Surnames are widely used in inbreeding analysis, but the validity of results has often been quest... more Surnames are widely used in inbreeding analysis, but the validity of results has often been questioned due to the failure to comply with the prerequisites of the method. Here we analyze inbreeding in Hallstatt (Austria) between the 17th and the 19th centuries both using genealogies and surnames. The high and significant correlation of the results obtained by both methods demonstrates the validity of the use of surnames in this kind of studies. On the other hand, the inbreeding values obtained (0.24 x 10⁻³ in the genealogies analysis and 2.66 x 10⁻³ in the surnames analysis) are lower than those observed in Europe for this period and for this kind of population, demonstrating the falseness of the apparent isolation of Hallstatt's population. The temporal trend of inbreeding in both analyses does not follow the European general pattern, but shows a maximum in 1850 with a later decrease along the second half of the 19th century. This is probably due to the high migration rate that ...
Rnsi'M L'anàlisi dels matrimonis registrats als arxius parroquials del delta de l'Ebre mostra la ... more Rnsi'M L'anàlisi dels matrimonis registrats als arxius parroquials del delta de l'Ebre mostra la clara diferenciació d'Amposta respecte a la resta de poljlacions, amb una menor influència del cicle agríiri sobre la nupcialitat i una major incidència de casaments amb individus nascuts fora ciel Delta. Entre la resta de poblacions s'observa la separació entre les parròquies d'una i altra riba del riu, fet que es pot relacionar amb les diferències que van tenir lloc en el procés colonitzador dels dos hemideltes.
The seasonality of twinning in the Spanish populations has not been studied until now. Difference... more The seasonality of twinning in the Spanish populations has not been studied until now. Differences between seasonal distribution of the twin conceptions and those of the single births have been observed in other populations. The aim of this work is to explore the frequency of twinning in a rural population from Catalonia during the nineteenth century, as well as the seasonality patterns characterizing each of the twinning types. Data corresponding to all births recorded at Tortosa (South Catalonia) from 1801 to 1900 have been analyzed in order to study the twinning distribution. The distribution of the moving averages of the monthly rates of twins shows a peak in autumn. Twinning distribution differs from the total births' distribution in Tortosa. This fact is very clear in the case of unlike-sexed twins that have their greater incidence in the last quarter of the year, while the total maternities have their peak in the first one.
American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council
The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding calculated from isonymy with its ra... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding calculated from isonymy with its random (Fr) and nonrandom (Fn) components, and repeated pairs of surnames (RP2) and their random component (RP2r) in the Ebro River Delta region (Tarragona, Spain). This region is made up of four parishes, and data correspond to the period 1939-1995. The global results are on the same levels as observed in other studies, but the values obtained in 3 of 4 parishes are relatively high. The Fn global value is higher than Fr, as opposed to what happens in each parish, so there is a clear Wahlund effect of subdivision of the region into parishes. Among the parishes there is a clear differentiation for Amposta, with values much lower than for the rest, due to the behavior of this population, i.e., a high immigration rate.
Methods This prospective study included 1174 normal non-selected singleton pregnancies between 11... more Methods This prospective study included 1174 normal non-selected singleton pregnancies between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. We recorded the presence or absence of NC around the fetal neck, and assessed its relationship with the qualitative assessment and quantitative measurement of the DV-FVW.
Antisocial and criminal behaviors are multifactorial traits whose interpretation relies on multip... more Antisocial and criminal behaviors are multifactorial traits whose interpretation relies on multiple disciplines. Since these interpretations may have social, moral and legal implications, a constant review of the evidence is necessary before any scientific claim is considered as truth. A recent study proposed that men with wider faces relative to facial height (fWHR) are more likely to develop unethical behaviour mediated by a psychological sense of power. This research was based on reports suggesting that sexual dimorphism and selection would be responsible for a correlation between fWHR and aggression.
Quantitative craniometrical traits have been successfully incorporated into population genetic me... more Quantitative craniometrical traits have been successfully incorporated into population genetic methods to provide insight into human population structure. However, little is known about the degree of genetic and non-genetic influences on the phenotypic expression of functionally based traits. Many studies have assessed the heritability of craniofacial traits, but complex patterns of correlation among traits have been disregarded. This is a pitfall as the human skull is strongly integrated. Here we reconsider the evolutionary potential of craniometric traits by assessing their heritability values as well as their patterns of genetic and phenotypic correlation using a large pedigree-structured skull series from Hallstatt (Austria). The sample includes 355 complete adult skulls that have been analysed using 3D geometric morphometric techniques. Heritability estimates for 58 cranial linear distances were computed using maximum likelihood methods. These distances were assigned to the main functional and developmental regions of the skull. Results showed that the human skull has substantial amounts of genetic variation, and a t -test showed that there are no statistically significant differences among the heritabilities of facial, neurocranial and basal dimensions. However, skull evolvability is limited by complex patterns of genetic correlation. Phenotypic and genetic patterns of correlation are consistent but do not support traditional hypotheses of integration of the human shape, showing that the classification between brachy-and dolicephalic skulls is not grounded on the genetic level. Here we support previous findings in the mouse cranium and provide empirical evidence that covariation between the maximum widths of the main developmental regions of the skull is the dominant factor of integration in the human skull.
To determine whether there are preferential relationships among individuals from the different pa... more To determine whether there are preferential relationships among individuals from the different parishes of the Ebro River delta region, we analyzed the population relationships, taking into account both the birthplaces of the spouses and their surname frequencies. We used data from the 9,085 marriages recorded in the Ebro delta area between 1939 and 1995. Using each spouse's birthplace, we calculated the distances between the subject populations by means of the squared Euclidean distance. Also, from the surname frequencies in the marriages we obtained certain kinship measurements. In both analyses the results show a clear differentiation between the parish of Amposta and the rest of the parishes. This difference is mainly due to a greater number of marriages in which delta outsiders participated and can be related to the greater surname diversity and lesser endogamy observed in this population. On the other hand, if only endogamous marriages are taken into account, there is clearly a differentiation between the parishes from both banks of the river, with a strong homogeneity among the northside parishes. We compared the distances obtained from the birthplaces, the kinship parameters obtained from the surnames, and two geographic distance matrixes by means of a Mantel test, and the results show a strong and significant correlation between them when all marriages are considered. If, on the other hand, only endogamous marriages are taken into account, the barrier effect of the river on the interparish relationships can be appreciated.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan 3, 2012
Shifts in social structure and cultural practices can potentially promote unusual combinations of... more Shifts in social structure and cultural practices can potentially promote unusual combinations of allele frequencies that drive the evolution of genetic and phenotypic novelties during human evolution. These cultural practices act in combination with geographical and linguistic barriers and can promote faster evolutionary changes shaped by gene-culture interactions. However, specific cases indicative of this interaction are scarce. Here we show that quantitative genetic parameters obtained from cephalometric data taken on 1,203 individuals analyzed in combination with genetic, climatic, social, and life-history data belonging to six South Amerindian populations are compatible with a scenario of rapid genetic and phenotypic evolution, probably mediated by cultural shifts. We found that the Xavánte experienced a remarkable pace of evolution: the rate of morphological change is far greater than expected for its time of split from their sister group, the Kayapó, which occurred around 1,...
The human skull is a complex and highly integrated structure that has long held the fascination o... more The human skull is a complex and highly integrated structure that has long held the fascination of anthropologists and evolutionary biologists. Recent studies of the genetics of craniofacial variation reveal a very complex and multifactorial picture. These findings contrast with older ideas that posit much simpler developmental bases for variation in cranial morphology such as the growth of the brain or the growth of the chondrocranium relative to the dermatocranium. Such processes have been shown to have major effects on cranial morphology in mice. It is not known, however, whether they are relevant to explaining normal phenotypic variation in humans. To answer this question, we obtained vectors of shape change from mutant mouse models in which the developmental basis for the craniofacial phenotype is known to varying degrees, and compared these to a homologous dataset constructed from human crania obtained from a single population with a known genealogy. Our results show that the shape vectors associated with perturbations to chondrocranial growth, brain growth, and body size in mice do largely correspond to axes of covariation in humans.
Neurocranial globularity is one of the few derived traits defining anatomically modern humans. Va... more Neurocranial globularity is one of the few derived traits defining anatomically modern humans. Variations in this trait derive from multiple and complex interactions between portions of the brain and the size and shape of the cranial base, among other factors. Given their evolutionary and functional importance, neurocranial globularity is expected to present high genetic and developmental constraints on their phenotypic expression. Here we applied two independent approaches to investigate both types of constraints. First, we assessed if patterns of morphological integration are conserved or else disrupted on a series of artificially deformed skulls in comparison to nondeformed (ND) ones. Second, after the estimation of the genetic covariance matrix for human skull shape, we explored how neurocranial globularity would respond to putative selective events disrupting the normal morphological patterns. Simulations on these deviations were explicitly set to replicate the artificial deformation patterns in order to compare developmental and genetic constraints under the same biomechanical conditions. In general terms, our results indicate that putative developmental constraints help to preserve some aspects of normal morphological integration even in the deformed skulls. Moreover, we find that the response to selection in neurocranial globularity is pervasive. In other words, induced changes in the vault generate a global response, indicating that departures from normal patterns of neurocranial globularity are genetically constrained. In summary, our combined results suggest that neurocranial globularity behaves as a highly genetic and developmental constrained trait.
It has long been unclear whether the different derived cranial traits of modern humans evolved in... more It has long been unclear whether the different derived cranial traits of modern humans evolved independently in response to separate selection pressures or whether they resulted from the inherent morphological integration throughout the skull. In a novel approach to this issue, we combine evolutionary quantitative genetics and geometric morphometrics to analyze genetic and phenotypic integration in human skull shape. We measured human skulls in the ossuary of Hallstatt (Austria), which offer a unique opportunity because they are associated with genealogical data. Our results indicate pronounced covariation of traits throughout the skull. Separate simulations of selection for localized shape changes corresponding to some of the principal derived characters of modern human skulls produced outcomes that were similar to each other and involved a joint response in all of these traits.
High resolution benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes (d 18 O, d 13 C) and molecular biomarkers i... more High resolution benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes (d 18 O, d 13 C) and molecular biomarkers in the sediments are used here to infer rapid climatic changes for the last 8200 years in the Ría de Muros (NW Iberian Margin). Benthic foraminiferal d 18 O and d 13 C potentially register migrations in the position of the hydrographic front formed between two different intermediate water masses: Eastern North Atlantic Central Water of subpolar origen (ENACW sp ) and subtropical origen (ENACW st ). The molecular biomarkers in the sediment show a strong coupling between continental organic matter inputs and negative d 13 C values in benthic foraminifera. The rapid centennial and millennial events registered in these records have been compared with two well known North Atlantic Holocene records from the subtropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) anomalies off Cape Blanc, NW Africa and the subpolar Atlantic (Hematite Stained Grains percentage, subpolar North Atlantic). Comparison supports a strong link between high-and low-latitude climatic perturbations at centennial-millennial time scales during the Holocene. Spectral analyses also points to a pole-to-equator propagation of the socalled 1500 yr cycles. Our results demonstrate that during the Holocene, the NW Iberian Margin has undergone a series of rapid events which are likely triggered at high latitudes in the North Atlantic and are rapidly propagated towards lower latitudes. Conceivably, the propagation of these rapid climatic changes involves a shift in atmospheric and oceanic circulatory systems.
" Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial ... more " Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation" är en doktorsavhandling som försvarades den 19 december 2007 vid universitetet i Barcelona." Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation" is a doctoral thesis that was defended on December 19, 2007 at the University of Barcelona.
" Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial ... more " Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation" är en doktorsavhandling som försvarades den 19 december 2007 vid universitetet i Barcelona." Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation" is a doctoral thesis that was defended on December 19, 2007 at the University of Barcelona.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding calculated from isonymy with its ra... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding calculated from isonymy with its random (F r ) and nonrandom (F n ) components, and repeated pairs of surnames (RP 2 ) and their random component (RP 2r ) in the Ebro River Delta region (Tarragona, Spain). This region is made up of four parishes, and data correspond to the period 1939-1995. The global results are on the same levels as observed in other studies, but the values obtained in 3 of 4 parishes are relatively high. The F n global value is higher than F r , as opposed to what happens in each parish, so there is a clear Wahlund effect of subdivision of the region into parishes. Among the parishes there is a clear differentiation for Amposta, with values much lower than for the rest, due to the behavior of this population, i.e., a high immigration rate. Am. J. Hum.
Surnames are widely used in inbreeding analysis, but the validity of results has often been quest... more Surnames are widely used in inbreeding analysis, but the validity of results has often been questioned due to the failure to comply with the prerequisites of the method. Here we analyze inbreeding in Hallstatt (Austria) between the 17th and the 19th centuries both using genealogies and surnames. The high and significant correlation of the results obtained by both methods demonstrates the validity of the use of surnames in this kind of studies. On the other hand, the inbreeding values obtained (0.24 x 10⁻³ in the genealogies analysis and 2.66 x 10⁻³ in the surnames analysis) are lower than those observed in Europe for this period and for this kind of population, demonstrating the falseness of the apparent isolation of Hallstatt's population. The temporal trend of inbreeding in both analyses does not follow the European general pattern, but shows a maximum in 1850 with a later decrease along the second half of the 19th century. This is probably due to the high migration rate that ...
Rnsi'M L'anàlisi dels matrimonis registrats als arxius parroquials del delta de l'Ebre mostra la ... more Rnsi'M L'anàlisi dels matrimonis registrats als arxius parroquials del delta de l'Ebre mostra la clara diferenciació d'Amposta respecte a la resta de poljlacions, amb una menor influència del cicle agríiri sobre la nupcialitat i una major incidència de casaments amb individus nascuts fora ciel Delta. Entre la resta de poblacions s'observa la separació entre les parròquies d'una i altra riba del riu, fet que es pot relacionar amb les diferències que van tenir lloc en el procés colonitzador dels dos hemideltes.
The seasonality of twinning in the Spanish populations has not been studied until now. Difference... more The seasonality of twinning in the Spanish populations has not been studied until now. Differences between seasonal distribution of the twin conceptions and those of the single births have been observed in other populations. The aim of this work is to explore the frequency of twinning in a rural population from Catalonia during the nineteenth century, as well as the seasonality patterns characterizing each of the twinning types. Data corresponding to all births recorded at Tortosa (South Catalonia) from 1801 to 1900 have been analyzed in order to study the twinning distribution. The distribution of the moving averages of the monthly rates of twins shows a peak in autumn. Twinning distribution differs from the total births' distribution in Tortosa. This fact is very clear in the case of unlike-sexed twins that have their greater incidence in the last quarter of the year, while the total maternities have their peak in the first one.
American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council
The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding calculated from isonymy with its ra... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding calculated from isonymy with its random (Fr) and nonrandom (Fn) components, and repeated pairs of surnames (RP2) and their random component (RP2r) in the Ebro River Delta region (Tarragona, Spain). This region is made up of four parishes, and data correspond to the period 1939-1995. The global results are on the same levels as observed in other studies, but the values obtained in 3 of 4 parishes are relatively high. The Fn global value is higher than Fr, as opposed to what happens in each parish, so there is a clear Wahlund effect of subdivision of the region into parishes. Among the parishes there is a clear differentiation for Amposta, with values much lower than for the rest, due to the behavior of this population, i.e., a high immigration rate.
Methods This prospective study included 1174 normal non-selected singleton pregnancies between 11... more Methods This prospective study included 1174 normal non-selected singleton pregnancies between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. We recorded the presence or absence of NC around the fetal neck, and assessed its relationship with the qualitative assessment and quantitative measurement of the DV-FVW.
Antisocial and criminal behaviors are multifactorial traits whose interpretation relies on multip... more Antisocial and criminal behaviors are multifactorial traits whose interpretation relies on multiple disciplines. Since these interpretations may have social, moral and legal implications, a constant review of the evidence is necessary before any scientific claim is considered as truth. A recent study proposed that men with wider faces relative to facial height (fWHR) are more likely to develop unethical behaviour mediated by a psychological sense of power. This research was based on reports suggesting that sexual dimorphism and selection would be responsible for a correlation between fWHR and aggression.
Quantitative craniometrical traits have been successfully incorporated into population genetic me... more Quantitative craniometrical traits have been successfully incorporated into population genetic methods to provide insight into human population structure. However, little is known about the degree of genetic and non-genetic influences on the phenotypic expression of functionally based traits. Many studies have assessed the heritability of craniofacial traits, but complex patterns of correlation among traits have been disregarded. This is a pitfall as the human skull is strongly integrated. Here we reconsider the evolutionary potential of craniometric traits by assessing their heritability values as well as their patterns of genetic and phenotypic correlation using a large pedigree-structured skull series from Hallstatt (Austria). The sample includes 355 complete adult skulls that have been analysed using 3D geometric morphometric techniques. Heritability estimates for 58 cranial linear distances were computed using maximum likelihood methods. These distances were assigned to the main functional and developmental regions of the skull. Results showed that the human skull has substantial amounts of genetic variation, and a t -test showed that there are no statistically significant differences among the heritabilities of facial, neurocranial and basal dimensions. However, skull evolvability is limited by complex patterns of genetic correlation. Phenotypic and genetic patterns of correlation are consistent but do not support traditional hypotheses of integration of the human shape, showing that the classification between brachy-and dolicephalic skulls is not grounded on the genetic level. Here we support previous findings in the mouse cranium and provide empirical evidence that covariation between the maximum widths of the main developmental regions of the skull is the dominant factor of integration in the human skull.
To determine whether there are preferential relationships among individuals from the different pa... more To determine whether there are preferential relationships among individuals from the different parishes of the Ebro River delta region, we analyzed the population relationships, taking into account both the birthplaces of the spouses and their surname frequencies. We used data from the 9,085 marriages recorded in the Ebro delta area between 1939 and 1995. Using each spouse's birthplace, we calculated the distances between the subject populations by means of the squared Euclidean distance. Also, from the surname frequencies in the marriages we obtained certain kinship measurements. In both analyses the results show a clear differentiation between the parish of Amposta and the rest of the parishes. This difference is mainly due to a greater number of marriages in which delta outsiders participated and can be related to the greater surname diversity and lesser endogamy observed in this population. On the other hand, if only endogamous marriages are taken into account, there is clearly a differentiation between the parishes from both banks of the river, with a strong homogeneity among the northside parishes. We compared the distances obtained from the birthplaces, the kinship parameters obtained from the surnames, and two geographic distance matrixes by means of a Mantel test, and the results show a strong and significant correlation between them when all marriages are considered. If, on the other hand, only endogamous marriages are taken into account, the barrier effect of the river on the interparish relationships can be appreciated.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan 3, 2012
Shifts in social structure and cultural practices can potentially promote unusual combinations of... more Shifts in social structure and cultural practices can potentially promote unusual combinations of allele frequencies that drive the evolution of genetic and phenotypic novelties during human evolution. These cultural practices act in combination with geographical and linguistic barriers and can promote faster evolutionary changes shaped by gene-culture interactions. However, specific cases indicative of this interaction are scarce. Here we show that quantitative genetic parameters obtained from cephalometric data taken on 1,203 individuals analyzed in combination with genetic, climatic, social, and life-history data belonging to six South Amerindian populations are compatible with a scenario of rapid genetic and phenotypic evolution, probably mediated by cultural shifts. We found that the Xavánte experienced a remarkable pace of evolution: the rate of morphological change is far greater than expected for its time of split from their sister group, the Kayapó, which occurred around 1,...
The human skull is a complex and highly integrated structure that has long held the fascination o... more The human skull is a complex and highly integrated structure that has long held the fascination of anthropologists and evolutionary biologists. Recent studies of the genetics of craniofacial variation reveal a very complex and multifactorial picture. These findings contrast with older ideas that posit much simpler developmental bases for variation in cranial morphology such as the growth of the brain or the growth of the chondrocranium relative to the dermatocranium. Such processes have been shown to have major effects on cranial morphology in mice. It is not known, however, whether they are relevant to explaining normal phenotypic variation in humans. To answer this question, we obtained vectors of shape change from mutant mouse models in which the developmental basis for the craniofacial phenotype is known to varying degrees, and compared these to a homologous dataset constructed from human crania obtained from a single population with a known genealogy. Our results show that the shape vectors associated with perturbations to chondrocranial growth, brain growth, and body size in mice do largely correspond to axes of covariation in humans.
Neurocranial globularity is one of the few derived traits defining anatomically modern humans. Va... more Neurocranial globularity is one of the few derived traits defining anatomically modern humans. Variations in this trait derive from multiple and complex interactions between portions of the brain and the size and shape of the cranial base, among other factors. Given their evolutionary and functional importance, neurocranial globularity is expected to present high genetic and developmental constraints on their phenotypic expression. Here we applied two independent approaches to investigate both types of constraints. First, we assessed if patterns of morphological integration are conserved or else disrupted on a series of artificially deformed skulls in comparison to nondeformed (ND) ones. Second, after the estimation of the genetic covariance matrix for human skull shape, we explored how neurocranial globularity would respond to putative selective events disrupting the normal morphological patterns. Simulations on these deviations were explicitly set to replicate the artificial deformation patterns in order to compare developmental and genetic constraints under the same biomechanical conditions. In general terms, our results indicate that putative developmental constraints help to preserve some aspects of normal morphological integration even in the deformed skulls. Moreover, we find that the response to selection in neurocranial globularity is pervasive. In other words, induced changes in the vault generate a global response, indicating that departures from normal patterns of neurocranial globularity are genetically constrained. In summary, our combined results suggest that neurocranial globularity behaves as a highly genetic and developmental constrained trait.
It has long been unclear whether the different derived cranial traits of modern humans evolved in... more It has long been unclear whether the different derived cranial traits of modern humans evolved independently in response to separate selection pressures or whether they resulted from the inherent morphological integration throughout the skull. In a novel approach to this issue, we combine evolutionary quantitative genetics and geometric morphometrics to analyze genetic and phenotypic integration in human skull shape. We measured human skulls in the ossuary of Hallstatt (Austria), which offer a unique opportunity because they are associated with genealogical data. Our results indicate pronounced covariation of traits throughout the skull. Separate simulations of selection for localized shape changes corresponding to some of the principal derived characters of modern human skulls produced outcomes that were similar to each other and involved a joint response in all of these traits.
High resolution benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes (d 18 O, d 13 C) and molecular biomarkers i... more High resolution benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes (d 18 O, d 13 C) and molecular biomarkers in the sediments are used here to infer rapid climatic changes for the last 8200 years in the Ría de Muros (NW Iberian Margin). Benthic foraminiferal d 18 O and d 13 C potentially register migrations in the position of the hydrographic front formed between two different intermediate water masses: Eastern North Atlantic Central Water of subpolar origen (ENACW sp ) and subtropical origen (ENACW st ). The molecular biomarkers in the sediment show a strong coupling between continental organic matter inputs and negative d 13 C values in benthic foraminifera. The rapid centennial and millennial events registered in these records have been compared with two well known North Atlantic Holocene records from the subtropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) anomalies off Cape Blanc, NW Africa and the subpolar Atlantic (Hematite Stained Grains percentage, subpolar North Atlantic). Comparison supports a strong link between high-and low-latitude climatic perturbations at centennial-millennial time scales during the Holocene. Spectral analyses also points to a pole-to-equator propagation of the socalled 1500 yr cycles. Our results demonstrate that during the Holocene, the NW Iberian Margin has undergone a series of rapid events which are likely triggered at high latitudes in the North Atlantic and are rapidly propagated towards lower latitudes. Conceivably, the propagation of these rapid climatic changes involves a shift in atmospheric and oceanic circulatory systems.
" Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial ... more " Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation" är en doktorsavhandling som försvarades den 19 december 2007 vid universitetet i Barcelona." Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation" is a doctoral thesis that was defended on December 19, 2007 at the University of Barcelona.
" Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial ... more " Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation" är en doktorsavhandling som försvarades den 19 december 2007 vid universitetet i Barcelona." Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation" is a doctoral thesis that was defended on December 19, 2007 at the University of Barcelona.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding calculated from isonymy with its ra... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding calculated from isonymy with its random (F r ) and nonrandom (F n ) components, and repeated pairs of surnames (RP 2 ) and their random component (RP 2r ) in the Ebro River Delta region (Tarragona, Spain). This region is made up of four parishes, and data correspond to the period 1939-1995. The global results are on the same levels as observed in other studies, but the values obtained in 3 of 4 parishes are relatively high. The F n global value is higher than F r , as opposed to what happens in each parish, so there is a clear Wahlund effect of subdivision of the region into parishes. Among the parishes there is a clear differentiation for Amposta, with values much lower than for the rest, due to the behavior of this population, i.e., a high immigration rate. Am. J. Hum.
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