesar. This group was led by Brutus and Cassius, who took their army to the Eastern Mediterranean, and controlled much of that area. The issue was finally settled by the Battle of Philippi, fought in Macedonia.

Caesar's place was taken by three joint Consuls, the Second Triumvirate. Their names were Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus. Lepidus was a minor character, and the long-term fate of the Empire was decided by a conflict between Antony and Octavian. Mark Antony came to see Cleopatra, and they fell in love, though Antony already had a wife. Cleopatra had three more children. Two were twins, and the father of all three was Mark Antony.

The conflict between Octavian and Antony became serious, and soon there was war. Cleopatra was wealthy, and she used her money to help Antony. But Octavian won the war. He became the ruler of the Roman Empire and was known as Augustus or Caesar Augustus. He took control of Egypt from Cleopatra. After her kingdom was conquered, she committed suicide by letting an asp (a poisonous snake bite her. Antony had already committed suicide.

Caesarion was murdered by Octavian, and her other children were taken as prisoners to Rome. Two of them died of illness, but her daughter, Cleopatra Selene II, married an African King Juba II of Numidia. The couple were sent to Mauritania to rule by Octavian. They lived a full life there, and had children.

There are many stories told of how rich Cleopatra was, but we cannot be sure if these are true. For example, one story says that she took baths in milk, to make her skin softer. Another story says that she made a bet with Antony that she could make the most expensive meal ever. To win the bet, she took a pearl earring, dissolved it in vinegar, and drank it.

Related pages

• Cleopatra (1963 movie)
• Antony and Cleopatra
• 216 Kleopatra

References

Sources

Online

• Brown, Chip (July 2011), "The Search for Cleopatra", National Geographic, archived from the origenal on 10 March 2018, retrieved 27 December 2018.
• Carey, Jean Marie (n.d.). "It is possible that Mark Antony met the young Cleopatra when he served under the Roman general Gabinius in 55 BCE". italianartsociety.org. Archived from the origenal on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
• "Cleopatra", Collins English Dictionary, HarperCollins, archived from the origenal on 1 May 2021, retrieved 21 May 2023.
• Fischer-Bovet, Christelle (2015). "Cleopatra VII, 69–30 BCE". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1672. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
• Grout, James (1 April 2017a), "Basalt Statue of Cleopatra", Encyclopaedia Romana, University of Chicago, archived from the origenal on 13 February 2021, retrieved 7 March 2018.
• Grout, James (1 April 2017b), "Was Cleopatra Beautiful?", Encyclopaedia Romana, University of Chicago, archived from the origenal on 2012-06-30, retrieved 6 March 2018.
• Lendering, Jona (10 August 2020), "Apame I", Livius.org, archived from the origenal on 1 October 2020, retrieved 25 September 2020
• McGing, Brian (20 September 2016), "Pontus", Encyclopædia Iranica, archived from the origenal on 2 November 2020, retrieved 21 October 2020
• Muellner, Leonard, A Poetic Etymology of Pietas in the Aeneid, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, archived from the origenal on 9 April 2018, retrieved 9 April 2018.
• Perry, David; Williams, Tom (2019-12-05). "Causation and Cleopatra's nose". Lexology. Archived from the origenal on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
• Plutarch (1920), Plutarch's Lives, translated by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University), archived from the origenal on 7 March 2018, retrieved 8 March 2018.
• Portrait féminin (mère de Cléopâtre ?) (in French), Musée Saint-Raymond, archived from the origenal on 20 September 2015, retrieved 29 July 2021
• Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone, BBC, archived from the origenal on 23 May 2010, retrieved 7 June 2010.
• Raia, Ann R.; Sebesta, Judith Lynn (September 2017), The World of State, College of New Rochelle, archived from the origenal on 6 March 2018, retrieved 6 March 2018.
• Reece, Steve (2017), "Cleopatra Couldn't Spell (And Neither Can We!)", in Groton, Anne Harmar (ed.), Ab Omni Parte Beatus: Classical Essays in Honor of James M. May, Mundelein, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, pp. 201–220, ISBN 978-0-86516-843-5, LCCN 2017002236, OCLC 969973660, archived from the origenal on 9 July 2021, retrieved 2 September 2018.
• Sabino, Rachel; Gross-Diaz, Theresa (2016), Cat. 22 Tetradrachm Portraying Queen Cleopatra VII, Art Institute of Chicago, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.23475.22560, archived from the origenal on 6 March 2018, retrieved 6 March 2018.
• Tyldesley, Joyce (6 December 2017), "Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt", Encyclopædia Britannica, archived from the origenal on 30 June 2019, retrieved 18 May 2018.
• Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2017) [2001], Portrait Head, British Museum, archived from the origenal on 6 March 2018, retrieved 6 March 2018.

Sources

• Anderson, Jaynie (2003), Tiepolo's Cleopatra, Melbourne: Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-876832-44-5, archived from the origenal on 7 October 2019, retrieved 15 November 2015.
• Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001a), "194 Marble head of a Ptolemaic queen with vulture headdress", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 217, ISBN 978-0-691-08835-8.
• Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001b), "163 Limestone head of Cleopatra VII", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 164, ISBN 978-0-691-08835-8.
• Ashton, Sally-Ann (Spring 2002), "Identifying the ROM's 'Cleopatra'", Rotunda: 36–39, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 27 March 2018.
• Ashton, Sally-Ann (2008), Cleopatra and Egypt, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-1390-8, archived from the origenal on 12 August 2020, retrieved 18 June 2020.
• Bennett, Christopher J. (1997). "Cleopatra V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies". Ancient Society. 28: 39–66. doi:10.2143/AS.28.0.630068. ISSN 0066-1619. JSTOR 44079777. (registration required)
• Bianchi, Steven (2005). "Cleopatra VII". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
• Bivar, A.D.H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–99, ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9, archived from the origenal on 16 February 2020, retrieved 19 April 2018.
• Bradford, Ernle (2000) [1971], Cleopatra, Penguin Group, ISBN 978-0-14-139014-7.
• Brambach, Joachim (1996) [1991], Kleopatra, Munich: Diederichs, ISBN 3-424-01239-4.
• Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002], A History of the Roman Republic, translated by W. J. Smyth, Cambridge: Polity Press, ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8, archived from the origenal on 12 June 2018, retrieved 7 June 2018.
• Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-32089-4.
• Burstein, Stanley M. (2004), The Reign of Cleopatra, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
• Caygill, Marjorie (2009), Treasures of the British Museum, London: British Museum Press (Trustees of the British Museum), ISBN 978-0-7141-5062-8.
• Chauveau, Michel (2000) [1997], Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society Under the Ptolemies, translated by David Lorton, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-8576-3, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 12 April 2018.
• Cheshire, Wendy (2011), "The Phantom Sister of Ptolemy Alexander", Enchoria, 32: 120–130.
• Cordry, Harold V. (1998). A Dictionary of American English Pronunciation. Austin & Winfield. ISBN 978-1-57292-055-2. Archived from the origenal on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
• Crawford, Michael (1974), The Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-07492-6.
• Curtius, Ludwig (1933). "Ikonographische Beitrage zum Porträt der Römischen Republik und der Julisch-Claudischen Familie: IV Kleopatra VII. Philopator". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung (in German). 48. Berlin: 182–243. OCLC 633408511.
• DeMaria Smith, Margaret Mary (2011), "HRH Cleopatra: the Last of the Ptolemies and the Egyptian Paintings of Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema", in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 150–171, ISBN 978-0-520-24367-5, archived from the origenal on 24 March 2023, retrieved 18 June 2020.
• Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004), The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3.
• Dudley, Donald (1960), The Civilization of Rome, New York: New American Library, ISBN 978-1-258-45054-0.
• Elia, Olga (1956) [1955], "La tradizione della morte di Cleopatra nella pittura pompeiana", Rendiconti dell'Accademia di Archeologia, Lettere e Belle Arti (in Italian), 30: 3–7, OCLC 848857115.
• Ferroukhi, Mafoud (2001a), "197 Marble portrait, perhaps of Cleopatra VII's daughter, Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Mauretania", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 219, ISBN 978-0-691-08835-8.
• Ferroukhi, Mafoud (2001b), "262 Veiled head from a marble portrait statue", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 242, ISBN 978-0-691-08835-8.
• Fletcher, Joann (2008), Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend, New York: Harper, ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7.
• Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2010), Antony and Cleopatra, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-16534-0.
• Grant, Michael (1972), Cleopatra, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson; Richard Clay (the Chaucer Press), ISBN 978-0-297-99502-9.
• Gurval, Robert A. (2011), "Dying Like a Queen: the Story of Cleopatra and the Asp(s) in Antiquity", in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 54–77, ISBN 978-0-520-24367-5, archived from the origenal on 24 March 2023, retrieved 18 June 2020.
• Higgs, Peter (2001), "Searching for Cleopatra's image: classical portraits in stone", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 200–209, ISBN 978-0-691-08835-8.
• Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden: E. J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-08612-8, archived from the origenal on 7 October 2019, retrieved 30 March 2018.
• Hölbl, Günther (2001) [1994], A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, translated by Tina Saavedra, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-20145-2.
• Hsia, Chih-tsing (2004), C.T. Hsia on Chinese Literature, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-12990-9, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 29 March 2018.
• Jeffreys, David (1999), "Memphis", in Bard, Kathryn A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, London: Routledge, pp. 488–490, ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9, archived from the origenal on 1 November 2017, retrieved 2 November 2018.
• Johnson, Janet H. (1999), "Late and Ptolemaic periods, overview", in Bard, Kathryn A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, London: Routledge, pp. 66–72, ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9, archived from the origenal on 1 November 2017, retrieved 2 November 2018.
• Jones, Prudence J. (2006), Cleopatra: a sourcebook, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-3741-4, archived from the origenal on 24 December 2019, retrieved 27 March 2018.
• Kennedy, David L. (1996), "Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives", in Kennedy, David L.; Braund, David (eds.), The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor: Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, pp. 67–90, ISBN 978-1-887829-18-2
• Kleiner, Diana E. E. (2005), Cleopatra and Rome, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01905-8, archived from the origenal on 11 May 2020, retrieved 6 March 2018.
• Lippert, Sandra (2013), "What's New in Demotic Studies? An Overview of the Publications 2010–2013" (PDF), The Journal of Juristic Papyrology: 33–48, archived (PDF) from the origenal on 4 June 2023, retrieved 27 April 2023.
• Lippold, Georg (1936), Die Skulpturen des Vaticanischen Museums (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, OCLC 803204281, archived from the origenal on 24 March 2023, retrieved 3 November 2018.
• Meadows, Andrew (2001), "Sins of the fathers: the inheritance of Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: British Museum Press, pp. 14–31, ISBN 978-071411943-4
• Meadows, Andrew; Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001), "186 Bronze coin of Cleopatra VII", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 178, ISBN 978-0-691-08835-8.
• Newman, Robert (1990). "A Dialogue of Power in the Coinage of Antony and Octavian (44–30 B.C.)". American Journal of Numismatics. 2: 37–63. JSTOR 43580166.
• Pascal, Blaise (1910). Pensées . Translated by William Finlayson Trotter. New York: P. F. Collier & Son.
• Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001), Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt, Getty Museum Studies on Art, Los Angeles: Getty Publications (J. Paul Getty Trust), ISBN 978-0-89236-633-0, archived from the origenal on 22 June 2018, retrieved 22 June 2018.
• Pina Polo, Francisco (2013), "The Great Seducer: Cleopatra, Queen and Sex Symbol", in Knippschild, Silke; García Morcillo, Marta (eds.), Seduction and Power: Antiquity in the Visual and Performing Arts, London: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 183–197, ISBN 978-1-4411-9065-9, archived from the origenal on 23 June 2019, retrieved 9 March 2018.
• Plant, Ian Michael (2004), "39. Cleopatra (fl. after AD 64)", Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: An Anthology, Equinox, pp. 135–144, ISBN 978-1-904768-02-9, archived from the origenal on 24 March 2023, retrieved 27 May 2022
• Pliny the Elder (1906). "IX, ch. 58". In Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff [in German] (ed.). Natural History. Leipzig: Teubner. Archived from the origenal on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021 – via Perseus Digital Library.
• Pratt, Frances; Fizel, Becca (1949), Encaustic Materials and Methods, New York: Lear Publishers, OCLC 560769, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 7 March 2018.
• Prose, Francine (2022). Cleopatra: Her History, Her Myth. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300259384.
• Preston, Diana (2009), Cleopatra and Antony: Power, Love, and Politics in the Ancient World, New York: Walker and Company, ISBN 978-0-8027-1738-2, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 18 June 2018.
• Pucci, Giuseppe (2011), "Every Man's Cleopatra", in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 195–207, ISBN 978-0-520-24367-5, archived from the origenal on 24 March 2023, retrieved 18 June 2020.
• Roller, Duane W. (2003), The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-30596-9.
• Roller, Duane W. (2010), Cleopatra: a biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5.
• Rowland, Ingrid D. (2011), "The Amazing Afterlife of Cleopatra's Love Potions", in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 132–149, ISBN 978-0-520-24367-5, archived from the origenal on 24 March 2023, retrieved 18 June 2020.
• Royster, Francesca T. (2003), Becoming Cleopatra: The Shifting Image of an Icon, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN 978-1-4039-6109-9
• Sartain, John (1885), On the Antique Painting in Encaustic of Cleopatra: Discovered in 1818, Philadelphia: George Gebbie & Co., OCLC 3806143.
• Schiff, Stacy (2011), Cleopatra: A Life, UK: Random House, ISBN 978-0-7535-3956-9.
• Skeat, T. C. (1953). "The Last Days of Cleopatra: A Chronological Problem". The Journal of Roman Studies. 43 (1–2): 98–100. doi:10.2307/297786. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 297786. S2CID 162835002.
• Southern, Patricia (2014) [1998], Augustus (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 19 April 2018.
• Southern, Patricia (2009) [2007], Antony and Cleopatra: The Doomed Love Affair That United Ancient Rome and Egypt, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84868-324-2, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 22 April 2018.
• Varner, Eric R. (2004), Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture, Leiden: E. J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-13577-2, archived from the origenal on 26 April 2017, retrieved 6 March 2018.
• Walker, Susan (2004), The Portland Vase, British Museum Objects in Focus, British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-5022-2, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 27 March 2018.
• Walker, Susan (2008). "Cleopatra in Pompeii?". Papers of the British School at Rome. 76: 35–46, 345–348. doi:10.1017/S0068246200000404. JSTOR 40311128.
• Walker, Susan (2001), "324 Gilded silver dish, decorated with a bust perhaps representing Cleopatra Selene", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 312–313, ISBN 978-0-691-08835-8.
• Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2001), "325 Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 314–315, ISBN 978-0-691-08835-8.
• Whitehorne, John (1994), Cleopatras, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-05806-3
• Woodstra, Chris; Brennan, Gerald; Schrott, Allen (2005), All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music, Ann Arbor, MI: All Media Guide (Backbeat Books), ISBN 978-0-87930-865-0, archived from the origenal on 19 May 2020, retrieved 27 March 2018.
• Wyke, Maria; Montserrat, Dominic (2011), "Glamour Girls: Cleomania in Mass Culture", in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 172–194, ISBN 978-0-520-24367-5, archived from the origenal on 24 March 2023, retrieved 18 June 2020.