Papers by Pierre Déchelotte
American Journal of Physiology-endocrinology and Metabolism, 2008
Nature communications, 2013
Obese individuals often have increased appetite despite normal plasma levels of the main orexigen... more Obese individuals often have increased appetite despite normal plasma levels of the main orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Here we show that ghrelin degradation in the plasma is inhibited by ghrelin-reactive IgG immunoglobulins, which display increased binding affinity to ghrelin in obese patients and mice. Co-administration of ghrelin together with IgG from obese individuals, but not with IgG from anorectic or control patients, increases food intake in rats. Similarly, chronic injections of ghrelin together with IgG from ob/ob mice increase food intake, meal frequency and total lean body mass of mice. These data reveal that in both obese humans and mice, IgG with increased affinity for ghrelin enhances ghrelin's orexigenic effect, which may contribute to increased appetite and overeating.
Nutrition, 2008
Objective: Recent findings of autoantibodies directed against melanocortin peptides suggest that ... more Objective: Recent findings of autoantibodies directed against melanocortin peptides suggest that these autoantibodies may represent a source of variability in peptidergic signaling that can be responsible for altered appetite and emotion in eating disorders. However, it is still unknown if autoantibodies directed against some other appetite-regulating neuropeptides and peptide hormones exist in healthy human subjects and if these autoantibodies can regulate appetite and emotion. Methods: We determined the presence of autoantibodies against some key appetite-regulating neuropeptides and peptide hormones in sera of human subjects and in rats, and used animal models to study the role of ␣-melanocyte-stimulating hormone autoantibodies in food intake and anxiety. Results: Immunoglobulin G and A autoantibodies against ␣-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, ghrelin, leptin, and some other neuropeptides or peptide hormones involved in appetite control were present in healthy humans and rats. Animal models including active and passive transfer showed that ␣-melanocyte-stimulating hormone autoantibodies are involved in the regulation of feeding and anxiety. Sequence homology was found between neuropeptides and proteins from some members of intestinal microflora, whereas germ-free rats showed altered levels of autoantibodies directed against several neuropeptides. Conclusion: Autoantibodies directed against appetite-regulating neuropeptides and peptide hormones are emerging as important participants in the peptidergic mechanisms controlling motivated behavior. Furthermore, these autoantibodies could provide a link in the gut-brain axis and may represent new biological targets for the diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders. (S. O. Fetissov).
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2011
Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is a new therapeutic option for functional dyspepsia and gas... more Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is a new therapeutic option for functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis. In addition to ameliorating nausea and vomiting, GES results in improved appetite which is not always associated with accelerated gastric emptying. To explore the central and peripheral factors underlying GES-associated improvement of appetite we developed a GES model in anaesthetized Wistar rats. During laparotomy, two electrodes were implanted into the stomach and high-frequency low-energy GES (14 Hz, 5 mA) was applied. The effects of 1 h GES were compared with sham stimulation. After GES, c-Fos expression was increased in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stimulated area (174%). In the stomach, GES increased ghrelin mRNA (178%) and doubled the number of ghrelin-positive cells, resulting in elevated plasma levels of ghrelin (2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.2 ng ⁄ mL). In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, GES increased c-Fos (277%) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) mRNA expression (135%). GES reduced the number of c-Fos-positive cells throughout the nucleus of the solitary tract (between 93 and 75% from rostral to caudal levels) including catecholaminergic neurons (81% at caudal level). Gastric emptying, plasma glucose and heart rate variability were not affected by GES. This study shows that GES may improve appetite via stimulation of main orexigenic pathways, including ghrelin production in the stomach and AgRP in the hypothalamus, as well as by reducing the activity of catecholaminergic brainstem neurons.
European Eating Disorders Review, 2009
Objective: To describe a case of an atypical eating disorder with a diagnosis of obsessive-compul... more Objective: To describe a case of an atypical eating disorder with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder and discuss the phenomenological and neurobiological aspects links between the disorders. Case: a 20-year-old Caucasian woman presented with obsessive-compulsive disorder followed by altered eating habits with major weight loss and amenorrhea. The medical workup, treatment and outcome are described. Using cognitive-behavioural therapy, clomipramine and enteral nutrition, weight gain and disappearance of restrictive and obsessive-compulsive behaviours were obtained. Conclusion: Available evidence in the literature suggests a continuum in eating disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Our case illustrates that an obsessive-compulsive disorder may precede or precipitate the development of an eating disorder and highlights the importance of a precise differential diagnosis in eating disorders clinics.
Clinical Nutrition Supplements, 2011
Nutritional assessment II 79 ND groups, patients in our three hospitals were older, but fewer of ... more Nutritional assessment II 79 ND groups, patients in our three hospitals were older, but fewer of them had lost weight before hospital admission; more of our patients received protein supplement and their care episodes were shorter. Internal medicine (10 wards) Surgery (5 wards) Oncology (2 wards) ND total (n = 1257) (n = 163) ND total (n = 933) (n = 82) ND total (n = 393 (n = 19) Presence of a nutrition team 58% 0 60% 0 46% 0 national guidelines 45% 1/10 27% 1/5 57% 0 local guidelines 52% 7/10 46% 3/5 49% 1/2 Presence of a routine for control of body weight at admission 63% 9/10 60% 4/5 74% 2/2 Median age, years 69 69 85 62 64 80 64 64 65 Mean length of stay, days 13 03 20 13 06 14 16 05 Share of patients (%) who had lost weight the last 3 months 46 11 50 47 15 68 57 18 63 had lost >8 kilograms 13 0 33 13 0 22 19 0 13 received protein supplementation 06 0 35 05 0 91 12 10 88
JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, Jan 13, 2015
Recent studies showed that patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) ha... more Recent studies showed that patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) had an increased intestinal permeability as well as a decreased expression of tight junctions. Glutamine, the major substrate of rapidly dividing cells, is able to modulate intestinal permeability and tight junction expression in other diseases. We aimed to evaluate, ex vivo, glutamine effects on tight junction proteins, claudin-1 and occludin, in the colonic mucosa of patients with IBS-D. Twelve patients with IBS-D, diagnosed with the Rome III criteria, were included (8 women/4 men, aged 40.7 ± 6.9 years). Colonic biopsy specimens were collected and immediately incubated for 18 hours in culture media with increasing concentrations of glutamine from 0.6-10 mmol/L. Claudin-1 and occludin expression was then measured by immunoblot, and concentrations of cytokines were assessed by multiplex technology. Claudin-1 expression was affected by glutamine (P < .05, analysis of variance). In parti...
Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme, 2009
Malnutrition is frequent in elderly patients and results from multifactorial mechanisms, includin... more Malnutrition is frequent in elderly patients and results from multifactorial mechanisms, including age-related metabolic alterations, reduction of food intake and intercurrent diseases, especially inflammatory processes, that compromise nutritional status. Nutritional evaluation must be systematically and repeatedly performed and based primarily on clinical parameters such as weight, body mass index, weight loss, anthropometric measurements and dietetic history eventually combined in scores
background: Ovarian epithelial dysplasia was first described after prophylactic oophorectomies fo... more background: Ovarian epithelial dysplasia was first described after prophylactic oophorectomies for genetic risk. Ovarian stimulation has been considered as a risk factor of ovarian cancer by Fathalla's incessant ovulation theory. In this study, we have investigated the risk of ovarian dysplasia after ovulation induction. methods: We reviewed 99 oophorectomies or cystectomies between 1990 and 2005 divided them into two groups: previous in vitro fertilization (n ¼ 37) and a panel of fertile controls (n ¼ 62). Eleven epithelial cytological and architectural features were defined and an ovarian epithelial dysplasia score was calculated to quantify the degree of ovarian epithelial abnormalities.
The acute-phase protein (APP) response is regulated by cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), in... more The acute-phase protein (APP) response is regulated by cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but may also be influenced by malnutrition. The aims of this study were as follows: 1) to determine in rats the effect of a protein-deficient diet on IL-6 mRNA expression in intestine, liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and
Réanimation, 2009
La glutamine est un acide aminé qualifié de conditionnellement essentiel dans les situations d'ag... more La glutamine est un acide aminé qualifié de conditionnellement essentiel dans les situations d'agression ou de stress sévère. Différentes études contrôlées, randomisées et des méta-analyses montrent des effets bénéfiques d'une supplémentation en glutamine par voie parentérale chez des patients de réanimation : réduction des complications infectieuses, de la durée de séjour et même de la mortalité. Ces résultats cliniques sont étayés par les données expérimentales montrant que la glutamine a des effets anti-inflammatoires, antioxydants, immunomodulateurs, induit l'expression des protéines de choc thermique, jouant un rôle dans la protection cellulaire et maintient la fonction de barrière intestinale. De plus, un rôle favorable de la glutamine sur l'homéostasie du métabolisme du glucose a récemment été suggéré. En conclusion, la supplémentation en glutamine par voie parentérale apporte un bénéfice clinique chez le patient de réanimation. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour étayer les bénéfices éventuels d'une supplémentation en glutamine par voie entérale.
La Presse Médicale, 2006
Reçu le 30 novembre 2004 Accepté le 18 novembre 2005 I Summary Prevention and treatment of undern... more Reçu le 30 novembre 2004 Accepté le 18 novembre 2005 I Summary Prevention and treatment of undernutrition in hospitals and institutions Cross-sectional study in 116 health facilities in Haute-Normandie (France), 2003 Introduction > The elderly, especially the institutionalized elderly, are at risk of undernutrition, which institutions do not appear to identify or treat adequately. Objective > To identify activities undertaken to manage and prevent undernutrition in the elderly in institutions in Haute-Normandy (France). Methods > In February 2003, all institutions in Haute-Normandy likely to house the elderly received questionnaires for this cross-sectional study: public hospitals (PH) responded, private hospitals (PRH), and retirement homes, classified into two groups according to the medical services provided (RH, retirement homes, NH, nursing homes). Results > Slightly more than half the institutions responded: 34/36 PH, 20/28 PRH, and 62/161 RH and NH. Half Only 22% reported specific protocols for undernutrition; this figure ranged from 30.3% for PH to
Neuropeptides, 2015
Plasma levels of ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, are increased during conditions of chronic starv... more Plasma levels of ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, are increased during conditions of chronic starvation, such as in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, it is not known whether such increase can be related to the number of preproghrelin mRNA-expressing cells in the stomach, and if chronic starvation may activate a tentative central ghrelin production. In this work, in situ hybridization technique was used to analyze the presence and number of preproghrelin mRNA-expressing cells in the stomach and the hypothalamus of mice with activity-based anorexia (ABA) induced by the combination of running wheel activity with progressive, during 10 days, feeding-time restriction (FTR) and compared with sedentary FTR, ABA pair-fed (PF) and ad libitum-fed control mice. All food-restricted mice lost more than 20% of body weight. Body weight loss was similar in ABA and PF mice, but it was more pronounced than in FTR mice. Food intake was also lower in ABA than in FTR mice. Preproghrelin mRNA-expressing cells in the stomach were increased proportionally to the body weight loss in all food-restricted groups with the highest number in ABA mice. No preproghrelin mRNA-producing cells were detectable in the hypothalamus of either control or food-restricted mice. Thus, the increased number of gastric preproghrelin mRNA-producing cells during chronic starvation proportionally to the body weight loss and reduced food intake may underlie increased plasma ghrelin. Hyperactivity-induced anorexia appears to further increase the number of preproghrelin mRNA-producing cells in the stomach. No evidence was found for ghrelin expression in the hypothalamus, not even in any of the present experimental models.
Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme, 2007
ABSTRACT
Gastroenterology, Jan 27, 2015
Psychoneuroendocrinology, Jan 5, 2015
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), is a hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling satiation, but... more α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), is a hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling satiation, but it is not known if α-MSH may stimulate dopamine release in a feeding control brain region of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), during the anticipatory and consummatory phases of feeding behavior. To address these questions, dynamics of dopamine release were measured in 15min microdialysis samples simultaneously from the LHA and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) during consecutive exposure and provision of food and 1% sucrose in Wistar rats after overnight food deprivation. α-MSH was infused via the microdialysis probe either into the LHA or NAc starting before food exposure. Food, sucrose and water intakes were automatically monitored and analyzed concomitantly with microdialysis samples. We found that LHA-α-MSH-infused rats stopped eating earlier and consumed less food and sucrose as compared to control and NAc-α-MSH-infused rats. Exposure to food produced a peak of LHA dopamine in both L...
United European gastroenterology journal, 2014
Fructose can trigger or worsen symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. The aim of th... more Fructose can trigger or worsen symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of symptomatic fructose malabsorption in IBS patients and to test whether the patient's characteristics can help to detect a fructose malabsorption. Ninety Rome III IBS patients (predominant diarrhoea (IBS-D): 31%, predominant constipation (IBS-C): 18%, mixed type (IBS-M): 51%) were included prospectively. After exclusion of a small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by a glucose breath test, fructose malabsorption was assessed by a five-hour breath test, with symptom monitoring, after a 25 g load of fructose. An increase of more than 20 ppm of hydrogen (H2) or methane (CH4) levels in the exhaled air led to the diagnosis of malabsorption. Fructose test was abnormal in 20/90 patients among whom only 35% were intolerant, with a simultaneous rise of H2/CH4 levels and the onset of abdominal discomfort or diarrhoea. IBS characteristics were not predic...
Uploads
Papers by Pierre Déchelotte