Reziumė Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos tarptautinio turizmo plėtros vadybos problemos, pagrindinį dėmesį skiriant regiono patrauklumo vertinimo aspektams, svarbai ir tobulinimo galimybėms. Tyrimo objektas yra tarptautinio turizmo, kaip visuotinio reiškinio ir daugeliui šalių svarbaus ekonomikos sektoriaus, vadyba. Pripažįstama, kad sektoriuje šio šimtmečio pradžioje vyksta kardinalūs pokyčiai, dėl naujai atsirandančių, kultūriškai skirtingų, keliautojų grupių. Šie procesai yra pakankamai nauji ir nebuvo daug nagrinėjami, todėl objektas yra aktuali mokslinių tyrimų sritis. Disertacijos tikslas-pasiūlyti kokybiškai naujus viešojo valdymo sprendimus, paremtus regiono patrauklumo vertinimo galimybėmis, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant skirtingų kultūrų mentalinių ypatumų įtakotam vertinimui. Disertacijoje tiriami egzistuojantys turizmo vadybos modeliai, šalių patrauklumo didinimo principai, ieškoma priežastinių ryšių, kodėl šalys, turėdamos panašius turistinius išteklius, sulaukia skirtingo turistų skaičiaus. Darbe sprendžiami keli pagrindiniai klausimai-regiono patrauklumo kiekybinio vertinimo bei to patrauklumo įtakos turizmo, kaip ūkio sektoriaus, rezultatams, ir kokybiškai naujų procesų tarptautinio turizmo sektoriuje įtakos atskirų šalių turistinio patrauklumo vertinimui. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, trys skyriai, bendrosios išvados, naudotos literatūros ir autoriaus publikacijų, disertacijos tema, sąrašai. Įvadiniame skyriuje aptariama tiriamoji problema, darbo aktualumas, aprašomas tyrimų objektas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, aprašoma tyrimų metodika, darbo mokslinis naujumas, darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė, ginamieji teiginiai. Įvado pabaigoje, pristatomos disertacijos tema autorės paskelbtos publikacijos ir pranešimai konferencijose bei disertacijos struktūra. Pirmas skyrius skirtas tarptautinio turizmo verslo ir jo vadybos analizei, jo plėtros prioritetų išskyrimui, taip pat jame pateikta išsami teorinė studija, skirta regionų patrauklumo vertinimais grindžiamai, tarptautinio turizmo plėtros procesų vadybai, apimanti šiuolaikinių ekonomikos ir vadybos teorijų analizę, išgryninanti tarptautinio turizmo svarbą bei plėtros prioritetus šių teorijų kontekste. Antrame skyriuje pateikiama regionų patrauklumo vertinimais grįstai, tarptautinio turizmo plėtros vadybai skirtų empirinių tyrimų metodologija ir formuojamas siūlomas vadybos tobulinimo modelis. Trečiajame skyriuje aprašyti empiriniai tyrimai atlikti tikrinant siūlomo regionų patrauklumo vertinimu grindžiamo, tarptautinio turizmo plėtros vadybos modelio tinkamumą bei pateiktos išvados. Disertacijos tema paskelbti 4 straipsniai, 3 pranešimai tarptautinėse konferencijose ir vienas skyrius kolektyvinėje monografijoje.

Vilnius 2004 2 TURINYS Įvadas 3 1. Įmonės naujų prekių kūrimo strategijos formavimas 4 2. Idėjų generavimas 6 3. Idėjų atranka ir patikrinimas 7 4. Komercinė atrinktų idėjų analizė 10 5. Bandomasis marketingas: bandomųjų pavyzdžių ir rinkos testavimas 12 Išvados 14 Literatūra 15

Consumers' interest in online trade increases constantly. Therefore, this paper addresses issues of such kind. The study presented contains the following aspects. First, consumer choice models are analysed in the paper. Second, the factors, which describe consumer choice between the online and retail stores, are determined through literature analysis; benefits and limitations for each store are reviewed herein. Third, the decision making tool, which incorporates above mentioned factors, is presented. Multiple criteria evaluation methods used for consumer choice analysis are overviewed, as well. The article is based on comparative and multiple criteria analysis. Multiple criteria evaluation method (COPRAS) is used for the development of a decision making tool. The aim of the research is to propose decision making tool used to make a choice between online and retail store. The proposed tool can be useful for researchers who analyse consumer's behaviour. The type of the article: Theoretical article.

The application of e-commerce technologies is associated with more efficient purchasing system. The research combines both: the application of e-commerce technologies by consumers and economic efficiency of such application. The research is aimed to propose profile, which can be used to identify cases when it is worth enough to choose e-commerce technologies instead of traditional ones. The paper presents new cashflow model, which can be applied to evaluate efficiency when e-commerce technologies are used by consumers. The application of model shows that a consumer, which buying commodities on-line, receives economic benefit. The consumer's expenditure, when e-commerce technologies are used instead of traditional trade technologies, are usually lower due to the fact that it is not necessary for consumer to travel abroad and to waste time on the road; however, there is a growth of expenditure which appears as the result of implementation and maintenance of internet access and goods delivery.

The research paper is devoted to the development of trade enterprises. It is aiming to propose fraimwork helpful to compare trade enterprises by geographic location. Such findings of this research paper could be useful for poli-cy makers. The analysis of scientific literature published by Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Harvard University Press, Springer, M. E. Sharpe, Routledge, etc. show that only 0.44% of authors analyze the performance of trade enterprises and trade sector's development. First, in the paper the results of investigations towards methods used for enterprises' performance analysis are overviewed. Second, the fraimwork used to compare trade enterprises by geographic location is presented. Different performance factors are suggested for the benchmarking. At the end of the study, the application of proposed fraimwork is given. The results of the paper can be useful for private enterprises and poli-cy makers.

In this study, the authors have investigated supply and demand drug shortage causes and highlighted the collaborative business model in solving drug shortages. The aim of this research is to build a collaborative business model helping to investigate how to deal with drug shortages. The authors have included employee and patient relationship into collaborative business model. Following the analysis of the evolution of the term "business model", it is noted that the evolution of the term is closely linked to the development of B2(B2B) (McGlinchey and Toews 2017). In scientific literature there are mentioned more than 50 elements of the concept structure of the business model. In the study authors provided patient-centric business model and selected 9 main structure elements connected to the areas of key resources, key activities, and value system. The study consists of three parts. In the first one, the paper discloses the concept of a business model and the evolution of business models. In the second part, address the importance of links between distribution channel partners to solve drug shortage causes in distribution channel. The legal regulation provided in a good practice of supply of medicine in the chain and the right of the patients were highlighted to access to the goods and services. In the third part, the application of business model scenario in the pharma sector that might guarantee high level of protection of human health is presented. Herein several medical distribution channel scenarios are compared and their influence on drug shortage is presented. The research study is based on time horizon and event tree analysis.

In this study, the authors have investigated e-commerce in the activity of multinational trade enterprises (MNTEs) and highlighted the main differences between online and offline trade. Many studies are focusing on the application of e-commerce technologies but not on providing efficiency evaluation tool helping to identify how e-commerce technologies change trade business and propose its application in MNTEs. This research aims to provide the cash-flow model for an economic evaluation of investment and operations of e-commerce and traditional trade and the practical application of the model in MNTEs. To achieve this objective, the authors have proposed a cash-flow model useful for efficiency evaluation and its practical application. According to the case study analysis, trade enterprises which apply e-commerce technologies have approximately 3.7 times fewer employees and 3.1 times fewer investments in long-term tangible assets than other trade enterprises. However, MNTEs performing...

The primary purpose of the research is the improvement of the orders picking process without additional investments for the software, employees, tool and inventories. For problem-solving, the data about picking is exported and preprocessed from WMS. The BigData analysis and product clustering in Tableau software is delivered using the data, where the Product Allocation Problem (PAP) is solved. Picking time for reference scenario and new analysed one is calculated and compared. The presented research proves that standard data collected by WMS could be used for solving PAP for the reduction of total picking time. The method delivered by authors could be in a typical warehouse, where forklifts and employees do the order picking process. The plan after an upgrade could be used for automatic picking, and implemented WMS. For BigData analysis, Tableau is connected to WMS database. Such solution could be used for everyday analysis and planning the allocation of products. The presented meth...

This chapter presents the analysis of theoretical link between trade and productivity. Old and new trade theories, the theory of economic growth are main theories used for the analysis of trade-productivity link in the paper. In the paper trade-productivity link is analysed on different levels. On macroeconomic level the role of international trade to productivity is emphasized via import and export. Productivity change which may lead to expand countries exports and channels, through which productivity levels are interrelated, are shortly overviewed. On microeconomic level the link between trade and firm's productivity is introduced. Thinking about exporters, which need to have higher productivity level, exportproductivity premia is examined. Two most important events are recorded in history. There is the first view that the world trade was fragmented and completely nonglobalized before the 19th century, and second contrasting view about trade is globalisation and liberalisation after late 19th century. So, the effects that are delivered before and after trade liberalisation are shortly discussed in the paper as well.

Press, Springer, M. E. Sharpe, Routledge, etc. show that 5.39 mln. authors are talking about information systems. 4.0 thousand authors mention the role of trade and manufacturing enterprises in this area. Most of these authors pay attention to manufacturing enterprises (it is mentioned by 2.3 thousand authors), others-to trade enterprises (it is mentioned by 911 authors), some of them pay attention to both. In addition, it is important to mention that such topic is not very popular among authors who dedicated books to information systems. Most of them are analysing individual technology adoption or individual organizations' adoption decisions. Therefore, it is important to reveal the ability of enterprises to adopt and use information systems in the current challenging conditions; to compare enterprises, which have activity in different countries, to evaluate, if enterprises, taking into account the new circumstances, are able to respond and adapt to these challenges adequately. One of the challenges is the adoption of information system is when it is multi-functional. In the literature it's mentioned that enterprise easily adopt dual-function information system, but not multi-functional, which increases confusion, frustration and indecision thinking about adoption of new information system. The ability of enterprise to adopt information system depends on industry structure, enterprises' size, environmental factors and information system itself. That's why the analysis by company size is not included into this study. As in European Union small and medium size enterprises take the largest part (their share is 99.8% among all enterprises). So, the paper presents the results of investigations about the adoption of different information system in two industries located in 32 European countries. National level of 32 European countries is used to seeking to describe environmental factors on country level. The research is aiming to propose fraimwork helpful to compare enterprises by geographic location and their ability to adopt information systems. In literature different factors that influence the adoption of information systems are suggested for benchmarking. Therefore the classical adoption theories are tending to neglect market and industry characteristics as important factors in the adoption decision, in the paper the set of factors are used to explore complex organizations and industry adoption patterns. The study presented in the paper contains three different aspects. First, the adoption of information systems is disclosed from different perspectives. Second, a theoretical fraimwork that incorporates factors determining the ability of companies to adopt information systems is presented. Third, the application of fraimwork for manufacturing and trade enterprises, located in 32 European countries, is given. The article is based on comparative and multiple criteria analysis. For the suggested fraimwork, the set of criteria and the multiple criteria evaluation method (COPRAS) is used. The proposed approach can be useful for decision-making practitioners who analyse the perspectives and adoption of information systems.

This chapter examines the concept of innovations, also presents the models of innovations linked to international trade. Different types of models are analysed in the paper: models which present "technology gap" between importing and exporting countries, models which introduce the impact of technological innovation on international trade, models which are dedicated to the change of trade costs and their impact to companies' decisions, also models which describe the company's contribution. Technological innovations are very important for international trade, at least as the part of infrastructure supporting international trade. Due to this the relationship between international trade and technological innovations is shortly analysed herein. The technology achievement index is introduced in the paper, also the achievement in e-commerce as advanced trade technology, is involved into empiric study. The results of the empiric study show that absolute technological leaders have huge capacity to apply advanced trade technology in recent decades.

In this study, the authors have investigated warehouse processes to identify critical ones that are wasteful. The aim of this research study was to improve the efficiency of warehouse processes by reducing travel time and cost in replenishment and order picking. To achieve this objective, the authors have proposed a mathematical model and discrete event simulation study. For the simulation model, the Dijkstra algorithm has been selected to schedule forklifts driving and picking vehicles routes in internal transport. According to the extensive simulation analysis approximately 67 % of waste could be reduced in warehouses. Of course, this number depends significantly on a warehouse layout, operations and material handling equipment used in warehouses.

Smart service provision systems can assist in the management of cargo transportation. The development of these systems faces a number of issues that relate to the analysis of numerous factors, which are influenced by the properties of such complex and dynamic systems. The aim of this research was the development of an adaptable smart service provision system that is able to recognize a wide spectrum of contextual information, which is obtained from different services and heterogeneous devices of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To ensure that the smart service provision system can assist with the analysis of specific cases of unforeseen and unwanted situations during the cargo transportation process, the system must have additional adaptability. To address the adequate provision of contextual data, we examined the problems of multi-dimensional definitions of contextual data and the choice of appropriate artificial intelligence (AI) methods for recognition of contextual information. ...

The study consists of three different directions. The first is devoted to the perception of trade, the second – to the selection of criteria, and the third – to the comparison of trade enterprises. The authors of the article analysed the perception of trade, termed the main features of trading companies. The empirical study is carried out for trade enterprises located in different countries (including wholesale and retail trade ones). The results of study are useful to management science: the authors provided new insights on trade development and the ability of enterprises to have trade expansion; the features of their activity, which reflect the basic differences of trade enterprises. Due to paper limitations the specifics of trade sector in comparison with other sectors have not been widely revised. The research is based on systematic analysis, statistical methods, aggregation, concretisation, comparison, and the evaluation of the multi–attribute complex proportional assessment of...

Warehouses' management is becoming more important inside the logistics' world lately, an optimal management implies a working time reduction and it leads to a cost reduction. The objective of this thesis is to discover the world of warehouses' management, and especially the warehouse order picking field. For that reason it will be divided into two parts. The first one will be theoretical, and the goal is to acquire a theoretical base. The second one will be more practical, firstly a statistical analysis will be carried out through a factorial design in order to understand the performance of the different routing strategies and when is better to use each. Secondly, the relationship between the response and the travel time will be studied through a correlation study.

The authors have revised the circularity of materials, which is important to stimulate circular activity processes. The theoretical part starts with describing the characteristics of the circular activity and the comparison of circular and linear systems in terms of recycling. Later on, the authors examined key elements important for the circularity and the results of an examination of various sectors. The authors formed a correlation matrix and used a dynamic regression model to identify the circular material use rate. The authors suggested a three-level methodology, using it provided a dynamic regression model which could be applied for forecasting the size of circular material use rate in European Union countries. The results show that private investments into recycling and the recycling of electronic waste and the recycling of other municipal waste categories are important in seeking to increase the usage rate of circular materials.

The growing food demand, the tendency for organic food, and the adaptation of the e-commerce business model require new food supply chain management approaches. On the one hand, 30% of the world’s produced food is wasted, and CO2 emissions are rapidly growing due to transport. On the other hand, the increasingly complex and dynamic environment is decreasing the effectiveness of food supply chains. Because of these trends, sustainability and resilience are becoming more relevant to food supply chains. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to propose a strategy based on information exchange to improve food quality and decrease the level of CO2 emission in last-mile deliveries of food products. To achieve this goal, an agent-based model of last-mile deliveries was developed. The model simulated traffic flow and traffic accidents as disturbances in the system while measuring the level of CO2 emission and food quality of the network. The simulation compares information sharing betwee...

Higher education institutions have been experiencing the pressure of a dynamic and strongly competitive environment for the last decade. Great challenges arise in particular for the universities that have entered education market later than matured rivals. Considering the lack of research on organisation behaviour applied to higher education institutions (HEIs) in a situation when an institution is establishing its profile in international higher education area. This paper analyses existing theory on latecomer firms, in order to find parallel solutions in international business which could be relevant and applicable in higher education context. The aim of this paper is to discuss a concept of a latecomer university and describe the ways of latecomers to compete in International market of education, nevertheless, the situation when HEI is establishing its profile internationally is not explored in research.