The Late Prehistoric (c. A.D. 1050/1100-1635) Monongahela tradition of southwestern Pennsylvania and portions of adjoining states has come to be associated with specific subsistence-settlement traits. These include a heavy dependence on maize-based agriculture, large percentages of villages in upland locales, and use of semisubterranean storage facilities. In the traditional approach, that entails the construction of a series of sequential time periods, changes in subsistence and settlement traits are most often interpreted to have occurred at the boundaries of the time periods. These periods are defined on the basis of pottery style changes and the addition of European artifacts. An accumulation of data now allows for statistical analysis of posited changes in Monongahela tradition settlement and subsistence traits. Results of this study do not support the proposed subsistence and settlement pattern shifts at time period boundaries. Rather, the results support the position of continuous variation in the settlement and subsistence traits through the entire sequence with no evidence of regional uniformity.

Throughout much of the Northeast, the early LatePrehistoric period (A.D. 700-1300) is the timewhen evidence for subsistence and settlement traits of Native societies described by early European explorers first appears in the archaeological record. Except in the far north, these traits include maize-based agriculture and comparatively large nucleated villages. Our knowledge of these traits grew considerably during the last few decades of the twentieth century, the result of the increased use of flotation recovery for macrobotanical remains, the development of paleoethnobotany, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating on crop remains, stable carbon isotope analysis (SCIA) of human bone, large-scale cultural resource management excavations, a renewed interest in museum collections, and developments in method and theory.

The overall objective of the partnership between MCBQ and VCU was to test and demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of available 3D scanning technology and software for potential employment in ensuring DOD compliance with historic preservation laws. 3D scanning technology enables the creation of digital topological models of Native American and historic-period artifacts that are virtually accessible anywhere in the world. The creation of 'virtual artifact collections" of 3D digital artifact models significantly enhances the curation, analysis, and interpretation of archaeological objects recovered from DoD installations. Collections from Maryland, Virginia, and other regional repositories were the subject of this effort. A NextEngine Desktop 3D scanner was used to create the digital models of archaeological objects. The scanner uses lasers to record topological (surface) attributes of an object. To fully test the capabilities and limitations of the NextEngine Desktop 3D scanner, a wide range of Native American and historic-period artifacts of varying material compositions, sizes, and shapes were scanned both in field and laboratory conditions, and at a wide variety of collections repositories.

ABSTRACT
This study provides expanded guidance on the application of virtual curation to three-dimensional (3D) digital collections of artifacts that have been—or can be expected to be—found on Department of Defense (DoD) installations, building on an earlier DoD Legacy Program project (#11-334). The current DoD Legacy Program project (#13-134) was conceived of by Ms. Amy Woods, then Curator of Archaeology at the Fort Lee Regional Archaeological Curation Facility (RACF) and Dr. Bernard K. Means, Director of the Virtual Curation Laboratory). The new project was targeted toward the creation of digital type collections to ensure rapid and accurate identification of materials recovered from archaeological sites on DoD (and other) lands. 3D replicas printed from the digital models are also well suited to creating physical type collections, for incorporation into K-12 and undergraduate education, and for integration into public outreach efforts.
The VCL partnered with a wide range of cultural heritage institutions to obtain suitable material for creating digital type collections of chipped stone tools and zooarchaeological elements. Collections from Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, D.C., and West Virginia were part of these efforts. The zooarchaeological type collection includes a wide range of animals. Most of the zooarchaeological efforts drew on the extensive collections of the Virginia Museum of Natural History. Other categories of archaeological remains were scanned during the project period through the normal operation of the VCL, including objects associated with the Native American Monongahela tradition, Jamestown Rediscovery, George Washington, enslavement, and human skeletal remains.
Technical equipment used in 3D documentation of archaeological remains was examined as part of the current effort. This equipment included the NextEngine Desktop 3D scanner, which was the main tool used for 3D documentation as part of Legacy Program project #11-334. New equipment for 3D documentation of archaeological remains included hand-held devices: the Sense 3D scanner; the Structure Sensor scanner; and the Fuel 3D scanner. Each of these is evaluated in terms of each of use and effectiveness as a tool for 3D documentation in archaeology. The software used to create, edit, and distribute 3D digital models of artifacts and animal and human remains is reviewed as well, and the chapter closes with a basic workflow used to 3D scan an artifact, create a 3D digital model, and produce a 3D printed replica.
The importance of 3D printed replicas of archaeological remains for research, education, and outreach was also examined. Diagnostic projectile point, zooarchaeological, and human skeletal reference collections can be generated through 3D printing, which can be particularly important for an under-resourced collections facility. How 3D printed replicas can be integrated into classroom and field teaching of archaeological methods, occasional public outreach events, and dedicated interpretive programs is discussed.
The 3D digital models generated as part of DoD Legacy Program project #13-334 enhance the ability of archaeologist to accurately classify new archaeological findings and make comparisons to known diagnostic artifacts and animal remains. Archaeologists and other cultural resources personnel can use the 3D digital typologies of chipped stone tools and animal bones to accurately evaluate the research potential of archaeological sites to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The increased availability of diagnostic archaeological remains through electronic and web-based means minimizes the time archaeologists must spend traveling to, and interacting with, collections personnel, and thus reduces costs for archaeological survey and evaluation projects required for DoD installations under Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). The creation of 3D digital artifact models and 3D printed replicas also helps meet the objectives of interpretation and heritage tourism of Executive Order 13287 (Preserve America).

 First things first, we need to ensure that the Workflow is set to CGI so as to allow us to work with the mesh data and not a CAD model. CAD is good for printing, but that's not what we're using RapidWorks for, so stick with CGI. To do this, mouseover and hover (don't click) the Workflow button  Note: CGI should be the default workflow, but check this anyway.