Papers by Baffa S Ibrahim
Sahel Medical Journal, 2018
Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine, 2018
Background: The global use, misuse, and abuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics coupled with failure ... more Background: The global use, misuse, and abuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics coupled with failure of development of newer effective antibiotics have led to the rapid spread of carbapenemase producing Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. The lack of capacity for effective diagnosis results in increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, suboptimal treatment leading to treatment failure, and increased healthcare cost. Aims/objectives: We set out to determine the best method(s) for the phenotypic screening of carbapenem resistance among the species of Enterobacteriaceae at University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH). Materials and Methods: We screened all patients admitted into various wards/units of UMTH over a 6-month period to isolate Enterobacteriaceae. We used an interviewer-administered questionnaire to obtain some basic information from the patients. We confirmed the species of Enterobacteriaceae using Microbact Gram-negative 24E test kit. All confirmed isolates were screened for carbapenem resistance with Meropenem and Ertapenem antibiotic discs (10 μg, Oxoid, UK) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using Etest of Imipenem (Biomeriux) was also determined based on CLSI recommendations. Modified Hodge test method was considered as a gold standard for confirmatory test. The three methods were compared with the gold standard. Results: We isolated 225 Enterobacteriaceae from 225 patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae had the highest proportion of 73 (32.4%). The sensitivity of the different methods in increasing order was 95.7% for Meropenem disk (10 μg), 100% for Ertapenem disk (10 μg), and 100% for Imipenem MIC. Conclusion: In view of cost and availability, the Ertapenem disc (10 μg) method can be used for the screening of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. For the routine screening of carbapenem resistance Enterobacteriaceae in our clinical laboratories, the Ertapenem disc (10 μg) method is recommended.
Pan African Medical Journal, 2019
Introduction: sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 66% of 36.7 million individuals living with HIV in ... more Introduction: sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 66% of 36.7 million individuals living with HIV in 2015 with Nigeria having the second highest prevalence in Africa. The study aimed to find the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with HIV infection and compare these findings between high and low prevalence areas. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study among adults aged 15 to 49 years from March to April 2015. We administered a questionnaire to collect linked anonymous data on socio-demographic and socio-cultural characteristics and screened all respondents for HIV infection. We defined a high HIV prevalence area as area with prevalence consistently above 5% and an area with prevalence consistently below 2% as low prevalence area. We performed univariate, bivariate and logistic regration analysis to assess factors associated with HIV infection. Results: we screened and interviewed all 480 respondents. Majority 344 (71.7%) were females, mean age was 30.1 years (±7.4 years), high proportion were employed 246 (51.2%). In high HIV prevalence area, aged <30 years (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) = 4.2, 95% Confidence This article is published as part of the supplement "Sharing experiences from the field: updates from the Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program" sponsored by Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program
Background: The resistance to antimicrobials has become a serious global health concern with nega... more Background: The resistance to antimicrobials has become a serious global health concern with negative consequences on treatment strategies and increasing health-care costs. The extended spectrum beta lactamases producing bacteria stands outs as bacteria of great concern among Gram negative bacilli. Lack of capacity to effectively diagnose these organisms in developing countries result in sub-optimal treatment. We compared two phenotypic methods for the confirmatory testing of ESBL in Klebsiella pneumoniae to identify an easy and efficient method for their laboratory diagnosis Materials and Methods: We screened all patients admitted into various units of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital between from the 01/01/2014 to 31/06/2014 to isolate Klebsiella pneumoniae. All confirmed isolates were screened for ESBL enzyme using CLSI breakpoints. Suspected ESBLs producers were subjected to confirmation using two phenotypic methods. The double disk synergy method (with ceftazidime; 30 ...
Pan African Medical Journal, 2017
Introduction: Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may... more Introduction: Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may lead to severe dehydration and death if not treated. This analysis is aimed at highlighting the magnitude, pattern and trend of cholera outbreak that occurred in Kaduna State in 2014. Methods: We obtained the 2014 cholera line-list from the Kaduna State Disease Surveillance and Notification officer (DSNO). We described the outbreaks in time, place and person using Epi-info 7 and Health Mapper. Results: A total of 1468 case-patients and 54 deaths were recorded, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 3.68%. Female case-patients were 809(55.08%). The median age for case-patients was 15 years, with an age range of 0.04-90 years. Age specific case fatality rate (ASCFR) is highest among the > 60 years. Seven (30%) out of the 23 local government areas (LGAs) in Kaduna State were affected by the cholera outbreak in 2014. Igabi LGA has the highest attack rate (150.46 per 100,000 population) while Chikun LGA has the lowest attack rate (12.22 per 100,000 population). Chikun LGA records the highest CFR (17.54%). Cholera infection spread across LGAs sharing the same borders. The outbreak started from the first epidemic week of 2014 and lasted over 33 weeks. Conclusion: Our analysis revealed a protracted cholera outbreak that gradually increases in magnitude throughout the first half of 2014 and spread within contiguous LGAs. We recommended the strengthening of the state's diseases surveillance system towards timely detection and early response to disease outbreaks in the future.
Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, 2017
Background: Carbapenem resistance Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has emerged as global pathogen capable... more Background: Carbapenem resistance Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has emerged as global pathogen capable of widespread transmission and complicating treatment options for patients. CRE have been reported globally. However, there is dearth of study on knowledge for predictors of CRE in patients from our setting. We set out to determine predictors of infection among patients infected with CRE. Methodology: We isolated species of Enterobacteriaceae from patients that were admitted in various units of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) Maiduguri. We obtain data on socio-demographic characteristics, co-morbidities and some associated factors. We determined their CRE status and then classified them as CRE positiveor CRE negative based on the possession the resistance genes. We conducted univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses to compute proportions and odd ratios with 95% CI using SPSS version 20. The factors significantly associated with the acquisition of carbapenem resistance Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) based on chi-square test were; level of education (X 2 = 15.570, P-value = 0.004) of the patients, ward of admission (X 2 = 21.765, P-value = 0.000), number of days on admission (X 2 = 11.218, P-value = 0.004), use of medical device (X 2 = 26.893, P-value = 0.000) and prior antibiotic usage (X 2 = 35.729, P-value = 0.000).
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2017
Background: Cholera is an infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may lead to severe dehydrati... more Background: Cholera is an infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may lead to severe dehydration and death if not treated promptly. On August 31, 2015, the Kaduna Ministry of Health received a notification of increase cases of vomiting and diarrhoea at Dusten-Abba in Zaria. A response Team was sent to confirm the outbreak, describe the socio-demographic characteristics and identify possible risk factors for the outbreak.Methods: We defined cases according to the world health organization (WHO) criteria. We conducted an unmatched case-control study and descriptive study. We retrieved line-listed cases at the ward facility. We interviewed cases at the facility and recruited controls from the community, and administered questionnaires to both cases and controls. We analysed data using Epi-Info7 and Microsoft Excel 2016.Results: A total of 50 cases were recorded, with a median age of 20years and age range of 1 – 50 years. There were more females (68%) than males. Majority of cases (5...
Australasian Medical Journal, 2016
Infectious diseases HIV/AIDS is a global health problem. According to WHO (2000) reported that 58... more Infectious diseases HIV/AIDS is a global health problem. According to WHO (2000) reported that 58 million people in the world are infected with HIV, within the 22 million people died from AIDS or 7000 people die every day. HIV Infection caused decrease and disorder of humoral and cellular immunity. Intestinal mucosal normally shows a physiologic inflamation that account for intestinal mucosal integrity. Diarhhea in HIV infection due to immune deficiency can caused by pathogen and non pathogen. Acute and chronic diarrhea usually found in HIV infection patient, the latter is more frequent. HIV enteropathy cause chronic diarrhea without pathogen infection because intestinal mucous damage by HIV direct infection. Treatment is characterized as causative supportive and symptomatic treatment causal, supportive and Symptomatic. Immunonutrient is very important within management patient HIV/AIDS.
Pan African Medical Journal, 2019
Introduction: measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects... more Introduction: measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly children under five years. We reviewed surveillance data on measles from Nigeria over a five-year period to highlights its burden and make recommendations for improvements. Methods: we conducted a secondary data analysis of measles specific Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) records of all states in Nigeria over a five-year period. Results: a total of 131,732 cases were recorded between January 2012 and September 2016. Most cases 57,892 (43.95%) were recorded in 2013 while the least 11,061 (8.4%) were recorded in 2012. A total of 817 deaths were recorded, with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 0.62%. The highest CFR (1.43%) was recorded in 2012 while the least CFR (0.44%) was recorded in 2016. Only 8,916 (6.7%) cases were confirmed by laboratory tests. The trend of measles cases followed the same pattern throughout the years under review, with cases peaking at March, then gradually reducing to lowest level at June, which was maintained throughout the rest of the year. States in northern region of Nigeria recorded the highest attack rate (Yobe: 480.29 cases per 100,000 population, Sokoto: 284.63 cases per 100,000 population and Katsina: 246.07 cases per 100,000 This article is published as part of the supplement "Sharing experiences from the field: updates from the Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program" sponsored by Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program
Introduction : measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affect... more Introduction : measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly under-five year children. The disease is caused by a Morbillivirus; member of the Paramyxovirus family. Measles surveillance in Nigeria is through the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR). We reviewed surveillance data on measles from Nigeria over a five-year period to highlights its burden, and make recommendations for improvements. Methods : we conducted a secondary data analysis of measles specific IDSR records of all States in Nigeria from January 2012 to September 2016. The record had reported measles cases with laboratory outcomes from all the States. IDSR weekly epidemiological data were obtained from Surveillance Unit, Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC). Results : a total of 131,732 cases were recorded within the period. Highest number of cases 57,892 (43.95%) were recorded in 2013 while the least number of cases 11,061 (8.4%) were recorded in 2012...
Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano Bay... more Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano Bayero University Kano Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria *Corresponding Author’s Email: baffasule@gmail.com bibrahim@nfeltp.org Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is the surgical removal of part or all of the external female genital organs of a girl-child before sexual maturity. It’s usually done without consent and awareness of the affected children. FGM affects more than 100 million women with about 3 million annual cases globally. FGM is common among the poorly educated, low socio-economic and low social-status communities. Prevalence of FGM in Nigeria is put at an average of 19%. This study was done to determine the prevalence and identify factors associated with FGM practices in rural settlements of Kano State. We did a cross-sectional descriptive study. We interviewed and administered a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire to all married women in sampled households within the sampled ru...
Online Journal of Public Health Informatics
ObjectiveTo describe the process of operation of the system and assessits key attributes, to dete... more ObjectiveTo describe the process of operation of the system and assessits key attributes, to determine the effectiveness and efficiency ofthe surveillance system and make appropriate recommendations tostakeholders for its improvement.IntroductionMalaria is a parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum.About 3.2 billion people worldwide are at risk of malaria.1Childrenand pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to the disease. Sub-Saharan Africa carries a high share of the global malaria burden.2Effective malaria surveillance system is essential in the control andelimination of malaria. Worldwide, there were an estimated 198million cases of malaria in 2013 and 584,000 deaths.1,3,4MethodsThis study was conducted using the “CDC’s Updated Guidelinesfor Evaluating Public Health Surveillance System, 2001”. Keystakeholders and Malaria Focal Persons were interviewed. IntegratedDisease Surveillance and Response case summary data from Januaryto December 2014 was reviewed. Data analys...
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is the surgical removal of part or all of the external female gen... more Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is the surgical removal of part or all of the external female genital organs of a girl-child before sexual maturity. It's usually done without consent and awareness of the affected children. FGM affects more than 100 million women with about 3 million annual cases globally. FGM is common among the poorly educated, low socioeconomic and low social-status communities. Prevalence of FGM in Nigeria is put at an average of 19%. This study was done to determine the prevalence and identify factors associated with FGM practices in rural settlements of Kano State. We did a cross-sectional descriptive study. We interviewed and administered a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire to all married women in sampled households within the sampled rural settlements. We analyzed data using Epi-info-7 and Microsoft Excel-2016. A total of 289 mothers were interviewed, with a mean age of 33.23yrs (SD ±8.68yrs). Of the 289 respondents, 171(59.2%) had received FGM at childhood while 231(79.9%) had FGM done on their girl-child. Also, 281(97.2%) of the respondents are Muslims, while eight (2.8%) are Christians. Majority of respondents 161(55.71%) do not have formal education. Type-1 FGM (clitoridectomy) (91%) is the most common type of FGM performed, followed by Type-4 (unclassified) (9%). Most of the FGM (91%) were performed by traditional-shavers, while traditional birth attendants performed 9% of the FGM. Grandparents of the children are the decision makers in 63% of all the FGM, while the Fathers decide in 27.3% and mothers 9.7%. Upholding cultural norms (81.7%) is the main reason for FGM, followed by prevention of sexual promiscuity (18.3%). Excessive bleeding (67.8%) is the main complication experienced during the FGM, while 18.7% of the women have experienced sexual problems after marriage. The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) is high in rural settlements of Kano State. These practices are driven mainly by cultural beliefs and low level maternal education.
Introduction: Underage molestation and rape is a growing concern in Nigeria. There is generally p... more Introduction: Underage molestation and rape is a growing concern in Nigeria. There is generally paucity of information on child rape in Nigeria. Although underage rape occurs regularly, it goes unreported due to discrimination and stigmatization most victims suffer from the society. A study conducted in Ibadan found that 1.7% (2.5% of males and 1.1% of females) have experienced childhood rape in their life. We conducted this study to give an epidemiological description of child rape cases reported to the Kano State police department between January 2013 to December 2014.
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of all the reported rape cases from January 2013 to December 2014, obtained from the registry of the juvenile section of the criminal investigation department of the Nigeria police force in Kano State. Variables obtained were age, sex and location. Data was analyzed in time, place and person using Health mapper, Epi-info-7 and MS Excel 2016.
Results: A total of 223 cases of child rape were reported within the period, with a mean age of 8.1years (SD ±3.8). There were more females 220 (98.6 %) than males 3(1.3%). Out of 223 reported cases, 6(2.7%) were less than one year of age, while 110 (49.3.0%) were within the 5-9yrs age-group. There were 8(3.6%) cases of gang rape within the period. Incidence of underage rape was highest in Kano Municipal LGA with 26 cases per 100,000 population, followed by Ungogo and Dala L.G.A with 11 cases per 100,000 and 10 cases per 100,000 population respectively. Rape cases occurred more in urban 142(63.7%) than rural 81(36.3 %) LGAs.
Conclusion: Rape occurred more among children of the age group 5-9yrs and females are major victim of this act. Cases were reported from multiple LGAs. Children less than 15 years were mostly affected. Neonatal rape was also reported. There is a need for society to be aware of the prevalence of rape in children.
Introduction: Measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects... more Introduction: Measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly underfive year children. We reviewed surveillance data on Measles from Nigeria over a fiveyear period to highlights its burden, and make recommendations for improvements. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of measles specific Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDRS) records of all states in Nigeria over a fiveyear period.
Results: A total of 131,732 cases were recorded between January 2012 to September 2016. Highest number of cases 57,892(43.95%) were recorded in 2013 while the least number of cases 11,061(8.4%) were recorded in 2012. A total of 817 deaths were recorded, with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 0.62%. The highest CFR (1.43%) was recorded in 2012 while the least CFR (0.44%) was recorded in 2016. Only 8,916 (11.5%) cases were confirmed by laboratory investigation. The trend of measles cases followed the same pattern throughout the years under review, with cases peaking at March, then gradually reducing to lowest level at June, which was maintained through the year. States in Northern region recorded the highest number of cases, with almost all states in the northwest subregion each having more than 10% of recorded cases. Conclusion: Measles infection remains a burden especially in the northern region of Nigeria. Though measles fatalities were on decline over the years, laboratory diagnosis of cases has been suboptimal. We
recommended improvement on routine immunization, and strengthening of regional laboratories capacity, for successful eradication of measles from Nigeria.
Background: The resistance to antimicrobials has become a serious global health concern with nega... more Background: The resistance to antimicrobials has become a serious global health concern with negative consequences on treatment strategies and increasing health-care costs. The extended spectrum beta lactamases producing bacteria stands outs as bacteria of great concern among Gram negative bacilli. Lack of capacity to effectively diagnose these organisms in developing countries result in sub-optimal treatment. We compared two phenotypic methods for the confirmatory testing of ESBL in Klebsiella pneumoniae to identify an easy and efficient method for their laboratory diagnosis Materials and Methods: We screened all patients admitted into various units of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital between from the 01/01/2014 to 31/06/2014 to isolate Klebsiella pneumoniae. All confirmed isolates were screened for ESBL enzyme using CLSI breakpoints. Suspected ESBLs producers were subjected to confirmation using two phenotypic methods. The double disk synergy method (with ceftazidime; 30 µg, cefotaxime;30 µg, and amoxicillin;20 µg, plus clavulanate;10µg,:[augmentin;30 µg].) and Etest method for MIC determination (using cefotaxime and cefotaxime + amoxicillin-clavulanic acid). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was considered as a gold standard for confirmation. We compared the two methods with the gold standard to determine their sensitivity, specificity and predictive value positive. Results: We detected 178 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae among of hospitalized patients. The DDST method revealed 59 out of the 178 isolates resistant with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 97%, positive predictive value of 93% and negative predictive value of 100%. Using the Etest MIC, 56 resistant isolates were identified with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 99%, positive predictive value of 98% and negative predictive value of 100%. Only 55resistant organisms were found based on the multiplex Polymerase chain reaction method.
Introduction: Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may... more Introduction: Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may lead to severe dehydration and death if not treated. This analysis is aimed at highlighting the magnitude, pattern and trend of cholera outbreaks that occurred in Kaduna State in 2014
Methods: We obtained the 2014 cholera line-list from the Kaduna State Disease Surveillance and Notification officer (DSNO). We described the outbreaks in time, place, and person using Epi-info 7 and Health Mapper.
Results: A total of 1468 cases and 54 deaths were recorded, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 3.68%. Female cases were 55.08%. The mean age for all cases is 18 years, median age 15 years, with an age range of 0.04 – 90 years. Age specific case fatality rate (ASCFR) is highest among the >60 years. Seven (7) out of the 23 local government areas (LGAs) in Kaduna State reported cholera outbreaks in 2014. Igabi LGA has the highest attack rate (150.46 per 100,000 population) while Chikun LGA has the lowest attack rate (12.22 per 100,000 population). Chikun LGA records the highest CFR (17.54%). Cholera infection spread across LGAs sharing the same borders. The outbreak starts from the first epidemic week of 2014 and lasted over 33 weeks.
Conclusion: Our analysis revealed a cholera outbreak that gradually increases in magnitude throughout the first half of 2014, and spread within contiguous LGAs. We recommended the strengthening of the state’s surveillance system and the need for proper training and motivation of front line health workers towards timely detection and response to outbreaks.
Background: Cholera is an infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may lead to severe dehydrati... more Background: Cholera is an infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may lead to severe dehydration and death if not treated. On August 31, 2015, the Kaduna Ministry of Health received a notification of increase cases of vomiting and diarrhoea at Dusten-Abba in Zaria. A response Team was sent to confirm the outbreak, describe the socio-demographic characteristics and identify possible risk factors for the outbreak.
Background: About 3.2 billion people worldwide are at risk of malaria. Sub-Saharan Africa carries... more Background: About 3.2 billion people worldwide are at risk of malaria. Sub-Saharan Africa carries a high share of the global malaria burden. Effective malaria surveillance system is essential in the control and elimination of malaria. This evaluation aimed to describe the process of operation, key attributes, effectiveness and efficiency of the Kaduna State malaria surveillance system.
— Background: Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today. It is pro... more — Background: Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today. It is projected that some 70% of tobacco deaths will be in low-income and middle-income countries by 2030. Africa faces the greatest threat in terms of future growth in tobacco use. We conducted this study to determine prevalence, distribution and factors associated with tobacco use in Nigeria. Method: We did a secondary data analysis of 2013 Nigeria Demographic Survey data. We extracted variables on tobacco among households using SPSS-18 and Microsoft Excel 2016. We conducted both univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: A total of 119,386 responses on tobacco use were recorded, 86.8% males. Mean age of tobacco users was 35.9yrs (SD±1.7years). Prevalence of tobacco use was 0.64%, with higher prevalence in females (1.0%) than in males (0.6%). Tobacco use was higher in rural settlements (0.41%), compared to urban settlements (0.26%). Prevalence of tobacco use was highest among respondents without formal education (0.42%), and persons with poor wealth indices (0.27%). Factors significantly associated with tobacco use include; age (X2=217.5,p-value<0.00000), type of settlement (X2=21.8,p-value<0.00000), religion (X2=236.7,p-value<0.000000), level of education (X2=46.1,p-value<0.00000), and wealth index (X2=16.21,p-value<0.000). Conclusion: We found lack of formal education, poverty, older age and living in a rural settlement as factors associated with increased use of tobacco and its products, while inclination to religious faiths appears to reduce the use of tobacco. Public enlightenment campaign on the dangers of tobacco use, which will include both media jingles, should be prioritized across states.
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Papers by Baffa S Ibrahim
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of all the reported rape cases from January 2013 to December 2014, obtained from the registry of the juvenile section of the criminal investigation department of the Nigeria police force in Kano State. Variables obtained were age, sex and location. Data was analyzed in time, place and person using Health mapper, Epi-info-7 and MS Excel 2016.
Results: A total of 223 cases of child rape were reported within the period, with a mean age of 8.1years (SD ±3.8). There were more females 220 (98.6 %) than males 3(1.3%). Out of 223 reported cases, 6(2.7%) were less than one year of age, while 110 (49.3.0%) were within the 5-9yrs age-group. There were 8(3.6%) cases of gang rape within the period. Incidence of underage rape was highest in Kano Municipal LGA with 26 cases per 100,000 population, followed by Ungogo and Dala L.G.A with 11 cases per 100,000 and 10 cases per 100,000 population respectively. Rape cases occurred more in urban 142(63.7%) than rural 81(36.3 %) LGAs.
Conclusion: Rape occurred more among children of the age group 5-9yrs and females are major victim of this act. Cases were reported from multiple LGAs. Children less than 15 years were mostly affected. Neonatal rape was also reported. There is a need for society to be aware of the prevalence of rape in children.
Results: A total of 131,732 cases were recorded between January 2012 to September 2016. Highest number of cases 57,892(43.95%) were recorded in 2013 while the least number of cases 11,061(8.4%) were recorded in 2012. A total of 817 deaths were recorded, with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 0.62%. The highest CFR (1.43%) was recorded in 2012 while the least CFR (0.44%) was recorded in 2016. Only 8,916 (11.5%) cases were confirmed by laboratory investigation. The trend of measles cases followed the same pattern throughout the years under review, with cases peaking at March, then gradually reducing to lowest level at June, which was maintained through the year. States in Northern region recorded the highest number of cases, with almost all states in the northwest subregion each having more than 10% of recorded cases. Conclusion: Measles infection remains a burden especially in the northern region of Nigeria. Though measles fatalities were on decline over the years, laboratory diagnosis of cases has been suboptimal. We
recommended improvement on routine immunization, and strengthening of regional laboratories capacity, for successful eradication of measles from Nigeria.
Methods: We obtained the 2014 cholera line-list from the Kaduna State Disease Surveillance and Notification officer (DSNO). We described the outbreaks in time, place, and person using Epi-info 7 and Health Mapper.
Results: A total of 1468 cases and 54 deaths were recorded, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 3.68%. Female cases were 55.08%. The mean age for all cases is 18 years, median age 15 years, with an age range of 0.04 – 90 years. Age specific case fatality rate (ASCFR) is highest among the >60 years. Seven (7) out of the 23 local government areas (LGAs) in Kaduna State reported cholera outbreaks in 2014. Igabi LGA has the highest attack rate (150.46 per 100,000 population) while Chikun LGA has the lowest attack rate (12.22 per 100,000 population). Chikun LGA records the highest CFR (17.54%). Cholera infection spread across LGAs sharing the same borders. The outbreak starts from the first epidemic week of 2014 and lasted over 33 weeks.
Conclusion: Our analysis revealed a cholera outbreak that gradually increases in magnitude throughout the first half of 2014, and spread within contiguous LGAs. We recommended the strengthening of the state’s surveillance system and the need for proper training and motivation of front line health workers towards timely detection and response to outbreaks.
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of all the reported rape cases from January 2013 to December 2014, obtained from the registry of the juvenile section of the criminal investigation department of the Nigeria police force in Kano State. Variables obtained were age, sex and location. Data was analyzed in time, place and person using Health mapper, Epi-info-7 and MS Excel 2016.
Results: A total of 223 cases of child rape were reported within the period, with a mean age of 8.1years (SD ±3.8). There were more females 220 (98.6 %) than males 3(1.3%). Out of 223 reported cases, 6(2.7%) were less than one year of age, while 110 (49.3.0%) were within the 5-9yrs age-group. There were 8(3.6%) cases of gang rape within the period. Incidence of underage rape was highest in Kano Municipal LGA with 26 cases per 100,000 population, followed by Ungogo and Dala L.G.A with 11 cases per 100,000 and 10 cases per 100,000 population respectively. Rape cases occurred more in urban 142(63.7%) than rural 81(36.3 %) LGAs.
Conclusion: Rape occurred more among children of the age group 5-9yrs and females are major victim of this act. Cases were reported from multiple LGAs. Children less than 15 years were mostly affected. Neonatal rape was also reported. There is a need for society to be aware of the prevalence of rape in children.
Results: A total of 131,732 cases were recorded between January 2012 to September 2016. Highest number of cases 57,892(43.95%) were recorded in 2013 while the least number of cases 11,061(8.4%) were recorded in 2012. A total of 817 deaths were recorded, with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 0.62%. The highest CFR (1.43%) was recorded in 2012 while the least CFR (0.44%) was recorded in 2016. Only 8,916 (11.5%) cases were confirmed by laboratory investigation. The trend of measles cases followed the same pattern throughout the years under review, with cases peaking at March, then gradually reducing to lowest level at June, which was maintained through the year. States in Northern region recorded the highest number of cases, with almost all states in the northwest subregion each having more than 10% of recorded cases. Conclusion: Measles infection remains a burden especially in the northern region of Nigeria. Though measles fatalities were on decline over the years, laboratory diagnosis of cases has been suboptimal. We
recommended improvement on routine immunization, and strengthening of regional laboratories capacity, for successful eradication of measles from Nigeria.
Methods: We obtained the 2014 cholera line-list from the Kaduna State Disease Surveillance and Notification officer (DSNO). We described the outbreaks in time, place, and person using Epi-info 7 and Health Mapper.
Results: A total of 1468 cases and 54 deaths were recorded, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 3.68%. Female cases were 55.08%. The mean age for all cases is 18 years, median age 15 years, with an age range of 0.04 – 90 years. Age specific case fatality rate (ASCFR) is highest among the >60 years. Seven (7) out of the 23 local government areas (LGAs) in Kaduna State reported cholera outbreaks in 2014. Igabi LGA has the highest attack rate (150.46 per 100,000 population) while Chikun LGA has the lowest attack rate (12.22 per 100,000 population). Chikun LGA records the highest CFR (17.54%). Cholera infection spread across LGAs sharing the same borders. The outbreak starts from the first epidemic week of 2014 and lasted over 33 weeks.
Conclusion: Our analysis revealed a cholera outbreak that gradually increases in magnitude throughout the first half of 2014, and spread within contiguous LGAs. We recommended the strengthening of the state’s surveillance system and the need for proper training and motivation of front line health workers towards timely detection and response to outbreaks.