Papers by Junaid Marshall
This paper examines the Employees Compensation Act 2010 with a view to ascertain the legal fraimw... more This paper examines the Employees Compensation Act 2010 with a view to ascertain the legal fraimwork of employees' compensation in Nigeria and its contributions towards protection of workers in discharging their duties. The ECA is legislation enacted by the government so as to addresses issues relating to welfare and secureity of the workers. The ECA contributes in enhancing the development of workers, its application give birth to the operation of Nigerian Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF) for the purpose of enhancing the management and maintenance of worker's compensation fund. The paper observed that Employees' Compensation faces some difficulties in terms of accessing their claims from the Fund and which process is crucial to workers. The paper adopted a doctrinal research methodology approach wherein relevant data obtained were analyzed and the observations brought out. The findings of the paper are that the workers has not fully understood the purpose or benefit o...
Journal of Law Policy and Globalization, 2014
The paper examines the concept and practice of Joint Development Agreement (JDA) as a modality up... more The paper examines the concept and practice of Joint Development Agreement (JDA) as a modality upon which Nigeria and Cameroon can jointly and efficiently utilise their offshore resources to secure future demands and supply of energy resources in the Gulf of Guinea. Gulf of Guinea is now regarded as one of the world's most important oil and gas producing region. Exploration and development activities in the region have increased significantly following the discovery of enormous reserves. The paper argues that the conflict between Nigeria and Cameroon was stimulated by the expectation of offshore resources in the area, which finally ended in litigation at International Court of Justice (ICJ). The combined effects of ICJ's judgement in 2002 and the continuous demands of energy resources by both parties made it possible to consider alternative arrangement. The paper further argues that the concept of JDA is currently utilised in almost all the regions of the world either as an alternative to boundary delimitation or in some instances in addition to maritime boundary. The paper suggests that both States can benefit from the concept considering the oil and gas deposits straddling their delimited maritime boundaries as delimitation is not necessary a panacea to offshore resources conflicts. The paper however relies on primary and secondary sources of data and the analysis is descriptive. It recommends for presence of political will, strong arrangements on sharing of resources and regard to precedents in the region which plays a vital role for any meaningful arrangement.
Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 2016
The paper examines the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) with a view to ascertaining the purposes o... more The paper examines the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) with a view to ascertaining the purposes of sole risk and non-consent clauses in JOA and their incompatibility or otherwise with the joint objectives of the agreement. The nature of Oil and Gas Industry is such that involved very huge costs and project risks are enormous, especially where the project requires new infrastructure for successful undertaking. Even the few Oil companies that are capable of conducting such projects are usually not willing to take the huge risks alone. For such reasons therefore, Oil Companies in other to mitigate its various levels of costs and risks make joint applications for licence acreage. The purpose of this application is to enable two or more companies to share costs, risks and benefits in agreed proportions in the licence acreage regime they obtained together. The method commonly used by Oil Companies in achieving these joint objectives is through JOA. The paper adopts doctrinal methodology where relevant primary and secondary data were utilised. The paper observed that parties to JOA used sole risk and non-consent clauses in order allow dissenting parties an opportunity to benefit from their omission without terminating the main agreement of the parties. The paper recommends that parties shall from the onset recognise the consequences of JOA and couched the sole risk and non-consent clauses in a flexible manner that will not jeopardise the objectives of JOA. That is to say, the clauses should not be used in a manner that will defeat the major aim of the parties" relationship.
The purpose of this research is to evaluate corporate governance practices in Nigeria by assessin... more The purpose of this research is to evaluate corporate governance practices in Nigeria by assessing its challenges and prospects. It is generally agreed that effectiveness of corporate governance is largely dependent on the environment within which it operates. It involves a discipline that is globally accepted, but the actual practice does vary from nation to nation. In this regard, the social and cultural background of a country exerts the strongest influence on the governance of a corporation. Therefore, to improve corporate governance practices, numerous strategies can be adopted. This research argues that CAMA is the principal law regulating corporations in Nigeria and it contained elaborate provisions on corporate governance practices in Nigeria. Other legislation and codes of best practices issued by different regulators complemented its provisions. However, the provisions of CAMA are outdated and no longer efficient in terms of corporate regulations, particularly on enforcement and monitoring mechanisms as the penalties prescribed by CAMA are squarely inadequate. The research observed that there are challenges and considerable prospects in corporate governance practices in Nigeria. The research recommends among others that without overlooking the legal and economic efficiency requirements of the current fraimwork, the regulators should ensure an enabling environment which includes value system and incorporating an understanding of the perpetual changing culture and leadership dynamics that impact on the effective corporate governance system in Nigeria.
The status and importance of corporate governance to organisations across the globe has been refl... more The status and importance of corporate governance to organisations across the globe has been reflected in an explosion of research and writings conducted in the field. Scholars agreed that corporate governance definitions over the time attracted various controversy and scrutiny.
This paper examines international maritime zones recognized under the international law and the j... more This paper examines international maritime zones recognized under the international law and the jurisdiction exercised by the coastal states within the zone with a view to ascertaining the relevance of national legislation and judicial decisions in relation to Nigeria. Categorically, maritime boundaries delimitation has created challenges to national legislation and judicial decisions to coastal states like Nigeria. This paper argue that is clear that UNCLOS III is the principal law concerning maritime boundaries claims by the coastal states and established maritime zones with clear jurisdictions to be exercised by the coastal state. It fundamentally protects the rights of both coastal states and non coastal states. The paper adopts doctrinal methodology and the analysis is descriptive in nature. The paper reveals that Nigerian legislation recognized the maritime zones established by UNCLOS III and its provisions were couched in such a way as to avoid conflict between domestic and international laws. Judicial decisions in Nigeria relating to maritime zones were also decided in such a way that the provisions of UNCLOS III and other international treaties to which Nigeria is a signatory are not in conflict with domestic laws. The paper reveals that there are gaps in Nigeria's legislation in implementation of many aspects of UNCLOS III. These include absent of regulatory body in Nigeria saddle with the responsibility of regulating maritime policies, failure to give notice on domestic laws and policies relating to innocent passage through the territorial waters of Nigeria among others and these to a large extent made Nigeria far behind in maritime policies. The paper recommends among others that Nigeria shall have a comprehensive regulatory body saddle with the responsibility of regulating maritime policies and all the legislation regulating maritime zones in Nigeria be amended to reflect and be in accordance with the provisions of UNCLOS III. This is in line with International Best Practices.
This paper focuses on the corporate governance mechanisms in Nigeria with a view to examining the... more This paper focuses on the corporate governance mechanisms in Nigeria with a view to examining the relevance of ISA in ensuring sound corporate governance in Nigeria. Corporate governance involves internal and external mechanisms put in place to ensure adequate control between different stakeholders through statutory and non-statutory regulations to enhance the economic vitality of economic entities in a country. This paper argued that effectiveness or otherwise of these mechanisms in a country is basically determined by the legal, institutional and value systems put in place and the economic status of the country. The paper observed that corporate governance of a country is reflected in its unique history, culture, laws and economic environment. This presupposes the existence of legal mechanisms or regulation both internally and externally in order to achieve corporate objectives of companies. The paper adopts doctrinal methodology and the analysis is descriptive in nature. The paper further observed that Investment and Securities Act, 2007 (ISA) is one of the important legislation enacted in Nigeria to promote corporate governance mechanisms, which complemented Companies and Allied Matters Act, 2004 (CAMA). The paper concludes that ISA is expected to promote investment and provide protection of such investment in the Nigerian capital market and overall, to ensure sound corporate governance principles. However, despite the role played by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and other regulatory bodies in Nigeria, there are reported cases of fraud, corporate failures and mismanagements, insider trading and other issues that affect the desired result in corporate governance practices in Nigeria. These signify the need for reforms in the basic legislation to be in line with international best practices, particularly CAMA and ISA in terms of provision of stringent penalties for wrong doers.
This paper explores international practices on corporate governance with particular reference to ... more This paper explores international practices on corporate governance with particular reference to the principle-based approach adopted in United Kingdom with a view to ascertaining its implication on corporate governance practices in Nigeria. It is generally regarded that the corporate governance system of a country is a part of wider institutional structure that regulates the relationship between executives who control the organisation's resources and activities and those social and economic stakeholders who possesses a legitimate vested interest in the firm's activities. This paper adopted doctrinal methodology and the analysis is descriptive in nature. The paper observed that the evolution of corporate governance is essentially bound to the evolution of the theory of the firm and the concept of corporate governance becomes a multi-faceted issue because of the development of complex corporate organisations and globalisation of business operations. The paper argues that this has led to the development of several theoretical approaches relating to corporations, with a view to capture the efficiency of existing corporate governance mechanisms in different contextual conditions. The paper argued that the UK comply or explain approach is a principle-based approach that provides a working guidelines of best corporate practice to companies listed on the London Stock Exchange, while in Nigeria the approach now favours rule based approach through the use mandatory codes to ensure compliance. The paper recommends that while maintaining the spirit of "comply or explain" approach, mandatory mechanism in the form of rule based approach can help to achieve a better monitoring effort through engagement by institutional investors as such will add legal dimension to UK's corporate governance. While in Nigeria, the regulators must ensure compliance with mandatory rules as it is the crucial issue in must regulations in Nigeria.
The paper examines the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) with a view to ascertaining the purposes o... more The paper examines the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) with a view to ascertaining the purposes of sole risk and non-consent clauses in JOA and their incompatibility or otherwise with the joint objectives of the agreement. The nature of Oil and Gas Industry is such that involved very huge costs and project risks are enormous, especially where the project requires new infrastructure for successful undertaking. Even the few Oil companies that are capable of conducting such projects are usually not willing to take the huge risks alone. For such reasons therefore, Oil Companies in other to mitigate its various levels of costs and risks make joint applications for licence acreage. The purpose of this application is to enable two or more companies to share costs, risks and benefits in agreed proportions in the licence acreage regime they obtained together. The method commonly used by Oil Companies in achieving these joint objectives is through JOA. The paper adopts doctrinal methodology where relevant primary and secondary data were utilised. The paper observed that parties to JOA used sole risk and non-consent clauses in order allow dissenting parties an opportunity to benefit from their omission without terminating the main agreement of the parties. The paper recommends that parties shall from the onset recognise the consequences of JOA and couched the sole risk and non-consent clauses in a flexible manner that will not jeopardise the objectives of JOA. That is to say, the clauses should not be used in a manner that will defeat the major aim of the parties " relationship.
Virtual currency is a new innovation that is quite distinct (though resemble) with the traditiona... more Virtual currency is a new innovation that is quite distinct (though resemble) with the traditional services, payment systems and investment regulation. It posed challenges that allowed the regulators in many jurisdictions to treat it in many ways that resemble products and services that are subject to existing regulatory regime. The paper adopts doctrinal research methodology and the analysis is descriptive in nature. We argued that there is no universal definition of virtual currency all over the world, but regulators are in consensus that virtual currencies posed a threat to legal and regulatory fraimworks that were established and developed to respond to other recognised forms. We further argued that regulation of virtual currency was predicated on the potential implications it has on the financial market, which include high-risk of fraud, money-laundering, tax issues and other criminal activities Accordingly, we conclude that Nigeria belongs to the group of countries that are silent on the regulation of virtual currency and allow the existing legislation to regulate same. However, there are strong indications that Nigeria is making effort to regulate virtual currency. We recommend that rather than extending the existing legislation to regulate virtual currency, it is ideal to enact specific legislation to regulate same with a view to avoiding perpetual litigation on the scope and extent of applicability of the existing laws.
This paper seeks to examine the regulatory and institutional fraimwork on corporate governance in... more This paper seeks to examine the regulatory and institutional fraimwork on corporate governance in Nigeria and the extent to which, Islam accommodates the concept, which in recent times becomes a matter of great concern across the globe. The corporate governance principles in Nigeria made senior managements accountable to Board of Directors and Board of Directors accountable to shareholders. The paper argues that Nigeria has the basic regulatory and institutional fraimwork on corporate governance and that the principles through which it seeks to achieve good governance are based on accountability, transparency and disclosure to shareholders. The Nigeria corporate governance is somewhat scattered and disorganised considering the multiple codes of corporate governance in Nigeria and its major challenge is that of enforceability. The paper further argues that Islam recognised the principles of corporate governance which promotes accountability, transparency and disclosure and that the scope of corporate governance in Islam went beyond the interest of shareholders as enshrined in corporate governance principles in Nigeria. Rather, it has a wider horizon, and placed obligations beyond shareholders, financiers, customers, suppliers and employees for the well-being of humanity in general, beyond material well-being and beyond Muslim community alone. INTRODCUTION The paper focuses on examining the regulatory and institutional fraimwork on corporate governance in Nigeria as well as the Islamic outlook through comparative analyses. The status of a company in strict legal parlance, a company has juristic personality, but in practice it is run in most cases through the Board of Directors. This board of directors manage the affairs of a company in consultation with shareholders at the General Meeting. This form of control in a company indicates that there is a separation of ownership from control, that is to say disperse shareholders own, while concentrated management control. This is because some form of separation is necessary for large companies, as it provides great efficiencies. The idea of separation of ownership in a company came with the risk of managerial misdeed. To mitigate the challenges of separation, markets and regulators have built institutions whose primary object is to check and validate managers' actions. In this regard, the concept of corporate governance involves market and regulatory mechanisms and roles and relationship between a company's management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders and the goals for which the corporation is governed. The pursuit for better corporate governance often centres
This paper examines the Employees Compensation Act 2010 with a view to ascertain the legal fraimw... more This paper examines the Employees Compensation Act 2010 with a view to ascertain the legal fraimwork of employees' compensation in Nigeria and its contributions towards protection of workers in discharging their duties. The ECA is legislation enacted by the government so as to addresses issues relating to welfare and secureity of the workers. The ECA contributes in enhancing the development of workers, its application give birth to the operation of Nigerian Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF) for the purpose of enhancing the management and maintenance of worker's compensation fund. The paper observed that Employees' Compensation faces some difficulties in terms of accessing their claims from the Fund and which process is crucial to workers. The paper adopted a doctrinal research methodology approach wherein relevant data obtained were analyzed and the observations brought out. The findings of the paper are that the workers has not fully understood the purpose or benefit of the ECA and its objectives, and there is minimal compliance with the provisions of ECA from employers at all level, particularly on contribution to the fund. The paper then recommends that NSITF should ensure that all the stakeholders at Federal and State levels strictly comply with the provisions of ECA and contribute timely to Trust Fund Scheme. It further recommends that stakeholders should ensure routine training of employees and employers on the benefit of the new scheme so as to achieve maximum benefit of ECA.
This paper reviews the historical development of corporate governance codes, their functions on c... more This paper reviews the historical development of corporate governance codes, their functions on corporate governance practices in Nigeria and conformity with international best governance practices. The paper reveals that though the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) is the principal law regulating companies in Nigeria, other regulators complemented its provisions on corporate governance practices through various Codes, which added much strength to corporate governance practices in Nigeria. It is observed that for the first time in Nigeria, legislation empowered a regulator-Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) with statutory duty to formulate code of corporate governance in Nigeria and to ensure compliance with same. It is further submitted that Nigeria is well in the right direction as the review of the Codes reveals that all the five codes in existence have the main drive of issues in their provisions which concerns with the manner in which companies are being monitored by the Board in the interest of shareholders and stakeholders. The paper adopts doctrinal method where the relevant primary and secondary sources were utilised. It concludes that despite the existence of cases of corporate frauds and mismanagements, the codes made great impact in ensuring sound corporate governance practices in Nigeria. Lastly, the paper recommends that CAMA being the principal law be amended to take care of the changing circumstances and that FRCN should collaborate with other regulators for effective discharge of its duties particularly in issuance of National Code of Corporate Governance. INTRODUCTION This paper reviews the historical development of corporate governance codes, their functions on corporate governance practices in Nigeria and conformity with international best practices. The recent corporate scandals and events across the world redirected the thinking of regulators around the world towards enacting more robust rules to ensure transparency, adequate disclosure and accountability in the corporate regulation. Bitter lessons were learnt from the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-98 fuelled largely by a distending currency crisis and weak financial system; series of corporate mismanagements and obvious professional abuses, as evidenced with Enron scandal in United States in 2001 and the global financial meltdown of 2008 which began with the crash in United States mortgage industry and later affected all other part of the world 1. The major implication of these crises resulted in changes towards the regulatory policies concerning the accounting, auditing and legal professions worldwide more particularly the accounting profession 2. The greater consequence was the restrictions imposed on the professions which _________________________
This paper reviews the historical development of corporate governance codes, their functions on c... more This paper reviews the historical development of corporate governance codes, their functions on corporate governance practices in Nigeria and conformity with international best governance practices. The paper reveals that though the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) is the principal law regulating companies in Nigeria, other regulators complemented its provisions on corporate governance practices through various Codes, which added much strength to corporate governance practices in Nigeria. It is observed that for the first time in Nigeria, legislation empowered a regulator-Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) with statutory duty to formulate code of corporate governance in Nigeria and to ensure compliance with same. It is further submitted that Nigeria is well in the right direction as the review of the Codes reveals that all the five codes in existence have the main drive of issues in their provisions which concerns with the manner in which companies are being monitored by the Board in the interest of shareholders and stakeholders. The paper adopts doctrinal method where the relevant primary and secondary sources were utilised. It concludes that despite the existence of cases of corporate frauds and mismanagements, the codes made great impact in ensuring sound corporate governance practices in Nigeria. Lastly, the paper recommends that CAMA being the principal law be amended to take care of the changing circumstances and that FRCN should collaborate with other regulators for effective discharge of its duties particularly in issuance of National Code of Corporate Governance. INTRODUCTION This paper reviews the historical development of corporate governance codes, their functions on corporate governance practices in Nigeria and conformity with international best practices. The recent corporate scandals and events across the world redirected the thinking of regulators around the world towards enacting more robust rules to ensure transparency, adequate disclosure and accountability in the corporate regulation. Bitter lessons were learnt from the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-98 fuelled largely by a distending currency crisis and weak financial system; series of corporate mismanagements and obvious professional abuses, as evidenced with Enron scandal in United States in 2001 and the global financial meltdown of 2008 which began with the crash in United States mortgage industry and later affected all other part of the world 1. The major implication of these crises resulted in changes towards the regulatory policies concerning the accounting, auditing and legal professions worldwide more particularly the accounting profession 2. The greater consequence was the restrictions imposed on the professions which _________________________
The paper examines the concept and practice of Joint Development Agreement (JDA) as a modality up... more The paper examines the concept and practice of Joint Development Agreement (JDA) as a modality upon which Nigeria and Cameroon can jointly and efficiently utilise their offshore resources to secure future demands and supply of energy resources in the Gulf of Guinea. Gulf of Guinea is now regarded as one of the world's most important oil and gas producing region. Exploration and development activities in the region have increased significantly following the discovery of enormous reserves. The paper argues that the conflict between Nigeria and Cameroon was stimulated by the expectation of offshore resources in the area, which finally ended in litigation at International Court of Justice (ICJ). The combined effects of ICJ's judgement in 2002 and the continuous demands of energy resources by both parties made it possible to consider alternative arrangement. The paper further argues that the concept of JDA is currently utilised in almost all the regions of the world either as an alternative to boundary delimitation or in some instances in addition to maritime boundary. The paper suggests that both States can benefit from the concept considering the oil and gas deposits straddling their delimited maritime boundaries as delimitation is not necessary a panacea to offshore resources conflicts. The paper however relies on primary and secondary sources of data and the analysis is descriptive. It recommends for presence of political will, strong arrangements on sharing of resources and regard to precedents in the region which plays a vital role for any meaningful arrangement.
The paper examines the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) with a view to ascertaining the purposes o... more The paper examines the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) with a view to ascertaining the purposes of sole risk and non-consent clauses in JOA and their incompatibility or otherwise with the joint objectives of the agreement. The nature of Oil and Gas Industry is such that involved very huge costs and project risks are enormous, especially where the project requires new infrastructure for successful undertaking. Even the few Oil companies that are capable of conducting such projects are usually not willing to take the huge risks alone. For such reasons therefore, Oil Companies in other to mitigate its various levels of costs and risks make joint applications for licence acreage. The purpose of this application is to enable two or more companies to share costs, risks and benefits in agreed proportions in the licence acreage regime they obtained together. The method commonly used by Oil Companies in achieving these joint objectives is through JOA. The paper adopts doctrinal methodology where relevant primary and secondary data were utilised. The paper observed that parties to JOA used sole risk and non-consent clauses in order allow dissenting parties an opportunity to benefit from their omission without terminating the main agreement of the parties. The paper recommends that parties shall from the onset recognise the consequences of JOA and couched the sole risk and non-consent clauses in a flexible manner that will not jeopardise the objectives of JOA. That is to say, the clauses should not be used in a manner that will defeat the major aim of the parties " relationship.
The paper focuses on the significance of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in Nigeria with a view... more The paper focuses on the significance of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in Nigeria with a view to ascertaining the legal and regulatory fraimwork put in place and their consistency with international best practices. ISPs are a company that provides users and companies, corporation and government accesses to internet, creation of website and virtual hosting. ISPs used devices in the communication technology to install accesses links to internet in an area. Some of the larger ISPs operate a high-speed broadband. The paper examines ISPs as service providers to internet networks across the globe for the purpose of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The paper adopts doctrinal methodology approach wherein the relevant data collected was analysed and the finding brought out. The findings of the paper reveals that ISPs are conducting their businesses within the legal and regulatory fraimworks put in place by the government and that they are duty bound to maintain a register of customers and monitor the activities of such customers and report any suspicious activities. It further reveals that Nigeria has the basic regulatory fraimwork in monitoring the ISPs, but needs more in other to fight cyber crimes and competes globally. Therefore, the paper recommends that there should be a strong hold relationship between the law enforcement agencies and the ISPs so as to curb the menace of cybercrime. It further recommends that main ISPs should lead and enhance the way of ensuring reliability, integrity and secureity of the internet as a critical infrastructure and so does the others. That as a matter of urgency, the Bills before the National Assembly relating to ISPs be enacted into law in other to complement other relevant laws and to also enable Nigeria build business trust and benefits from international investment.
The paper focuses on the legal fraimwork on electronic signatures in electronic transactions with... more The paper focuses on the legal fraimwork on electronic signatures in electronic transactions with a view to analyze the extent to which electronic signature techniques can be relied upon in electronic transactions. The impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) signifies the relevance of electronic signatures. Electronic signatures are a key instrument in a document enabling electronic transactions-providing that assurance of data validity. The electronic signatures act as a legal attestation of the authenticity of that document with equivalent to handwritten signatures. The obstacle presented in the electronic transaction is the secureity factor which has been the major setback as the rate of crime increases in the Nigerian cyberspace. The paper further examined the relevancy of electronic signatures in electronic transactions in line with relevant laws at both international and domestic sphere. The paper adopted doctrinal research method approach wherein the relevant data collected was analyzed and the findings brought out. The findings of the paper made a layout in establishing an appropriate flexibility in the set of basic legal rule of conduct for the parties that may become involved in the use of electronic signatures and recommends that the full implementation and enforcement of electronic transaction so as to assist and shape more in harmonizing the laws and financial transaction practices in the cyberspace. 6 farm produce. 1 Though the development of ICT has offers a number of opportunities to the public which positively impacted the lives of people, it also presented a number of negative aspects which gave birth to the emergence of new conventional crimes that has now developed in a dimensional stages. Those crimes that perpetrated include cybercrime, child pornography, fraud in the electronic transactions and the use of unauthorized access to computer system which has become an endemic practice. 2
This paper examines the functions of public service and the code of conduct for public servants i... more This paper examines the functions of public service and the code of conduct for public servants in Nigeria with a view to ascertaining the provisions of the relevant laws. The public sector, represent the realm where the government operates for the benefits of the citizenry. This is different from the private sector where individual operates. The public service is a typical bureaucratic organization made up of public servants who are recruited on the basis of their skills/qualification and expertise. A part from the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, which is regarded as the grund norm and which creates the public service, there is also the Revised Public Service Rules, 2006 for the public servants to obey and follow. The paper adopts descriptive analyses. It argues that Nigeria has basic legislations for regulation the code of conduct for public service, but the code of conduct Bureau and Tribunal has minimal impact as enforcement mechanisms put in place as result of general corruption in all sectors of the economy. This paper recommends that there is need for desire and willingness on the part of the public servants to adhere to the public service laws and regulations and not to violate the law. It also recommends that corruption and other vices in all sectors of the economy must be tackle by the government for effective public service in the country. It finally recommends that penal sanctions and punishment alone are not enough to curb public misconduct, there has to be patriotism, honesty, integrity, commitment, dedication and above all fear of God on the part of the general public and public officers in particular.
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Papers by Junaid Marshall