Objective -A population-based prospective study was analysed to: a) determine the prevalence of hypertension; b) investigate the clustering of other cardiovascular risk factors and c) verify whether older differed from younger adults in the pattern of clustering.

Cardiovascular diseases account for 18 million deaths per year in the world, coronary artery diseases and cerebrovascular diseases being responsible for two thirds of these deaths and for approximately 22% of the 55 million deaths due to all causes 1 . Estimates on mortality due to cardiovascular diseases according to the region indicate that developing countries contribute with a greater part of the overall burden of mortality due to the disease than developed countries 2 , with a relative excess of 70% 3 .

Background: The early exposure to poor social and nutritional conditions may influence cognitive function during adult age. However, the relative impact of these factors has not yet been established and they can vary during the course of life.

To determine the coronary risk profile in adults and elderly in a community. The study comprised a sample of adults (30-59 years, n=547) and the entire elderly population (60-74 years, n=1165) residing in Bambuí town, Brazil. The Framingham score based on sex, age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and HDL-C was used. The score based on age and sex was defined as "expected" and compared with the mean score obtained by the sum of all risk factors in each age group and sex (score "observed"). The difference between the scores "observed" and "expected" increased with aging in both sexes. Smoking increased the difference from 30 years of age onwards, in both sexes, and hypertension was important in men above the age of 30 years and in women above the age of 50 years. Diabetes and elevated total cholesterol increased the risk of the disease above the age of 50 years in both sexes. A higher level o...

Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and their complications are a growing problem in Brazil. However, no comprehensive picture of this disease burden has yet been presented to date. We used Global Burden of Disease 2015 data to characterize diabetes prevalence, incidence and risk factors from 1990 to 2015 in Brazil. Additionally, we provide mortality, years of life lost prematurely (YLL), years of life lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to diabetes, as well as similar data for chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to diabetes and, as an overall summary measure, for hyperglycemia, the latter expressed as high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG). From 1990 to 2015 diabetes prevalence rose from around 3.6 to 6.1%, and YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs attributable to diabetes increased steadily. The crude diabetes death rate increased 90% while that of CKD due to diabetes more than doubled. In 2015, HFPG became Brazil's 4th leading cause of disability, responsible for 65...

As doenças cardiovasculares são responsáveis por 18 milhões de mortes por ano no mundo, sendo as doenças co-ronarianas e as doenças cerebrovasculares responsáveis por dois terços desses óbitos e, aproximadamente, 22% dos 55 milhões de óbitos por todas ...

Objective: To complete a long-term (Ͼ10 years) follow-up of patients undergoing isolated roux-en-Y gastric bypass for severe obesity. Background: Long-term results of gastric bypass in patients followed for longer than 10 years is not reported in the literature. Methods: Accurate weights were recorded on 228 of 272 (83.8%) of patients at a mean of 11.4 years (range, 4.7-14.9 years) after surgery. Results were documented on an individual basis for both long-and short-limb gastric bypass and compared with results at the nadir BMI and % excess weight loss (%EWL) at 5 years and Ͼ10 years post surgery. Results: There was a significant (P Ͻ 0.0001) increase in BMI in both morbidly obese (BMI Ͻ 50 kg/m 2) and super obese patients (BMI Ͼ 50 kg/m 2) from the nadir to 5 years and from 5 to 10 years. The super obese lost more rapidly from time zero and gained more rapidly after reaching the lowest weight at approximately 2 years than the morbidly obese patients. There was no difference in results between the long-and short-limb operations. There was a significant increase in failures and decrease in excellent results at 10 years when compared with 5 years. The failure rate when all patients are followed for at least 10 years was 20.4% for morbidly obese patients and 34.9% for super obese patients. Conclusions: The gastric bypass limb length does not impact long-term weight loss. Significant weight gain occurs continuously in patients after reaching the nadir weight following gastric bypass. Despite this weight gain, the long-term mortality remains low at 3.1%.

Background: Maternal mortality and morbidity are among the top public health priorities in Brazil, being quite high, especially among the most disadvantage women. A case control study was developed to identify risk factors for severe maternal morbidity in Sao Luis, one of the poorest Brazilian State Capitals. Methods: The case-control study was carried out between 01/03/2009 and 28/02/2010 in two public high-risk maternities facilities and in two intensive care units (ICUs) for referral of obstetric cases. All cases hospitalized due to complications during gestation period, childbirth or up to 42 days of puerperium and who fulfilled any of Mantel's and/or Waterstone's criteria were identified. Two controls per case were randomly selected among patients of the same clinics discharged for other reasons. Data were obtained through a structured interview as well as from medical charts and prenatal cards and included sociodemographic variables, clinical and obstetric histories, behavioral factors and exposure to stress factors during pregnancy, pre-natal assistance and obstetric complication and childbirth care. Results: In the final model of the unconditional logistic regression analysis, being older than 35 years (OR=3.11; 95% CI:1.53-6.31), previous hypertension (OR=2.52; 95% CI:1.09-5.80), history of abortion (OR=1.61; 95% CI:0.97-2.68), 4-5 pre-natal consultations (OR=1.78; 95% CI:1.05-3.01) and 1-3 pre-natal consultations (OR=1.89; 95% CI:1.03-3.49) were independently associated with severe maternal morbidity. Conclusions: The results corroborate the importance of reproductive healthcare, of identifying a high-risk pregnancy and of a qualified and complete prenatal care to prevent severe morbid events.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de características associadas a comportamentos saudáveis em jovens. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de 14.193 indivíduos com idades entre 18 e 29 anos, referentes ao sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL), realizado nas 27 capitais brasileiras em 2006. Foi considerado saudável quem não fuma, pratica atividade física regular e consome frutas/hortaliças cinco ou mais dias na semana. Foi analisada associação entre comportamento saudável com variáveis sociodemográficas e indicadores de saúde. A análise dos dados baseou-se na razão de prevalência obtida por regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de jovens saudáveis foi de 8,0%; 39,6% relataram dois comportamentos saudáveis, 45,3% relataram um, e 7,0% nenhum. Na análise multivariada, o comportamento saudável foi mais freqüente entre participantes com 25-29 anos, escolaridade maior que nove anos de estudo e que relataram haver lo...

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) myelopathy (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disabling disorder. This work aimed to analyze clinical features and epidemiology in a sample of HAM/TSP. All HTLV-1 infected patients with diagnostic criteria for HAM/TSP, consecutively admitted to the Sarah Hospital from 1998 to 2007, were included in the study. 206 patients (67% females; mean age: 53.8 years-old) were diagnosed with HAM/TSP. The mean time of evolution was 9.0 years. The most common neurological symptoms were chronic progressive spastic paraparesis, spasticity, pain, neurogenic bladder and neurogenic bowel. The neurological findings were hyperreflexia, Babinsky, Hoffman and peripheral neuropathy. Pain, spasticity and spinal cord atrophy, observed in MRI, were associated with time of disease (p<0.05). HAM/TSP is a very disabling disorder, in which pain is reported early, while spasticity and thoracic spinal cord atrophy appear in a later phase of the disease. Cases of HAM/TSP e...

A mortalidade atribuível ao tabagismo (MAT) é fundamental para estimar o impacto do tabagismo na mortalidade; e para planejar, implementar e avaliar o impacto de programas para seu controle, em uma cidade, Estado ou país. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos métodos de estimativa da MAT publicados até 20 de outubro de 2005 nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e Bireme/OPAS/OMS; e analisa o potencial de seu uso no Brasil. Foram identificados sete métodos. O primeiro método proposto foi o risco atribuível populacional (RAP), descrito por Levin em 1953. Outro método foi o cálculo do excesso de mortalidade, sendo proposto, posteriormente, um método semelhante, que não usa dados de prevalência do tabagismo mas estima-a de forma indireta. A MAT também pode ser estimada a partir de declarações de óbitos e mediante a aplicação de três métodos diferentes de correção por possíveis fatores de confusão que interferem no risco de morte por doenças associadas ao tabagismo. No Brasil, não há registro sistemático de uso de tabaco nas declarações de óbitos e a correção por possíveis fatores de confusão não produz diferenças importantes nas estimativas obtidas pelo método RAP. Assim, os métodos que poderiam ser usados para estimar a MAT no país seriam o próprio método RAP e o método indireto de inferir a prevalência do tabagismo a partir do excesso de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão. Palavras-chave: tabagismo e mortalidade; mortalidade; risco atribuível; mortalidade atribuível.

Em 1992, foi obsewada lesão cutânea por Leishmania em um cão do município de Sabará, Minas Gerais, onde já haviam sido registrados casos humanos de leishmaniose tegumentar. O parasita foi caracterizado como pertencente ao subgênero Viannia, ao qual pertence a Leishmania braziliensis, principal espécie encontrada tia região sudeste do Brasil. Com o objetivo de determinar o papel do cão no ciclo de transmissão da doença, foi realizado um inquérito canino na área. Foram examinados 631 cães, sendo a soroprevalência para leishmaniose igual a 3,2%. Foi observada a proximidade ou presença no mesmo domicílio de cães e pessoas doentes. Este aspecto fala a favor da transmissão domiciliar ou peridomiciliar, com o cão infectado podendo atuar como fator de risco nesta área periurbana. Entretanto, a baixa soroprevalência encontrada deve-se provavelmente ao pequeno papel deste animal na transmissão da doença neste foco recente da doença.

Passive smoking in Brazil: Results from the 2008 Special Survey on Smoking Resumo O objetivo foi descrever prevalência e características sócio-demográficas associadas ao tabagismo passivo no domicílio e no trabalho, em participantes (15+ anos) de amostra populacional da Pesquisa Especial do Tabagismo, sub-amostra da PNAD 2008. O tabagismo passivo é definido como a exposição ao tabaco por não-fumante, em casa, no trabalho ou em outros locais fechados, excluídas ocupações ao ar livre. Associações com características sócio-demográficas foram estimadas por análise de regressão logística. Nos 25.005 não-fumantes, a exposição domiciliar é diária para 12,5% e ocasional para 21%. À regressão multinomial (referência: não-expostos), a exposição diária diminui com aumento de idade e tanto a exposição diária como a ocasional diminuem com maiores escolaridade e renda. Comparada à Região Sudeste, há menor exposição diária no Norte e no Centro-Oeste, e maior ocasional no Nordeste. Dos 10.933 trabalhadores, 55% dos homens e 45% das mulheres relataram exposição no trabalho e 67% exposição domiciliar adicional. A exposição no trabalho é maior em homens, nos mais velhos (55+anos) e com menor escolaridade e renda; e menor no Sul. A desigualdade social no Brasil se revela também na maior exposição ao tabagismo passivo daqueles com menor escolaridade e renda. Palavras-chave Tabagismo passivo, Prevalência, Estudo de base populacional, Desigualdade

A total of 14,193 respondents aged 18-29 years who participated in the system Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL-Telephone-Based Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases) carried out in 27 Brazilian capitals in 2006 were studied. Healthy behavior was defi ned as non-smoking, reported regular physical activity and intake of fruits and vegetables fi ve days or more a week. Data analysis was based on prevalence ratios estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of healthy young adults was 8.0%; 39.6% reported two healthy behaviors, 45.3% one; and 7.0% none. In the multivariate analysis, healthy behavior was more commonly seen among those aged 25-29 years with 9 or more years of schooling and who reported engaging in physical activities near home. Inverse associations were found with non-white skin color, consumption of whole milk and fatty meat or poultry, being on a diet, and poor self-perception of health status. CONCLUSIONS: Young adults who show fewer healthy behaviors perceive their health as poor, which suggests that these behaviors negatively affect their own health perception. Positive associations with higher schooling, white skin color, and living near physical activity facilities indicate social inequalities in access to healthy behaviors.