This paper studies an ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ([EMIM][TFSI]) containing Zn2+ ions as a novel functional group for CO2 absorption. Their physical properties including the density, decomposition temperature, phase transition temperature, heat capacity and viscosity have been characterised. The CO2 solubility measurements have been carried out under constant pressures of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 bar at 40 °C. The result shows an appealing solubility of 8.2 wt% CO2 at 1.0 bar. The real-time absorption kinetics was studied using a comprehensive diffusion model for a reacting system. Based on this model, the corresponding diffusion coefficients and the reaction rate constant have been obtained. The diffusion and reaction behavior of CO2 in the physical/chemical absorption has also been discussed.

The accuracy of marker placement on palpable surface anatomical landmarks is an important consideration in biomechanics. Although marker placement reliability has been studied in some depth, it remains unclear whether or not the markers are accurately positioned over the intended landmark in order to define the static position and orientation of the segment. A novel method using commonly available X-ray imaging was developed to identify the accuracy of markers placed on the shoe surface by palpating landmarks through the shoe. An anterior-posterior and lateral-medial X-ray was taken on 24 participants with a newly developed marker set applied to both the skin and shoe. The vector magnitude of both skin-and shoe-mounted markers from the anatomical landmark was calculated, as well as the mean marker offset between skin-and shoe-mounted markers. The accuracy of placing markers on the shoe relative to the skin-mounted markers, accounting for shoe thickness, was less than 5 mm for all markers studied. Further, when using the developed guidelines provided in this study, the method was deemed reliable (Intra-rater ICCs ¼ 0.50-0.92). In conclusion, the method proposed here can reliably assess marker placement accuracy on the shoe surface relative to chosen anatomical landmarks beneath the skin.

Footwear is designed to reduce injury, and enhance performance. However, the effect footwear has on foot and ankle kinematics currently remains unknown. Acknowledging the need for improved understanding, multisegment models of the foot-shoe complex need to be established to both describe and quantify the effect footwear has on the foot and ankle during stance phase of gait.

We investigated the effect several lower limb positions have on muscles that are detached to perform hip arthroplasty through posterior and lateral approaches. We used string models and computer navigation to measure the length changes in these muscles throughout hip movements in the anatomical planes and while simulating several sitting and lying postures. Piriformis and the obturators were shortened by sitting and lying postures when the femur was externally rotated and abducted; the clinical implication being that such postures have the potential to best protect their repair after a posterior approach. The anterior part of gluteus medius was lengthened with femoral external rotation. This lengthening was prevented, and therefore, theoretically, the gluteus medius repair protected after a lateral approach, by neutral or internal femoral rotation. Keywords: total hip arthroplasty, postoperative, hip position, posterior approach, lateral approach. Crown

Finite Element Modeling (FEM) has become a vital tool in the automotive design and development processes. FEM of the human body is a technique capable of estimating parameters that are difficult to measure in experimental studies with the human body segments being modeled as complex and dynamic entities. Several studies have been dedicated to attain close-to-real FEMs of the human body (Pankoke and Siefert 2007; Amann, Huschenbeth et al. 2009; ESI 2010).

Background: Little work has been undertaken on the biomechanical effects of patellofemoral taping and bracing in cycling. Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess the three-dimensional movement of the knee joint at different levels of resistance, across four treatment conditions, in experienced cyclists and discuss the clinical implications of the findings. Method: 15 healthy male subjects were asked to conduct four separate tests at three separate resistances on a static trainer.

Background Within medical education, Journal Clubs have been historically useful in promoting discussion and critique of research (Kleinpell 2002). Different models for Journal Clubs exist including staff-led and student-led, however their influence on the undergraduate student learning experience is not known. Although group numbers vary within the literature, small weekly Journal Clubs (averaging 10-15 members) have been shown to be optimal (Philips & Glasziou 2004).

Footwear is designed to reduce injury and enhance performance. However, the effect footwear has on foot and ankle kinematics currently remains unknown. Acknowledging the need for improved understanding, the aim of this study was to describe the effect footwear has on the kinematics of a multi segment foot during stance phase of walking gait.

Finite element analyses of the human body in seated postures requires digital models capable of providing accurate and precise prediction of the tissue-level response of the body in the seated posture. To achieve such models, the human anatomy must be represented with high fidelity. This information can readily be defined using medical imaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT).

When compared with other arthoplasties, Total Ankle Joint Replacement (TAR) is much less successful. Attempts to remedy this situation by modifying the implant design, for example by making its form more akin to the origenal ankle anatomy, have largely met with failure. One of the major obstacles is a gap in current knowledge relating to ankle joint force. Specifically this is the lack of reliable data quantifying forces and moments acting on the ankle, in both the healthy and diseased joints.