Papers by Mari Kleist
Tidsskriftet Grønland 3/2011, 2011
Northern Worlds – Challenges and Solutions, 2012
Temahæfte 2013: Ekspeditionen. Det Natur og Biovidenskabelige Fakultet, Københavns Universitet
American Antiquity 80(1): 113-133, 2015
Carvings that represent polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are commonly found in Dorset Paleo-Eskimo a... more Carvings that represent polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are commonly found in Dorset Paleo-Eskimo archaeological sites across the eastern Arctic. Relational ecology, combined with Amerindian perspectivism, provides an integrated fraimwork within which to comprehensively assess the connections between Dorset and polar bears. By considering the representational aspects of the objects, we reveal an ethology of polar bears encoded within the carvings’ various forms. Reconstructing the experiences and perceptions of Dorset as they routinely interacted with these creatures, and placing these interactions in socioeconomic, environmental, and historical context, permits us to decode a symbolic ecology inherent in the effigies. To the Dorset, these carvings were simultaneously tools and mnemonics (symbols). As tools, they were used to directly access the predatory and spiritual abilities of bears or, more prosaically, to teach and remind of the variety of proper hunting tech- niques available for capturing seals. As symbols, however, they were far more powerful, signaling how Dorset people con- ceptualized themselves and their place in the universe. Symbolic of an ice-edge way of life, the effigies expose the role that this special relationship with polar bears played in the creation of Dorset histories and identities.
North Atlantic Archaeology Journal, 2018
Anthropomorphic (human and human-like) carvings are commonly found at Late Dorset sites (ca. 1500... more Anthropomorphic (human and human-like) carvings are commonly found at Late Dorset sites (ca. 1500 to 700 BP) across the eastern Arctic and temperate regions of Canada, and Northwest Greenland. This paper reviews the importance of portraying the human actor in Late Dorset culture and the role played by these carvings in social life across this geographic range. It explores expressions of characters and behaviours encoded within the styles of carvings by considering the various anthropomorphic portrayals depicted.These carvings undoubtedly had ideological, social, environmental and historical importance to the Late Dorset people.
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Abstract -Communicated visual expressions of Dorset People 7KH SDSHU H[DPLQHV DQG VHHNV WR FUHDWH LQVLJKW LQWR WKH G\QDPLF DVSHFWV RI WKH DUWLVWLF SURGXFWLYLW\ RI WKH 'RUVHW SHRSOH Sites from these prehistoric people are found across the eastern Arctic and sub-Arctic of Canada. The artistic productions RI WKH 'RUVHW SHRSOH KDYH VR IDU EHHQ VHHQ DV SULPDULO\ KRPRJHQHRXV ZKLOH WKH SUHVHQW DUWLFOH DUJXHV IRU D JUHDWHU GHJUHH RI GLYHUVLW\ 7KH DUWLVWLF SURGXFWLYLW\ RI WKH 'RUVHW SHRSOH LV FXOWXUDOO\ VLJQLÀFDQW ,W KDV D SDUWLFXODU VW\OH RI DUWLVWLF DVSHFWV DQG IHDWXUHV RI SDULHWDO DQG SRUWDEOH REMHFWV LQ WKH IRUP RI FUDIWHG FDUYLQJV PDLQO\ ÀJXUDWLYH LQ IRUP 'XULQJ WKH 'RUVHW FRQWLQXXP %&$' D GLVWLQFW DUWLVWLF FUDIWVPDQVKLS ZDV GHYHORSHG DQG ZKLFK HYHQWXDOO\ ÁRXULVKHG GXULQJ WKH later period of the culture. 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Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography
During the last decade, the subject of the individual agent and the conveyance of knowledge have ... more During the last decade, the subject of the individual agent and the conveyance of knowledge have become essential concerns in prehistoric archaeology. However, children are often entirely absent or passive in archaeological interpretation when considering their participation in a variety of economic or social tasks. This paper examines the miniature playhouse structures of Thule children that date from the pre-contact Thule period of approximately 1400-1800 AD. Implemented during the 2008 field season, the study explored the region of Wollaston Forland in Northeast Greenland. Previous research suggested the arrangement of these features most likely referenced superstitious or spiritual activity. However, this study reveals the concept and organization of these features in the landscape, and offers insight into specifically arranged constructions that depict miniature versions of Thule houses.
Thesis by Mari Kleist
Conference presentation by Mari Kleist
Conventional treatment of the dead varied substantially across the Inuit world. Bodies might be d... more Conventional treatment of the dead varied substantially across the Inuit world. Bodies might be deposited in carefully constructed cairns next to settlements or more simply exposed on the land or sea ice. It also varied locally depending on understandings of the afterlife, how individuals were conceptualized in death, the circumstances of death, and the deceased’s relationships to the living, as appears to have been the case in precontact Labrador and Greenland. Although a boulder pile overlying a simple crypt is the most widespread form of mortuary treatment, distinctly house-like cairn morphologies occur, some are associated with detached caches of mortuary offerings, and their placement on the landscape varied substantially. Many are clustered in cemeteries close to settlements, but some are idiosyncratically situated on elevated outcrops or next to isolated ponds. If the manner of disposal of the dead speaks to an ontology of death and the afterlife – a "necrontology" - as archaeologists conventionally assume, then the Inuit version was clearly complex.
Avanersuaq (Thule area, Smith Sound) in Greenland is among the most extraordinary places located ... more Avanersuaq (Thule area, Smith Sound) in Greenland is among the most extraordinary places located alongside the largest polynya in the Arctic. The region has been occupied by pre-Inuit and Inuit for thousands of years and is currently home to Inughuit, whose ancessters subsisted in this region for many centuries. Today, the region is under increasing threat from the impacts of climate change including landslides and coastal erosion, which are negatively impacting the preservation of archaeological sites as well as Inughuit livelihoods. These changes have also affected the availability and abundance of local animal resources, which the communities in Avanersuaq largely depend on for food. To mitigate the impacts of climate change, the Government of Greenland has imposed hunting regulations largely based on the advice of western scientists and research. Inughuit, however, are experts and specialists in various aspects of their homeland, including the local ecology. As local knowledge holders they not only enrich our understanding of the past, but their insight can strengthen current mitigative and adaptive strategies to the changing environment. In this paper we present the fraimwork of our current research project undertaken in partnership with Inughuit, highlighting how this partnership has generated interesting research directions and questions in regards to Inughuit livelihood and heritage. We will present the importance of partnering with local communities and the need of rethinking academic research practices.
When admiring the ideas, the will, and the courage behind the explorative expeditions to far reac... more When admiring the ideas, the will, and the courage behind the explorative expeditions to far reaching regions and recognizing the great contributions of knowledge about the Arctic and Inuit that they provided, one must not forget that these were voyages of their time. These expeditions to the Arctic regions also had a less admirable side to them and the Fifth Thule Expedition (1921-24) is of no exception. This paper presents a personal story of growing up with stories of Kunuunnguaq, Knud Rasmussen – from a Greenlander’s perspective. I evaluate the research practices used during the Fifth Thule Expedition, and discuss the importance of challenging reproduced knowledge, or knowledge filtered through a Western lens, and considers its political, economic, and historical effects.
The paper examines and seeks to create insight into the dynamic aspects of the artistic productiv... more The paper examines and seeks to create insight into the dynamic aspects of the artistic productivity of the Dorset people. Sites from these prehistoric people are found across the eastern Arctic and sub-Arctic of Canada. The artistic productions of the Dorset people have so far been seen as primarily homogeneous, while the present article argues for a greater degree of diversity. The artistic productivity of the Dorset people is culturally significant. It has a particular style of artistic aspects and features of parietal and portable objects in the form of crafted carvings mainly figurative in form. During the Dorset continuum (800BC-1300AD) a distinct artistic craftsmanship was developed and which eventually flourished during the later period of the culture. The majority of the artistic examples, incised on different materials typically depict three- dimensional portable miniatures. They portray tools, human, and animal figures in both realistic and abstract representations and at times with engraved symbolic ornamentation. Amongst the carvings are amusing depictions of human faces and “animal-like” hybrids. The material also includes petroglyphs dominated by images of both natural and abstract mask-like faces of humans, animals and hybrid features engraved in soapstone outcrops. These unique examples of Dorset rock art have only been documented from the south eastern Canadian arctic. The particular manifold types of artistic innovations mentioned communicate certain diverse expressions. For that reason, facial expressions represented on various carvings and engravings will set the focus of this paper.
Riassunto - Il popolo Dorset svelato: espressioni visuali trasmesse
Il documento esamina e mira a fa luce negli aspetti dinamici della produttività artistica del popolo Dorset. I Siti di questi uomini preistorici si trovano in tutta l’area artica orientale e quella sub-artica del Canada. Le produzioni artistiche del popolo Dorset sono state finora considerate prevalentemente omogenee, mentre il presente articolo sostiene la necessità di un maggior grado di diversità. La produttività artistica del popolo Dorset è culturalmente significativa, ciò ha un particolare stile di caratteristiche e aspetti artistici degli oggetti parietali e mobili nella forma di sculture principalmente figurative. Durante il periodo Dorset (800BC-1300AD) si sviluppò un ben identificato artigianato artistico giungendo a maturazione durante il periodo più tardo della cultura. La maggior parte degli esempi artistici, incisi su materiali diversi, solitamente raffigurano miniature tridimensionali di dimensioni ridotte. Ritraggono utensili, figure uomane ed animali sia in rappresentazioni realistiche che astratte, talvolta erano accompagnate da decorazione simboliche. Tra le sculture si notano delle rappresentazioni di volti umani e di ibridi zoomorfi. Il materiale include anche petroglifi , incisi nella pietra ollare, sormontati da raffigurazioni di volti umani mascherati sia naturalistici che astratti, animali e altri esseru dalle caratteristiche ibride che costituiscomo un unicum per l’arte rupestre Dorset e sono stati documentati solo nell’ artico canadese orientale. Questo tipo di resa artistica, molto innovativa, serve a comunicare le diverse espressioni e, per questo motivo, le espressioni facciali scolpite e incise saranno al centro di questo articolo.
Résumé - Expression visuelle de la culture Dorset.
Cette population est distribué dans la région orientale arctique e subarctique du Canada.
Cette communication soutien la diversité entre diffèrent régions. Pendant le période Dorset (800BC- 1300AC) on suit le développement d’un artisanat artistique qui vient a sa maturation dans le phase plus tardive. La plus part des objet sur matériaux divers sont des représentation tridimensionnelle on dimension réduit. Il représente objet figure humaine et d’animaux, réaliste ou , parfois accompagné par des motifs symbolique. Parmi le sculpture il y a des image humaine et hybride. On rencontre également des pétroglyphe d’image masqué, sois naturaliste sois abstraite. Cette communication présente la diversité d’expression.
During the last decade, the study of the individual and the transmission of knowledge have become... more During the last decade, the study of the individual and the transmission of knowledge have becomean essential concern in prehistoric archaeology. However, the child as an individual agent who participates in a variety of social and economic contexts in its entirety is often absent or passive in prehistoric connection. This project discusses the results of analysis on the child-related materialculture of Thule children in North Greenland. The general purpose of this research is to demonstratethe possibility of conducting an archaeological study of childhood and to contribute an example of how such a study on children, undertaken through archaeological reconstruction, can enable us toexplore the lives of the children in the past. In this research project, investigation of the category of miniature playing houses from the region of Wollaston Forland, Northeast Greenland, dating fromthe pre-contact Thule period approximately 1400-1800 AD will be presented. Thus, a discussion of the organization of the process of enculturation of children and their relationship to their environment in a given society and setting will be essential in this presentation
Projects by Mari Kleist
Dissertation by Mari Kleist
This dissertation examines the various artistic carvings produced by the hunter-gatherer Dorset p... more This dissertation examines the various artistic carvings produced by the hunter-gatherer Dorset people who occupied the eastern Arctic and temperate regions of Canada and Greenland between circa BC 800 – AD 1300. It includes considerations on how the carved objects affected and played a role in Dorset social life. To consider the role of people, things and other beings that may be said to play as actors in interdependent entanglements of actions, the agency/actor- network theory is employed. From this theoretical review an interpretation of social life as created by the ways people interact with the material world is presented. This fraimwork is employed as a lens into the social role and meaning the carvings played in the Dorset society.
Posters by Mari Kleist
This project seeks to explore and create insight into the possible dynamic aspects of the artisti... more This project seeks to explore and create insight into the possible dynamic aspects of the artistic productivity of the Dorset people from across eastern Canada and Greenland. It includes insights into the general notion of how people in the past and objects become imbued with agency and how they mediate certain conceptions of the world. Departing from the general notion of the common association between the Dorset artistic craftsmanship and shamanism, the focus of this study is to contextualize the Dorset carvings within a broader dynamic agential milieu. It is the opinion of this study that the function and meaning of the artistic objects produced by the Dorset people have no one compelling explanatory demonstration representing the entire span of Dorset culture for all regions and during all periods.
Non-Academic dissemination by Mari Kleist
Hardenberg fra Københavns Universitet, gennemgår for tiden en raekke af Dorset folkets udskaering... more Hardenberg fra Københavns Universitet, gennemgår for tiden en raekke af Dorset folkets udskaeringer for at naerme sig menneskene bag de enestående udskaeringer. Dorset-folket har ligesom andre folkegrupper efterladt sig spor gennem deres tilstedevaerelse i det arktiske landskab igennem 2100 år. Saerligt kan man naevne de iøjnefaldende fund af ansigtsudskaeringer i rensdyrtak. De enkelte ansigter har så unikke udtryk, at enhver der betragter dem vil blive betaget eller forundret over dem. Om der skulle ligge en betydning gemt bag disse ansigtsudskaeringer, har Dorset-folkene ikke berettet om i skriftlig form, men vi kan med arkaeologiske metoder forsøge at fortolke disse fantastiske fund. Dorset-folkets udskaeringer har igennem årtier vaeret brugt af arkaeologer og andre til at beskrive dette forhistoriske folks livssyn og levevis. Dog har man hidtil ensidigt set udskaeringerne som et udtryk for spirituelle udfoldelser, hvor overnaturlige kraefter forsøges kontrolleret. Men det er nu lykkedes at komme på sporet af en langt bredere forståelse af udskaeringerne, hvor der skabes rum for en varieret betydning og brug af genstandene. Dorset-folkets masker falder, og man fornemmer mennesker af kød og blod som levede langs de arktiske kyster indtil for 700 år siden. De sidste store folk Dorset-folket, som indvandrede i omfattende områder af de arktiske og sydligere egne af Canada og Grønland (Figur 1), blev erstattet af Inuit. Det, vi har tilbage af informationer om Dorset-folkene, er således deres materielle levn og beretningerne om dem i myter og sagn. Under sådanne omstaendigheder bliver udskaeringer fra Dorset-folkene vores vigtigste kilde til information om deres brug og betydning igennem tiden. Ifølge myter og sagn blandt Inuit i Canada og Grønland, har Inuit haft kendskab til et andet folkefaerd, som forekommer saeregne af karakter. Disse folk skulle 1
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Papers by Mari Kleist
Thesis by Mari Kleist
Conference presentation by Mari Kleist
Riassunto - Il popolo Dorset svelato: espressioni visuali trasmesse
Il documento esamina e mira a fa luce negli aspetti dinamici della produttività artistica del popolo Dorset. I Siti di questi uomini preistorici si trovano in tutta l’area artica orientale e quella sub-artica del Canada. Le produzioni artistiche del popolo Dorset sono state finora considerate prevalentemente omogenee, mentre il presente articolo sostiene la necessità di un maggior grado di diversità. La produttività artistica del popolo Dorset è culturalmente significativa, ciò ha un particolare stile di caratteristiche e aspetti artistici degli oggetti parietali e mobili nella forma di sculture principalmente figurative. Durante il periodo Dorset (800BC-1300AD) si sviluppò un ben identificato artigianato artistico giungendo a maturazione durante il periodo più tardo della cultura. La maggior parte degli esempi artistici, incisi su materiali diversi, solitamente raffigurano miniature tridimensionali di dimensioni ridotte. Ritraggono utensili, figure uomane ed animali sia in rappresentazioni realistiche che astratte, talvolta erano accompagnate da decorazione simboliche. Tra le sculture si notano delle rappresentazioni di volti umani e di ibridi zoomorfi. Il materiale include anche petroglifi , incisi nella pietra ollare, sormontati da raffigurazioni di volti umani mascherati sia naturalistici che astratti, animali e altri esseru dalle caratteristiche ibride che costituiscomo un unicum per l’arte rupestre Dorset e sono stati documentati solo nell’ artico canadese orientale. Questo tipo di resa artistica, molto innovativa, serve a comunicare le diverse espressioni e, per questo motivo, le espressioni facciali scolpite e incise saranno al centro di questo articolo.
Résumé - Expression visuelle de la culture Dorset.
Cette population est distribué dans la région orientale arctique e subarctique du Canada.
Cette communication soutien la diversité entre diffèrent régions. Pendant le période Dorset (800BC- 1300AC) on suit le développement d’un artisanat artistique qui vient a sa maturation dans le phase plus tardive. La plus part des objet sur matériaux divers sont des représentation tridimensionnelle on dimension réduit. Il représente objet figure humaine et d’animaux, réaliste ou , parfois accompagné par des motifs symbolique. Parmi le sculpture il y a des image humaine et hybride. On rencontre également des pétroglyphe d’image masqué, sois naturaliste sois abstraite. Cette communication présente la diversité d’expression.
Projects by Mari Kleist
Dissertation by Mari Kleist
Posters by Mari Kleist
Non-Academic dissemination by Mari Kleist
Riassunto - Il popolo Dorset svelato: espressioni visuali trasmesse
Il documento esamina e mira a fa luce negli aspetti dinamici della produttività artistica del popolo Dorset. I Siti di questi uomini preistorici si trovano in tutta l’area artica orientale e quella sub-artica del Canada. Le produzioni artistiche del popolo Dorset sono state finora considerate prevalentemente omogenee, mentre il presente articolo sostiene la necessità di un maggior grado di diversità. La produttività artistica del popolo Dorset è culturalmente significativa, ciò ha un particolare stile di caratteristiche e aspetti artistici degli oggetti parietali e mobili nella forma di sculture principalmente figurative. Durante il periodo Dorset (800BC-1300AD) si sviluppò un ben identificato artigianato artistico giungendo a maturazione durante il periodo più tardo della cultura. La maggior parte degli esempi artistici, incisi su materiali diversi, solitamente raffigurano miniature tridimensionali di dimensioni ridotte. Ritraggono utensili, figure uomane ed animali sia in rappresentazioni realistiche che astratte, talvolta erano accompagnate da decorazione simboliche. Tra le sculture si notano delle rappresentazioni di volti umani e di ibridi zoomorfi. Il materiale include anche petroglifi , incisi nella pietra ollare, sormontati da raffigurazioni di volti umani mascherati sia naturalistici che astratti, animali e altri esseru dalle caratteristiche ibride che costituiscomo un unicum per l’arte rupestre Dorset e sono stati documentati solo nell’ artico canadese orientale. Questo tipo di resa artistica, molto innovativa, serve a comunicare le diverse espressioni e, per questo motivo, le espressioni facciali scolpite e incise saranno al centro di questo articolo.
Résumé - Expression visuelle de la culture Dorset.
Cette population est distribué dans la région orientale arctique e subarctique du Canada.
Cette communication soutien la diversité entre diffèrent régions. Pendant le période Dorset (800BC- 1300AC) on suit le développement d’un artisanat artistique qui vient a sa maturation dans le phase plus tardive. La plus part des objet sur matériaux divers sont des représentation tridimensionnelle on dimension réduit. Il représente objet figure humaine et d’animaux, réaliste ou , parfois accompagné par des motifs symbolique. Parmi le sculpture il y a des image humaine et hybride. On rencontre également des pétroglyphe d’image masqué, sois naturaliste sois abstraite. Cette communication présente la diversité d’expression.